EXPONENTIAL AND Skezeer John B.

Paz

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS Notre Dame of Marbel University

CONCEPT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Definition
An exponential function is a function defined by
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏𝑃 𝑥 + ℎ
where 𝑎, 𝑏, ℎ ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 > 0, and 𝑃(𝑥) is a polynomial in 𝑥.
An equation that involves the expression 𝑏𝑃(𝑥) is called an
exponential equation.
An inequality of the form 𝑏 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐 or 𝑏 𝑥 ≥ 𝑐, or any variation of
these is called exponential inequality.
Illustration
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥+1 − 1 is an exponential function.
b. 32𝑥 = 5 and 2𝑥 = 42𝑥−1 are exponential equations.
c. 31−𝑥 > 3 is an exponential inequality.
CONCEPT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Theorem
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑃 𝑥 + ℎ be an exponential function where
𝑃(𝑥) is linear. Then
• Dom 𝑓 = ℝ
ℎ, +∞ , if 𝑎 > 0
• Rng 𝑓 = ൝ −∞, ℎ , if 𝑎 < 0

Illustration
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 .
Then 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑃 𝑥
+ ℎ will be 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 ∙ 2𝑥 + 0, and
• Dom 𝑓 = ℝ
• Rng 𝑓 = 0, +∞
CONCEPT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Example
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥+1 − 1.
Then 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑃 𝑥 + ℎ will be 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 ∙ 3𝑥+1 − 1, so that
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1, ℎ = −1. Thus,
• Dom 𝑓 = ℝ
• Rng 𝑓 = −1, +∞

Example
1 1−𝑥
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 2 ∙ .
2
𝑃 𝑥 1 1−𝑥
Then 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 + ℎ will be 𝑓 𝑥 = −2 ∙ + 1, so
2
1
that 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = , 𝑃 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥, ℎ = 1. Thus,
2
• Dom 𝑓 = ℝ
• Rng 𝑓 = −∞, 1
CONCEPT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Example
1 2𝑥
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = .
3
1 2𝑥
Then 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏𝑃 𝑥 + ℎ will be 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 ∙ + 0, so
3
1
that 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 𝑥 = 2𝑥, ℎ = 0. Thus,
,𝑃
3
• Dom 𝑓 = ℝ
• Rng 𝑓 = 0, +∞
Example
1 5 2𝑥−2
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = −2 − .
2 8
1 1 2𝑥
Then 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏𝑃 𝑥 + ℎ will be 𝑓 𝑥 = − ∙ − 2, so that
2 3
1 1
𝑎 = − , 𝑏 = , 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥, ℎ = −2. Thus,
2 3
• Dom 𝑓 = ℝ
• Rng 𝑓 = −∞, −2
CONCEPT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Exercise
Find the domain and range of the following exponential
functions.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 + 3 ∙ 23𝑥−1
1 1
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = − 2 ∙ 6𝑥+5 − 3
3. ℎ 𝑥 = −52𝑥
Assignment (1/2 crosswise)
Find the domain and range of the following exponential
functions.
2
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = − + 53𝑥+1
5
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 3 ∙ 63𝑥−5 + 3
3. ℎ 𝑥 = −119𝑥 − 7
GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Illustration
Consider the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 .
For 𝑥 ≥ 0,
𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟏𝟎

𝒇(𝒙) 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟐 𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒

For 𝑥 < 0,
𝒙 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟒 −𝟓 −𝟔 −𝟕 −𝟖 −𝟗 −𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟐 𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒

Notice that as 𝑥 increases, the value of 𝑓(𝑥) increases as well.

Also, 𝑥 decreases, the value of 𝑓(𝑥) decreases as well.
GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Illustration
1 𝑥
Consider the function 𝑓 𝑥 = .
2

𝒙 −𝟓 −𝟒 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) 𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟐

Notice that as 𝑥 increases, the value of 𝑓(𝑥) decreases and as

𝑥 decreases, the value of 𝑓(𝑥) increases.
GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Exercise
Graph the following exponential functions.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 42𝑥
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = −2𝑥
1 𝑥
3. 𝑔 𝑥 = 4
+4
GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Properties of Exponential Functions
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑃 𝑥 + ℎ be an exponential function where
𝑃(𝑥) is linear.
• The line 𝑦 = ℎ is the horizontal asymptote.
• The function is increasing when 𝑏 > 1, but is decreasing when
0 < 𝑏 < 1.
• The function is one-to-one.
To sketch the graph of an exponential function, you may use the
following procedure:
1. Find the domain and the range.
2. Find the horizontal asymptote.
3. Plot at least two points in the graph. You may use the 𝑦-
intercept.
GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Example
Consider the function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥−1 . Find the domain
and the range of the function, and sketch its graph.
𝑓 𝑥 = 1 ∙ 3𝑥−1 + 0
So that 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1, ℎ = 0. Thus,
• Dom 𝑓 = ℝ
• Rng 𝑓 = 0, +∞

The function is
increasing.
GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Example
1 1−𝑥
Consider the function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = − 1. Find the
3
domain and the range of the function, and sketch its graph.
1−𝑥
1
𝑓 𝑥 =1∙ −1
3
1
So that 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = ,𝑃 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥, ℎ = −1. Thus,
3
• Dom 𝑓 = ℝ
• Rng 𝑓 = −1, , +∞

The function is
increasing.
GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Example
Consider the function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 − 2 ∙ 32𝑥−1 . Find
the domain and the range of the function, and sketch its graph.
𝑓 𝑥 = −2 ∙ 32𝑥−1 + 3
So that 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1, ℎ = 3. Thus,
• Dom 𝑓 = ℝ
• Rng 𝑓 = −∞, 3

The function is
decreasing.
GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Exercise
Find the domain, range and graph the following exponential functions.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 42𝑥
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = −2𝑥
1 𝑥
3. 𝑔 𝑥 = 4
+4

Assignment (1 whole Graphing Paper)

Find the (i) domain, (ii) range, (iii) equation of the asymptote
and (iv) graph the following exponential functions.
1 2𝑥
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 3 ∙ 24𝑥
+1
3. ℎ 𝑥 = 11 − 2 ∙ 4𝑥+1
CONCEPT OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Definition
The logarithmic function with base 𝑏 defined by
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is the inverse function of the exponential function
with base 𝑏 whose value is always positive. That is, 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥
if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦 .
An equation that involves an expression such as log 𝑏 𝑥 is called
a logarithmic equation.
An inequality of the form log 𝑏 𝑥 ≥ 0 or log 𝑏 𝑥 ≤ 0, or any
variation of these type is called logarithmic inequality.
Illustration
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥 is an logarithmic function.
b. log 0.5 (𝑥 + 3) = −5 is a logarithmic equation.
c. log 5 (1 − 𝑥) < 625 is a logarithmic inequality.
CONCEPT OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
In the expression log 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑥 is called the argument of the
logarithm.
Illustration
The equations 𝑦 = log 3 𝑥 and 3𝑦 = 𝑥 are equivalent. Similarly,
𝑦 = log10 𝑥 and 10𝑦 = 𝑥 are also equivalent.
Remarks
a) log 𝑥 is used to denote the logarithm of 𝑥 to the base 10. It
is also known as the common logarithm. In symbols,
log10 𝑥 = log 𝑥 .
b) ln 𝑥 is used to denote the logarithm of 𝑥 to the base 𝑒 and
is called the natural logarithm of 𝑥. In symbols
log 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 .
CONCEPT OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Remarks
c) Since the exponential function 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 is one-to-one.
Its inverse function 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is also one-to-one.
d) The range of 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 is 0, +∞ . Consequently, the
domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is 0, +∞ . That is, the argument
of the logarithm is necessarily positive in order for the
logarithm to defined.
e) The domain of 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 is ℝ. Thus, the range of
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is ℝ.
Example
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = log 3 𝑥. Find the value of the function, if there is
any, at a given value of 𝑥.
1
a) 𝑥 = 0 b) 𝑥 = −9 c) 𝑥 = d) 𝑥 = 10
9
CONCEPT OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Example
Find the domain and range of the given logarithmic functions.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = log 4 (𝑥 − 5)
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = − log 6 3 − 2𝑥 + 1
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 log 𝑥 − 3
Do the following
1. Evaluate the function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = log 7 𝑥 at each
specified value.
1
a) 𝑥 = 49 b) 𝑥 = d) 𝑥 = −1
343
2. Find the domain and range of the given logarithmic functions.
a) 𝑓 𝑥 = −3 log 2 (5𝑥)
𝑥
b) 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 + log 2
GRAPHS OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Consider the function 𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥. Then,

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟏𝟔
𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟒 𝟐

𝒇(𝒙) −𝟓 −𝟒 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

Using the exponential function,

𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥 2𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
Inverse:
2𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = 2; 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥; ℎ = 0