SECONDTERM E-

LEARNI
NGNOTE
SUBJECT:CHEMI
STRY CLASS:
SS2

SCHEMEOFWORK

WEEK TOPI C
1. RatesofChemi calReact ion
 Meani ngofRat eofChemi cal React ion.
 Rat eCur ve.
 TheCol lisionTheor y.
 Fact orsAf fect ingRat eofChemi calReact i
ons.
2. Exot hermi candEndot her mi cReact i
ons
 HeatCont ent( Ent halpy )ofaSubst ance.
 Ther mody nami cs: Fir
standSecondLaws.
 Ent ropyandFr eeEner gy .
3. Chemi calEqui libr i
um
 Rev ersibl eReact ions
 LeChat el ier’sPr i
nci ple.
 Fact orsAf fect ingChemi cal Equi li
brium.
 Equi li
brium Const ant .
4. Oxy genandi tsCompounds
 Gener al Pr oper tiesofOxy genFami ly.
 Elect r
oni cSt ruct ur eandBondi ngi nOxy gen.
 Prepar at ion, Pr oper t
iesandUsesofOxy gen.
 Oxi des: Cl assi fi
cat i
on.
5. Chlor i
neandot herHal ogens
 Elect r
oni cConf igur ationofHal ogens
 Phy sical andChemi cal Proper tiesofHal ogens.
 Labor at oryandI ndust rialPr epar ati
onofChl ori
ne.
 CompoundofChl or i
ne: Hy drogenChl oride.
 Testf orChl orides.
6. Nit
rogen
 Gener al Pr oper tiesofNi t
rogenFami ly
.
 Labor at oryPr epar ationandI ndust ri
al Prepar at
ionofNi
tr
ogen.
 Proper tiesandUsesofNi trogen.
 NitrogenCy cle.
7. CompoundsofNi t
rogen
 Oxi desofNi trogen
 Ammoni a: Prepar at i
on, Proper t i
esandUses.
 Trioxoni trat e( V)aci d: Prepar ation, Proper t
iesandUses.
8. Sulphur
 Gener al Pr oper tiesofSul phurGr oup.
 Elect r
oni cSt ruct ur eofMember sofSul phurGr oup.
 AllotropesofSul phur .
 UsesofSul phur .
9. CompoundsofSul phur

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE1
  H2S,SO2andSO3:Preparati
on,Proper
ti
esandUses
 Tetr
aoxosul
phat
e( VI)acid:
Industr
ial
Prepar
ati
on(
Cont
act
Process).
10. Revisi
on

REFERENCES
 NewSchool Chemist
ryforSeni
orSecondarySchoolbyO.
Y.Ababi
o(6th
edi
ti
on)
 Cal
culat
ionsonChemi st
rybyE.U.AkusobaandG.O.Ewel
ukwa
 WASSCEpastQuest i
onsandAnswer sonChemi st
ry
 UTMEpastQuest i
onsandAnswer sonChemi st
ry

WEEKONE DATE:___
___
___
TOPIC:RATEOFREACTI ON
CONTENT
 MeaningofRat eofChemicalReacti
on.
 RateCurve.
 TheColli
sionTheor y.
 Factor
sAf fect
ingRateofChemi cal
Reacti
ons
MEANI NGOFRATEOFREACTI ON
Therateofachemi calreacti
onist
henumberofmol esofr
eact
ant
sconver
tedor
product
sformedperuni ttime.

Usuall
y,r
ateofr
eacti
oni
sdeter
minedexper
imental
l
ybymeasur
ingchangei
n
concentr
ati
onofoneoft
hecomponentsint
hereacti
onwi
tht
ime.

Thus,
Rateofreacti
on=changeinconcent r
ati
onofr eactantorproduct(mol
/dm3)
Timet akenf orthechange(seconds)
-3 -
1 -
3 –1
Theunitoftherateofr
eact
ionismol /dm s orgdm s .
Rateofreacti
oncanalsobeexpr essedas:
Rateofreacti
on=changeinnumberofmol eormassofr eactantorpr
oduct
Timet akenf orthechange
Thentheunitofratei
smols-1orgs-1

EXAMPLE: When0. 5gofcalcium t r

ioxocar
bonat
e(IV)wasaddedtoexcessdi
l
ute
hydrochlori
cacid,
car bon(I
V)oxi dewasev olv
ed.Thecomplet
ereact
iontook5
minutes.Whatwast herat
eofr eacti
on?
SOLUTI ON:
Rateofr eact
ion=changei nmassofr eact
ant
Timet akenf orthechange
=(0.5–0) g =0. 5
5x60 300
67x10 gs-1
-3
=1.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE2
WAYSOFMEASURI NGREACTI ONRATE
Concentr
ati
onisoneoft hepropert
iesofareact
iont
hatcanchangewi
tht
ime.
Thefol
lowingpropert
iescanal sochangewithti
meandcanthusbeusedtomeasur
e
rat
eofreacti
on.
1. Decr easei
nmassofr eacti
onsystem
2. Vol umeofgaseouspr oduct
3. Amountofpr eci
pitateformed
4. Changei ncolourintensity
5. Changei npH
6. Changei ntotalgaspr essure

RATECURVE
Ther
atecurv
eisagr
aphi
cali
ll
ustr
ati
onoft
her
ateofar
eact
ion.
Thef
oll
owinggr
aphi
ll
ust
rat
eratecur
ve

FEATURESOFRATECURVE
1.Itpassest hroughtheor i
gin.Thisisbecausetherei
snochangein
concent r
ationormassatt hestartofreacti
on.
2.Itsteepsatf ir
st,
thisbecauset herateisfastatt
hebeginni
ng.
3.Itbecomesl esssteeplater.Thi
sisbecauset herat
eslowsdown.
4.Itfi
nall
ybecomeshor izontall
y.Thisisbecausethereact
ionhasr
eachedt
he
endpoi nts.

Thef
oll
owi ngcanbedet erminedf rom therat
ecur ve
1. Av eragerateofr eact i
on
Averagerate=t otal numberofmol e/massi nvolv
ed
Timet aken
2. Rat eatapar ti
culari nstantdur i
ngthereacti
on
Rateatinst ant=Gr adientatapointonthecurv
e
Whenther at
eofr eactionhasdi rectvari
ati
onwi t
hconcent
rat
ion,
then
Rateofr eaction α[Concentrat
ionofA]
Rα[ A]
R=k[ A]
Wher
eki scalledRateconst ant

EVALUATION
1. Whati sr
ateofr
eact
ion?
2. Statetwowaysofmeasuri
ngr
eact
ionr
ate

COLLISI
ONTHEORY
Thecoll
i
siont
heor
yst
atest
hatf
orachemi
cal
react
iont
ooccurt
her
eact
ant

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE3
part
icl
esmustcol
li
deandtheymustcol
l
idewi
thacer
tai
nmi
nimum amountof
energyknownasact
ivat
ion
energy.

React i
ngpar t
icl
esarei ncontinuousmot i
on,thust heypossessener gyandtheyalso
coll
idewi t
honeanot her.Notallcollisionsresultintochemicalreacti
on.Coll
isi
ons,
whichr esul
tintochemi calreaction,ar ecal
ledEFFECTI VECOLLI SI
ONS.Mi nimum
amountofener gyrequiredbyr eactingpar ti
clesforchemi calr
eactiontooccuris
call
edACTI VATI ONENERGY.Act i
vationenergyi stheENERGYBARRI ERthe
reactantsmustov ercomef orr eactiont ooccur.Itisthemi ni
mum ener gyrequi
redfor
bondbr eakingforchemi calreactiont ooccur .

Chemicalreacti
onoccuronlywhent heenergyofthecol
l
idi
ngr
eact
antpart
icl
esi
s
equaltoormor ethantheacti
vat
ionenergy.Acti
vati
onener
gymustbeequalt
o
energybar
r i
ersalsof
orchemicalreacti
ontooccur.

Ever
yreact
ionhasitsownenergyofacti
vati
on.Reacti
onswithl
owacti
vat
ionener
gy
havehi
ghrateofreact
ionandoccurspontaneousl
y.React
ionwi
thhi
ghactiv
ati
on
ener
gyhavelowrateofreact
ionandarenotspontaneous.

Thegraphbelowil
lust
rat
estheconcept
soft
heact
ivat
ionener
gyf
orendot
her
mic
andexother
mi cr
eacti
ons.

EXOTHERMI
CREACTI
ON ENDOTHERMI
CREACTI
ON

Fr
om graph,itcanbeseent hat
1. Bot hexothermicandendot hermicreacti
onsgeneral
lyr
equir
eani ni
ti
ali
nputof
energytoovercomet heactivat
ionenergybar
rier
s.
2. Exot hermicreacti
ononcest art
edproceedwithoutanyfur
therext
ernalenergy
supplye.gburningofkerosene
3.
Endothermicreacti
onproceedswi thconti
nuoussupplyofext
ernalenergye.g
cookingofrice.

EVALUATION
1. Statecoll
i
siontheor
y.
2. Graphical
lydi
ff
erent
iat
eexot
her
micr
eact
ionf
rom endot
her
micr
eact
ion.

FACTORSAFFECTI
NGRATEOFREACTI
ON

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE4
From t
hecolli
siontheor
y,i
tcanbeseent hatrat
esofr
eact
iondependsont
he
fol
lowi
ngfeatures.
1. Theener gyoft hepart
icle.
2. Thef requencyofcoll
isionofther
eacti
on.
3. Theact ivati
onenergyoft her
eact
ion.

Thesefeatur
esofachemi calr
eactionareintur
naffectedbysomef actor
s,whi
ch
canmaket hem t ochangeandconsequent l
yaff
ectther at
eofreact
ion.Theseare
fact
orsthataff
ectt her ateofreactions.Someimportantonesare:
1. Nat ureofr eactants.
2. Concent rat i
on/pr essure(forgases)ofreact
ants.
3. Sur faceareaofr eactants
4. Temper atureofr eactionmixture
5. Pr esenceofl ight
6. Pr esenceofcat alyst
s
Tostudytheeff ectofanyoneoft hesef act
orsonrateofreact
ionallot
herfact
ors
mustbekeptconst ant.

EFFECTOFNATUREOFREACTANTS
I
fallotherf
act
orsarekeptconstant,di
ff
erentsubst
anceswi l
lhavedif
ferentr
ateof
react
ionwit
hdil
uteHCl,forexample.Whendi l
uteHClreact
swi t
hzinc,i
ronandgold
underthesamecondit
ion,hydrogengasisevolvedf
astwi t
hzinc,sl
owwi thir
onand
nogasev ol
vedwit
hgold.

Thediff
erencei
nrateofreact
ioni
sduetothechemicalnatur
eoft
heel
ement
sas
theynat
urall
ypossesdi
ff
erentamountofener
gycontent.

EFFECTOFCONCENTRATI ONOFREACTANTS
Thef requencyofcol l
i
sionamongpar t
icl
esishi
ghwhent hepart
icl
esar ecrowdedin
asmal lspace,i
.ehighconcent rati
on.Thi
sleadstohigheff
ecti
vecolli
sionandthus
highrateofr eacti
on.Ani ncreaseordecreaseintheconcentr
ati
onoft hereact
ants
willr
esul ti
ncorrespondingincr easeordecr
easeineffect
ivecol
li
sionsofthe
reactantsandhencet hereactionrate.

EFFECTOFSURFACEAREAOFREACTANTS
Thisisav er
yimportantfactortobeconsideredwhenasol idi
sinv
olvedina
chemi cal
react
ion.Lumpedsol idsof
fersmal lsurfaceareaofcont
actforreact
ion
whilepowderedsolidsofferlar
gesurfaceareaf orreact
ion.Rat
eofreacti
onisslow
wit
hl umpedsolidbuthighwi thpowderedsolids.

EFFECTOFTEMPERATURE
I
ncreasingthet emperatureofasy stem canl eadtoani ncreasei nreacti
onr atei
n
twoway s.Whenheati srai
sed, energyinf orm ofheati ssuppliedtot hereactant
part
icl
es,sot hat
1. Thenumberofpar ti
cleswi t
hener gyequal t
oorgr eaterthant heactivati
on
energyincreases.
2. Thev elocityofallt
her eactantparticlesincr
easesduet ot hegreaterkineti
c
energy,l
eadingtoahi gherfrequencyofcol li
sion.
Asar esult
,thenumberofef fecti
vecol l
isionsincreasesandt her eactionproceedsat

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE5
af
ast
err
ate.Decr
easesi
ntemper
atur
eleadst
odecr
easer
ateofr
eact
ions.

EFFECTOFLI GHT
Somer eacti
onsar einfl
uencedbyl ight.Ther at
eofreacti
onishighwhent hel
ight
s
i
ntensit
yishi gh,lowwhent hei nt
ensit
yisl owanddoesnotpr oceedatallint
he
absenceofl i
ght.Suchr eactionsar eknownasphot ochemi cal
react
ion.Examplesof
photochemical reacti
ons
i
nclude.
1. React i
onbet weenhydr ogenandchl or i
neand
2. Decomposi tionofhydr ogenperoxide
3. React i
onsbet weenmet haneandchl orine
4. Phot osy nthesisinplant
5. Conv ersionofsi l
verhalidestogreymet all
i
csi
lver.

EFFECTOFCATALYST
ACat alystisasubst ance,whichalt
erstherateofar eact
ion,butitsel
fdoesnot
undergoanychangeatt heendoft hereacti
on.
Aposi ti
vecat al
ystincreasestherateofreacti
onbyl oweri
ngt heactiv
ati
onenergyof
thereactionwher eas, t
heonewhi chincr
easest heacti
vati
onener gyisknownasa
negativecat al
ystorani nhi
bit
or.
Thedi agram belowi l
lustr
atestheenergyprofi
leforcatal
yzedanduncat aly
zed
exothermi candendot hermicreacti
ons

EXOTHERMI
CREACTI
ON ENDOTHERMI
CREACTI
ON

GENERALEVALUATI ON/ REVI SI

ON
1.Li standexplainthreef actorsthatcanaf fectther ateofr eact
ionoft he
foll
owingreaction:CaCO3(s)+2HCl ( → CaCl
aq) aq)+H2O
2( ()+C
l O2(g)
2.Inachemi cal r
eaction,after10seconds, 6mol esf rom theinit
ial concentr
ati
on
of16mol esoft hereact antdisappear ed.Calcul atether at
eoft hereacti
on.
3.St ateTHREEchar acteristi
csofcatal yst.
4.Whati sthev ol
umei ndm3of8gofoxy gengasats. t.
p?
5.Cal culat
et hepercent ageofwat erinsodi um t rioxocarbonate( VI )
heptahydrate

READINGASSIGNMENT: NewSchool
Chemi
str
yforSeni
orSecondar
ySchool
by
t
h
O.Y.
Ababi
o(6 edi
ti
on)pages250-
261

WEEKENDASSI
GNMENT
SECTI
ONA:Wri
tet
hecor
rectopt
ionONLY

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE6
1. Themi nimum amountofener gyt hatcoll
idingmol eculesmustpossessf or
thei
rcollisi
onstobeef fectivei sa.t hermal ener gyb.col l
isionener gy
c.act ivat
ionener gyd.kinet icener gy
2.Zn(s)+H2SO4(aq)→ ZnSO4(aq)+H2(g)
Ther at
eofev olutionofhy drogengasi ntheabov ereact ionwi ll begr eatly
i
ncreasedi fa.thezi nci sint hef orm ofpelletsb.asmal l
erv ol
umeofH2SO4i s
usedc.t hereactionf l
aski si mmer sedinani cebat hd.t hezi nci si npowder ed
form
dm-3s-1 b.mol -
1 -
s1c.mol -
1 -
1
3. Theuni t
sofr ateofr eact ionsi sa.mol d.smol
4. I f2gofzi ncgranuleswasr eact edwi thexcessdi l
uteHCl toev olv ehy drogen
gaswhi ch
camet ocompl etionaf ter5mi n.Cal cul
atet her ateofthechemi cal reactioni n
-
1
ghr
-1 -
1 -d -
1
a.48ghr b.12ghr c.24ghr d240ghr
5. Whatdowedot oincr easet hesur f
acear eaofsol i
dreact antst ohi ghr ateof
reacti
on?a.gr i
ndingt hem i ntopowderb.subj ecti
ngt her eactant st ohi gh
pressurec.al t
eringt hedi rect ingoft hereact ion d.usi ngr eactant sofdi fferent
densiti
es.

SECTI
ONB
1a. Def i
ner ateofr eact
ion
b. St atethecol l
i
siontheory
2a. Expl ai
ni ntermsofcol l
isi
ontheor
y,howrat
eofgaseousreact
ioni
saf
fected
byani ncreasei npr
essure
b. Gi vether easonwhyr ed-hoti
ronwoolr
eact
smorereadil
ywithoxy
genthan
red-
hotironnai l

WEEKTWO DATE:__
_____
__
TOPIC:EXOTHERMI CANDENDOTHERMI CREACTI ONS
CONTENT
 HeatCont ent(Enthalpy)ofasubstance.
 TypesofHeatofReact i
ons.
 Ther modynami cs:Fi
rstandSecondLaws.
 EntropyandFr eeener gy
ENERGY
Energyisdefi
nedast heabili
tytodowor k.Itexi
stsi
ndi
ff
erentf
ormsl
ike:
heat,
li
ght,
sound,elect
ri
cal,potenti
als(stored)
,ki
neticetc.

LAWSOFCONSERVATI ONOFENERGY
Energycanbechangedf r
om onef ormtoanother
.Thetotalamountofenergybef
ore
andaf t
erthechangeremainsthesame.Thisobserv
ati
oni sst
atedinthelawof
conservati
onofenergywhichstatest
hatener
gycanneitherbecreatednor
destroyedbutcanbechangedf r
om oneformtoanother.

Ther
ear
ety
pesofener
gysuchaschemi
cal
ener
gy,
heatener
gy,
andl
i
ghtener
gy.

HEATCONTENT(
ENTHALPY)OFASUBSTANCE

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE7
Heatcont entorEnt halpyofasubstanceisthecharacteri
sti
cinternalener
gypossess
bythesubst ance,whichisduetothestruct
ureandphy si
calstateofasubst ance.
Thepot ent i
al ener
gyisduetothestruct
urewhilethekineticenergyisduet ot he
physicalstate.Enthalpyofonesubstanceisdif
fer
entf rom another.Total
ent halpy
cannotbemeasur edbutonlyenthal
pychange.Gener al
ly,anenthalpychange( ∆H)is
theheatt hatwoul dbeexchangedwi ththesurr
ounding, t
hatis,i
tistheamountof
energyinv olvedinareacti
on.

Thus,
Enthalpychange=Heatofpr oduct
s–Heatofr
eact
ant
s
Thatis,∆H=Hproducts-Hreactants

Theent halpychangeofagi venreacti

oni salway swr it
tensidebysidewitht
hegiv
en
equationandi tmaybeei theraposi ti
veornegat iv
ev alue.
Exampl e:HCl (aq)+Na OH(aq)→ NaCl aq)+H2O
( (l
) ∆H=- 57.3kJ
Unitofent halpychange( ∆H)i sJoules(J)orki l
ojoules(
kJ)
EXOTHERMI CANDENDOTHERMI CREACTI ONS
EXOTHERMI CREACTI ON
Achemi calreact ioninwhi chheati sgiv enofftot hesur r
oundingisknownas
exothermi creact ion.Whenanexot hermi creactionoccur s,heati
sli
berat
edand
transf
erredf rom t hechemi calstothesur roundingsandt hetemperatur
eofthe
reacti
onmi xtur erises.Ther eacti
onv essel willf
eel hot.

Exampl esofexothermicr eactionsincl

ude:
1. React ionbetweencal cium oxideandwater
2. React ionbetweenanaci dandabase.
3. Combust ionoffuel
4. Cor rosionofmet als
5. Respi rati
on
I
nexot hermicreacti
on, enthalpychangeisnegat
ivesi
ncet
heheatcont
entoft
he
productsislessthantheheatcont entofther
eact
ants.

ENDOTHERMI CREACTI ON
AnEndot hermicr eact i
onisat ypeofr eactioninwhi chheatisabsor bedfr
om the
surroundings.Whenanendot her micreactionoccur s,heatenergyisabsorbedand
transfer
redf r
om t hesur r
oundi ngt other eactantsandt hetemper at
ureofthe
reacti
onmi xt
ur efal l
s.Ther eactionv essel wi
llfeelcold.
Exampl esofendot hermicr eactionsar e:
1. Ther mal decomposi t
ionofcal ci
um t ri
oxocarbonat e(I
V)
2. Ther mal dissociati
onofammoni um chl ori
de
3. Act ionofl ightonsi lverbromi dei nphot ographicfil
m
4. Phot osynthesi sinplant s
Inendot hermicr eact i
on,theheatcont entoft hepr oductismor ethantheheat
contentoft her eact ant;
hencet heent halpychangei sposit
ive.

ENERGYLEVELDI AGRAMS
Energychangescanbepresentedbydiagr
ams,
whi
chshowsatoncewhet
her
react
ionsareexot
hermicorendother
mic.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE8
EVALUATI
ON
1. Whatisent
hal
py?
2. Givi
ngTWOexampleseach,
def
ineendot
her
micandexot
her
micr
eact
ions.

HEATOFREACTI ONANDCHEMI CALBONDS

Duringchemi cal r
eacti
ons, chemical bondsar ebroken, atomsarer egroupedand
newbondsar ef ormed.Bondbr eaki
ngr equiresener gyandbondf or mingevolves
energy .Theminimum amountofener gyrequir
edf orbondbr eaki
ngi scalled
acti
v at i
onenergy .Whilebondbr eakingi sendothermi c,bondformingi sexothermi
c.
Thus, heatofreactioncomesf r
om br eakingandf ormi ngofchemi calsbond.Heat
reactioni snegat i
ve[exothermic]whenbond- breakingener gyisl
esst hanbond
formi ngenergy .Heatofr eacti
oni sposi t
ive[
endot hermi c]whenbond- br
eaking
energyi smoret hanbondf ormi ngener gy.

TYPESOFHEATCHANGESI NCHEMI CALREACTI ONS

HEATOFFORMATI ON
Theamountofheatev olvedorabsor bedwhenonemol eofasubst anceisformed
fr
om itsel ementsi sknownasheatoff ormati
on[orent halpyoffor
mat i
on].
θ
Thestandar dheatoff ormat ionofasubstance(∆Hf)ist heheatevolvedorabsorbed,
whenonemol eoft hatsubst ancei sf
ormedf r
om it
sel ement sunderstandard
condit
ions.
Forthef ormationof1mol eofl i
quidwater,
theequati
oni s
θ -
1
H2(g) +1/2O2(g) H2O(1) ∆Hf =-285kJmol
θ -
1
Thus,∆Hf ofwat er=-285kJmol

HEATOFNEUTRALI ZATION
Neutralizat i
oni
sanexot hermi creact
ion.Theamountofheatev ol
veddur i
nga
neutral
izat ionr
eact ioninwhi chonemol eofwat erisformedisknownast heheatof
neutral
izat ion(
orent hal
pyofneut ral
i
zati
on).
Thest andar dheatofneutrali
zaton∆Hnθ
i
i
st heamountofheatev olvedwhen1mol eofhy drogeni ons,H+,f
rom anacidreact
s
with1mol eofhydr oxideions,OH-,fr
om analkalitoform 1mol eofwat erunder
standardcondi ti
ons.Heatofneut r
ali
zati
onisalsoknownasheatoff ormationof
onemol eofwat erf rom it
si oni
ccomponent s.
H+(aq) +OH-(aq) → H2O(l) ∆Hnθ =–57. -1
4kJmol

HEATOFCOMBUSTI ON
Combust i
onr eact i
oni sal
way sexothermic.Theamountofheatev ol
vedwhenone
moleofasubst ancei sburnedcompl etelyinoxy genisknownast heheatof
combust i
onorent halpyofcombust i
on.Thest andardheatofcombust i
onofa
θ
subst
ance, ∆HC ; i
st heheatev ol
vedwhenonemol eofthesubstanceisbur
ned
completel
yi noxy genunderst andardcondi t
ions.
Abombcal ori
met eri susual
lyusedf oraccuratedet erminat
ionofheatof
combust i
on.
Heatofcombust ioncanbedet ermi
nedf r
om ther el
ationbelow:
Heatofcombust ion=Heatener gyproduced xmol armass
Massbur nt 1
Whent heheatev olvedbythebur ni
ngsubst ancei susedt orai
sethetemper
atureof
aknownmassofwat er,
thentheexpr essi
onf orheatofcombust ioncanbegivenas:

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE9
Heatofcombust
ion=mC∆θ xmolarmass
Massburnt 1
Wherem =massofwat er
C=Specif
icheatcapaci
tyofwater
∆θ=changeintemperat
ure,t
hatis,
θ2–θ1

HEATOFSOLUTI ON
Heatofsoluti
oncanbeexot hermicorendother
mi c.Heatofsol ut
ioni
st heheat
evolvedorabsorbedwhenonemol eofasubstanceisdissol v
edinsomuchwat er
thatfurt
herdi
lut
ionresult
sinnodet ect
abl
eheatchange.
θ
Standardheatofsolut
ion,∆Hs ,istheamountofheatev olvedorabsorbedwhen1
mol eofsubst
anceisdissolv
edi nsomuchwat erthatfur
t herdil
uti
onresult
sinno
detectabl
eheatchangeatstandar dcondi
ti
ons.

EVALUATION
Def
ineeachoft
hefoll
owing:
1. Heatofcombustion
2. Heatofneutr
ali
zati
on

THERMODYNAMI CS
Thermody namicsi st hestudyofr elat
ionshipbetweenheatandot herformsof
energy.
System i
nt hermody namicsisanypar toft heuniv
ersechosenforthermodynami
cs
consider
ation,i
.e.thephy si
calandchemi calphenomenonorprocessoccurri
ngina
gi
ven
envi
ronment .Asy stem canbei sol
ated,closedoropen.
Surr
oundingi stheenv i
ronmentinwhi chaphenomenonorapr ocessoccurs.

Thefirstl
aw ofther
modynamicsstatesthatener
gycannei
therbecr
eat
ednor
dest
royedbutmaybeconver
tedfr
om oneformtoanother
.
I
nt hermody namics,heatisrepresent edbyqandot herformsofener gyarer
efer
red
toaswor kdenotedbyw.Thecondi t
ionsorstat
eofachemi calsyst
em ischanged
when:
i
. Heatisevolvedorabsor bed, and/or
i
i. Wor kisdoneonorbyt hesy stem
I
nanycase, thei
nternalener
gy ,U,oft hesystem i
saff
ectedanditischanged.
From f i
rstlaw,heati schanged i ntointer
nalenergyoft he syst
em itmaybe
representedby
changei
nint
ernalener
gy=Heatabsor
bedbyt
hesyst
em +Wor
kdonebyt
hesyst
em
i
.e. U = q + w
Workdonebyt hesyst
em i
snegati
vesi
ncet
hisl
eadt
odecr
easei
nint
ernalener
gy,
ther
efore:
U = q - w
Foragaseoussyst
em, w =P V
U = q - P V
U = H - P V
H = U - P V

EVALUATI
ON

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE10
1. Statethefir
stlawofthermodynamic
2. Calcul
ate:(a) t heheatadsorbedbyasystem wheni
tdoes72Jofworkand
i
tsinternalenergydecr
easesby90J( b)Uforagasthatr
eleases35Jofheat
andhas128Jofwor kdoneoni t.

SECONDLAW OFTHERMODYNAMI C
Thesecondl awofthermodynamicstatesthataspont aneouspr ocessoccur
sonl
yif
ther
ei sani ncr
easeintheentr
opyofasy stem andi t
ssurroundings
Factorswhi chdeter
minesthespontaneouslyofapr ocessare:
i
. ent halpy,
H:Theheatcontentofthesubst ancesinvol
ved
i
i. ent ropy,S:Themeasur eofdegr eeofdi sorder
li
nessorr andomnessofa
substance
i
ii. f r
eeener gyG:Theenergywhichisavailablefordoi
ngwor k.

ENTROPY( S)
Entropyisthemeasur eofdegr eeofdisor
derl
inessorr
andomnessofasyst
em.The
θ
standardentropychange( ∆S)i sastatefuncti
onbecausei
tdependsonthei
nit
ial
andf i
nalstat
eoft hesy st em.Thati s:
∆Sθ=Sθproducts-Sθreactants
sJK-1mol -1
TheS. I
unitofi

Entr
opyi ncreasesfrom soli
dtoliquidtogaseousstat
ebecauseasyougofrom soli
d
θ
toli
quidtogaseousst ate,
randomnessi ncr
eases,t
hatis;
∆S tendst
oposi
ti
v e.
Forar ev
er si
bleprocessatconstantt emperat
ure,
S = H/
T
When∆Si sposi t
ive,thereisincreaseinent r
opy. When∆Si snegat
ivet her
eis
decreaseint heentr
opyofasy st
em.

GIBB’SFREEENERGY
Thef r
eeener gyofasy stem ist heener gywhichisav ail
ablefordoingwor kinthe
syst
em; thati s,thedri
v ingf orcet hatbri
ngsaboutachemi calchange.
Thestandar df reeener gychange( ∆Gθ)isastatefuncti
onbecausei tdependsont he
i
niti
alandf inalst at
eoft hesy stem.Thati s:
θ θ θ
∆G =Gproducts-Greactants
Freeener gyt akesi nt
oaccountt heeffectoftheent halpyandent r
opyf actor
sas
repr
esentedi nt heequat ionbelow:
G=H- TS
Forachangeatconst antt emper ature,
G= H-T S
NOTE:
1. When Gi snegat ive,ther eacti
onisspontaneousorf easibl
e.
2. When G i sposi tive,ther eacti
oni snotspont aneous,unlesst heresult
ant
ef
fectofbot h Hand Sl eadstoanetdecr easein G
3. When Gi szero, thesy stem isinequil
i
brium

Exampl
e:Ther
eact
ion:C(s)+O2(g) CO2(g)
o
i
scarri
edoutatat emperatur
eof57C. I
ftheenthal
pychangei
s-500Jandt
he

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE11
ent
ropychangeis+15J.
Calcul
atet
hefr
eeener
gychange
Sol
uti
on:
G= H -T S
= - 5000-(57+273)x( +15)
= - 5000-330x15
= - 5000-(+4950)
= - 5000-4950
= - 9950Jor-9.
950kJ

GENERALEVALUATI ON/REVISI ON
1.Def i
nestandardheatoff or mationandstandardheatofneut r
ali
zat
ion
2.Def i
neexot her
micandendot her mi
creacti
onsgivingtwoexampl eeach
3.Whati sthenumberofoxy genat omsin32goft hegas?[NA =6.02x1023]
4.Statethemoder nperiodicl aw
5.Thet ablebelowrefersapor t
ionoftheperiodi
ctable:
I II II
I I
V V VI VII VIII
Li
thi
um Car bonP
X Q
Y R
a.Themostr eact
ivemet al
b.Themostr eact
ivenon- met al
c.Namet hefamil
yoft heel ement sr
epresentedbyP,QandR
d.Theel ementQf ormscompoundswi thlit
hium andcarbon.Writ
ethe
f
ormulaofeachcompoundf ormed

READI
NGASSIGNMENT
NewSchool
Chemi
str
yforSSSbyO.
Y.Ababi
o(6thedi
ti
on)pages230-242

WEEKENDASSI GNMENT
SECTIONA:Wr i
tethecor rectopt ionONLY
1. Achemi calreact i
oni nwhi chheati sabsorbedi ssaidt obea.t hermostati
cb.
i
sot hermal c.exot hermi cd.endot hermic
+ -
2. Fort her eaction: H3O (aq)+OH(aq)→ 2H2O(l) t heheatchangeaccompany i
ngthe
processi sheatofa.f ormat ionb.hy drat
ionc.neut rali
zat i
ond.combust i
on
3. Ar eact i
oni nwhi ch∆Hi snegat iveisa.i
sothermicb.endot hermicc.adiabat
icd.
exother mi c
4. Howmuchheatwi llbel iberatedi f10gofhy drogenbur nsinexcessoxygen
accor dingt othef ollowi ngequat i
on:
H2(g) +1/ 2O2(g)→ H2O(l); ∆HCθ=- 286Kja.-1430kJb.- 2860kJc.-572kJd.-
286kJ
5. Whi choft hef oll
owi ngst atementi sTRUEaboutt hedi ssolut
ionofsodium
hydrox idepel l
et sinwat er?a.I tisanendot hermicpr ocessb.Heatofsol uti
on
ofsodi um hy dr oxidei sposi tivec.Heatisgai nedfrom t hesurroundingd.Heat
ofsol utionofsodi um hy droxideisnegative

SECTI
ONB
1. StateTHREEf act
orsthatdeter
minethespontanei
tyofachemicalr
eact
ion.
2. 0.92gofethanolrai
sedthetemperat
ureof100gofwat erf
rom 298Kto312.
3K
whenbur
nedcompl etel
y.Whatistheheatofcombustionofet
hanol?
2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE12
WEEKTHREE DATE:
________
_
TOPI C:CHEMI CALEQUI LIBRIUM
CONTENT
 Rev ersibleReact ions
 LeChat elier’
sPr i
nciple
 Fact orsAf fecti
ngChemi calEqui
li
bri
um
 Equi l
ibrium Const ant
EQUI LI
BRI UM
Equili
bri
um canbedef inedast hestateofasystem wherethereisnoobserv
ableor
detectablechangei nt hepr opert
iesofthesyst
em withrespecttoti
me.Examplesof
system inequi libri
um
a. abal ancedsee–saw
b. asat ur atedsol uti
onofNaCl

STATICANDDYNAMI CEQUILI
BRIUM
Stat
icequil
i
bri
um isatt
ainedwhenasy
stem i
nequi
l
ibr
ium i
sinast
ateofr
estor
stat
ionar
ystat
e.
Exampleofthi
sisbal
ancedsee–saw

Dynamicequil
ibr
ium canoccurduri
ngaphy si
calchangeorachemicalchangethat
i
sr ever
sibl
e. Dynamicequil
ibri
um inv
olv
ingaphy si
calchangei
sr ef
err
edt oas
physi
calequi
li
bri
um whil
ethatinv
olvi
ngachemicalchangeisachemi
calequil
ibr
ium.

Asy st
em issai dtobei nastateofdynami
cequili
bri
um whenbot
hthef
orwar
dand
backwardr eacti
onstakeplaceatthesamer
ate.Example
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)

EQUILIBRIUM INREVERSI
BLEREACTION
Areversi
blereact
ioni
sonewhi
chproceedsi
nbot
hfor
war
dandbackwar
ddi
rect
ions
undersuit
ablecondi
ti
ons.

Forexample:NH4Cl(
s) NH3(g) +HCl(
g)
Areversi
blereact
ionissaidt
obei ndy namicequil
ibri
um whenboththef
orwar
dand
backwardreacti
onar eoccur
ringatthesamer ate,ther
ebyproduci
ngnonetchange
i
nconcentrati
onsoft her
eactantsorpr oduct
s.

Pr
opert
iesofsy stem inequil
ibri
um
1. Achemi calr eacti
onatequi li
bri
um isindy nami
cstat
ewi t
htherat
esoft he
forwardandbackwar dreactionsareequal.
2. Theequilibrium posit
ioncanber eachedfr
om react
ant
sal oneorf
orm pr
oduct
alone
3. Forequil
ibrium t obeestabl
ished,thesyst
em mustbeclosed

EVALUATI
ON
1. Wheni sareversi
blereact
ionsai
dtobeindy
namicequil
i
bri
um
2. Listt
hreepropert
iesofasy st
em i
nastat
eofequi
li
bri
um
2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE13
FACTORSAFFECTI NGTHEPOSI TIONOFEQUI LIBRIUM
Theposi ti
onofequili
bri
um dependsont hefol
l
owi ngsetofcondit
ion
i
. Temper ature
i
i. Concent r
ati
on
i
ii
. Pr essur
e(forgases)
Vari
ationinanyoft hesefact
orswi l
lupsett
hebal anceofthesyst
em andr
esul
tsina
shif
tint heposit
ionoft heequil
ibri
um.Thesef actorsandthei
reff
ectonchemical
systemsi nequil
i
brium werestudiedbyLeChat eli
er’swhoformedtheLeChatel
i
er’
s
pri
nciple.

LeChat elier’
sprinciplestatest hatifachemicalsy st
em isinequil
i
brium andoneof
thefactorsinv ol
vedi ntheequi libri
um isal
ter
ed,theequili
bri
um posit
ionwillshi
ftso
astoneut r
ali
zetheef fectoft hechange.
I
mpor tanceofLeChat el
ier’
spr incipl
einchemicalindust
ry:Ithel
psto
i
. Def ineopt i
mum condi tionsf orchemicalpr
ocess
i
i. Reduceundesi rablerev ersibil
it
y
i
ii. Pr edicttheeffectofanal teredfactor
sontheequi l
i
brium

EFFECTOFTEMPERATURE
Foran endot her
mi cr eact
ion,increase i
nt emperatur
e shift
sthe posit
ion of
equil
i
brium t
otheright.Thatis,t
hef or
wardreact
ionisfavouredwhi
leadecreasein
temperatur
efavour
st hebackwar dreacti
on.Ther ev
erseisthecaseforexot
hermic
react
ions.

EFFECTOFCONCENTRATI ON
I
nasy stem ofequi
li
brium,iftheconcent
rati
onofr eactant
sisincreasedorpr oduct
decreased,thefor
war dreacti
onwillbefavoured,thati
s;equil
ibri
um posit
ionshifts
tother ight
. Also,iftheconcentrati
onoft hepr oductsisincreasedorr eactant
decreased,thebackwardreactionwil
lbefavoured,equil
ibr
ium posit
ionshi
ftstot he
l
eft.

EFFECTOFPRESSURE
Pressur eofgasi spr opor t
ionalt othenumberofmol es. Increasei nnumberof
mol esimpl iesincreasei npressur eandv icev isa.Ifthef orwardr eacti
onpr oceeds
bydecr easesi nnumberofmol es(pressure),ani mposedi ncreasepr essurewi l
l
favourf orwardr eaction.Rev erseisthecasei fi tproceedsbyi ncreaseinnumberof
mol es(pr essure).I
not herwor ds,whenhi ghpr essureisapplied,equili
brium willshi
ft
tot he si de wi thless numberofmol es whi le when low pr essurei s appli
ed,
equi l
ibr
ium wi l
lshifttothesi dewi thgreaternumberofmol es.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
1mol e 3mol es 2mol es
Increasei npr essuref av oursf orwardreactionwhi l
edecr easei npr essuref avours
backwar dreaction

EFFECTOFCATALYST
Acatal
y stdoesnotchange(aff
ect)theposi
ti
onofequi
li
bri
um.Additi
onofcatal
yst
,
howeverincreasetherat
eofbot hforwardandbackwardreact
ionbylower
ingthe
act
ivat
ionofenergyofthereact
ion.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE14
Equi
l
ibr
ium posi
ti
oni
sat
tai
nedatf
ast
err
atewhenacat
aly
sti
spr
esent
.

EVALUATION
1. St at
eLeChat eli
er’spri
ncipl
e
2. Expl ai nt heeffectof
i
. I
ncreasei nt emperat
ure
i
i. decreasei npressure
onthef oll
owingr eacti
on
-
1
2SO2(g)+ O2(g) 2SO3(g)H=-
3957KJmol

HABERPROCESS
Haberprocessisani ndustr
ialprocessf ort
hemanufact
ureofammonia.
Ammoni a,NH3,isani mpor tantchemi calfort
hemanuf act
ureoff
ert
il
izer
s.Dur
ing
theprocess,
thefol l
owingequili
brium i
sestabli
shed
-1
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) H=- 96KJmol
1mol e 3mol es 2mol es

CHOI CEOFTEMPERATURE
Sincefor
wardreacti
onisexothermic,
LeChat eli
er’
spri
ncipleshowsthatt
hegreat
est
yiel
dofammoni a,NH3,wouldbeobt ai
nedatl ow t
emper at
ure. However
,ifthe
temperat
ureist oo low,ti
me t aken tor each equi
li
brium would be much. A
temperat
ureof5000Cgivesreasonabl
ey i
eldofammoni a.

CHOICEOFPRESSURE
Si
nce forwar
dr eacti
on leads t
o decr
ease i
n numberofmol
es (
pressur
e),Le
Chat
eli
er’
sprinci
pleshowst hathighyi
eldofammoniawoul
dbeobt
ainedathigh
pr
essure.Thepressureof25atm gi
vesasat
isf
act
oryy
iel
d.

CHOICEOFCATALYST
I
ronisusedascat al
ystinHaberpr ocess.Ironisf
oundtobeeffect
iveinspeedi
ng
uptherateofwhichequil
ibr
ium isreached.Iti
susedinf
orm ofsmallpel
let
swhich
i
ncreasedthesur
faceareaav ai
l
ableforcontact
.

EQUILIBRI UM CONSTANT( K)ANDLAW OFMASSACTI ON

Thelawofmassact ionst atesthatatconstantt emperature,t
her at
eofreacti
onis
propor
tional tot heact ivemassesofeachoft her eactant
s;
Theactivemassoft her eactantsist
heconcent rati
onofthesubst ancerai
sedtothe
powerofcoef f
icient( numberofmol e)ofthatsubst anceint heequati
onofreacti
on
understudy .
NOTE: Act i
v emass=mol arconcentr
ati
onxact ivi
tycoeffi
cient
Inmostr eactions,t heact i
vemassesoft her eactantmaybet akenast hei
rmolar
concentrations.
Example:
aA + bB products
a b
Thus,rα[ A]and rα[ B]
where[]r epresent sconcent rat
ioni
nmoldm-3
a b
rα [ A] x[B]
a b
r = k[ A] [ B]

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE15
whereki scal ledequi l
ibrium const ants
Applyingt hel awt otherev ersiblereact ionrepresentedbytheequat i
onbelow:
aA(aq)+bB(aq) cC(aq) +dD(aq)
c d
Kc= [ C] [
D]
a b
[A] [
B]
Wher eKci scal ledequi l
ibrium const ant
Forreact ionsi nv olvi
nggases,t heequi libr
ium constantisexpressedintermsoft he
part
ial pressur esoft hegasesi nvolvedi nthereact i
on.
Therefor e, f
ort hegener al gaseousr eact i
on:
aA(g) +bB(g) cC(g) +dD(g)
Kp=PCcxPDd
PAaxPBb
Wher eKpi sequi li
bri
um const antf ort hegaseousr eact
ion,PA,PB,PC andPD are
part
ial pressur esofgasesA, B,CandDr espectivel
y.

NOTE:Foragi v
enr eacti
on,concentrat
ionsofsolidsareignored.AKcorKpv alue
great
erthanonetell
sy outhatproductformati
oni sfavour
edatequil
ibr
ium;whil
ea
KcorKpv al
uel essthanonet ell
sy out hatreactant
sf or
mat i
onisfavour
edat
equil
i
bri
um.Asy stem i
nequil
ibr
ium hasKcorKpv alueequalt
oone.

GENERALEVALUATI ON/REVI SION

1. Statethecondi t
ionsf ortheopt i
mum y iel
dofammoni ainHaberpr ocess.
2. StateLeChat eli
er’sprincipl
e
3. Definethef ol
lowi ngtermsandst atehowt heyvaryacrossaper i
odanddowna
group:Ionizat
ionener gy,Electr
onegat i
vit
y,Elect
ronaff
init
y
4. Defineoxi dati
on,r eduction,oxidizi
ng agentand r educing agentint ermsof
el
ect r
ont r
ansfer
5. Anor ganiccompoundcont ai
nsthef ol
lowingbymass:0. 188gofC,0. 062gofH
and0. 25gofO.I ft
hev apourdensi t
yoft hecompoundi s16,det ermineit
s
molecularf or
mul a.

READINGASSIGNMENT
New SchoolChemi
str
yforSeni
orSecondar
ySchoolbyO.
Y.Ababi
o(6th edi
ti
on)
Pages265-
275

WEEKENDASSI GNMENT
SECTIONA:Wr itet hecor r
ectopt ionONLY.
1. Whent heconcent rationofbot hreactantsandpr oductar eequal
a.K=1 b.K>1 c.K≥1d.K=0
2. I nther eact i
on
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) H=- xkJ/ mol e
i
ncreasei nt emper aturefav oursthe
a.backwar dr eact ion b.f orwardreaction c.y i
eldofSO3
3. Howi st heequi l
ibr i
um const antforthef orwardreaction( Kf)rel
atedtothatof
the rev erse r eact i
on ( Kr)?a.Kr i st he addi t
iveinverse ofKf b.Kr i sthe
multi
pl i
cat i
v ei nv
er seofKfc.Kri ssameasKfd.Thepr oductofKrandKfi szer
o
4. The equi l
ibrium const antexpr ession inv ol
ves a.sol i
d,l i
quid and gaseous
speciesb.gaseousspeci esonl yc.speciesi naqueoussol ut i
ononl yd.speci
es

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE16
 i
naqueoussol uti
onandgasesonly
5. Incr
easeinpr essur
efavoursthef
orwar
dr eact
ionforanequil
ibr
ium r
eacti
on
thatpr
oceedswi tha.i
ncr
easeinpr
essur
eb.decreaseinnumberofmolesc.no
changeinpressured.i
ncreasei
nnumberofmoles

SECTIONB
1. St atetheLeChat eli
er’
spr i
ncipl
e
2. Cal cul
at e(a)t heequi l
ibr
ium constant(
Kp)f
orther
eacti
onbelowat45oC
(b)theequi libr
ium constantf ort
hebackwar
dreact
ionbelow:
H2(g) +I g) → 2
2( HI (
g)
Givent hatt hepar t
ialpressureforH2,I2andHIare0.065atm,0.
45atm and
0.245atmr espectivel
y.From y ouranswer
,deducewhichoft hereacti
onis
favoured.

WEEKFOUR DATE:
___
___
___
TOPI
C:OXYGENANDI TSCOMPOUNDS
CONTENT
 GeneralPropertiesofOxygenFamil
y.
 El
ectronicStructureandBondi
nginOxygen.
 Preparat
ion,Properti
esandUsesofOxygen.
 Oxides:Classif
icati
on

Oxygeni
sthemostabundantel
ementonear
th.I
tconst
it
utes21%byv
olumeof
at
mospheri
cai
r.

Occur
rence:I
toccur
sasf
reeel
ement
sinnat
ureandi
ncombi
nedst
ates.

GENERALPROPERTI ESOFOXYGENFAMI LY
El
ementsingroupVIi nclude:Oxygen(O),Sulphur(S),Sel
enium (Se),Tel
luri
um (Te)
,
andPol
onium (Po).
theirpropert
iesareasfoll
ows:
1. Theyar enon-metalsandexi stassoli
datroom temper atur
eexceptf oroxygen
2. Theyar eelect
ronaccept orsandoxidi
zinginnature.
3. Theydonotr eactwi t
hwat erinanyf orm.Butoxy genandsul phurcombi ne
di
rect
lywithhydrogent oyiel
dwaterandhy drogensulphiderespecti
vely.

ELECTRONICSTRUCTUREANDBONDI NGINOXYGEN
Oxygenhasanatomicnumberof8;
henceit
selectr
oni
cconf
igur
ati
onis1s22s22p4.
Thi
sshowsthatoxygenneedst
woelect
ronsinordert
oat
tai
nanoctetconfi
guration.

Oxygenatom hassixv
alenceel ect
ronsandcanacquireastableoctetconf i
gurat
ion
by:
1. Accept i
ngtwoelectronsf rom elect
roposi
ti
veel
ementslikemet alstoform
2-
negati
veoxidei
on, O .Exampl e
2+ 2-
Ca +O → CaO
2. Ent er
ingint
ocovalentbondf ormati
onwi t
hnon-met
alsbycov alentlyshari
ng
twooutofitssi
xout erel ect
rons.Examplefor
mati
onofcar bon( IV)oxide
molecule.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE17
 O C O
3. For
mingcov
alentbondwit
hit
self
.
O O

LABORATORYPREPARATI ONOFOXYGEN
1. Byt het
hermaldecomposi t i
onofpot
assium t
ri
oxochl
orat
e(V)i
nthepr
esence
ofMnO2ascataly st
O3(s)heat
2KCl 2KCls)+3
2( O2(g)

2. Bydecomposi tionofhy drogenper oxide,H2O2inthepresenceofMnO2as

cat al
yst
2H2O2(aq)heat 2H2O(l) +O2(g)
Hy drogenper oxideal sor eact
swi thaci di
fi
edKMnO4i nt hecol dtopr
oduce
oxy gen
5H2O2(aq) +2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq)+2MnSO4(aq) +
8H2O(l) +502(g)
NOTE: Ifthegasisr equi r
eddr y,i
tispassedt hroughanhy dr
ouscal ci
um chlori
deor
concent ratedtetr
aoxosul phate(VI)acidandcol l
ect
edov ermer cury.

INDUSTRI ALPREPARATI ON
i. Electr
olysi
sofwat er
ii
. Fracti
onaldistil
lati
onofl i
quidair
:Thispreparati
oninvol
vestwomai n
processes:
a. Li quefactionofai r
Airisf i
rstpassedt hroughcaust icSoda,NaOH(aq)toremoveCO2.I ti
st hensubjected
throughser iesofcompr essions,expansi
onsandcool i
ngunti
lli
quidairisobtai
nedat
-200oC.
b. Fr actionaldisti
l
lati
onofl i
quidair
Thel iquidairisledtoaf ractionaldi
sti
ll
ati
oncolumn.Ondi sti
ll
ati
on,nitr
ogenwi t
ha
0
l
owerboi li
ngpoi ntof-196Ci sevolvedfi
rst,l
eavingbehindli
quidoxygen.Fur t
her
0
heat i
ngconv er
tsthel i
quidoxy gentoagasat- 183C

EVALUATION
1. Explaint
helaborator
yprepar
ationofoxygen
2. Bywhatpr ocessisoxygenobtainedf
rom ai
r

PHYSI
CALPROPERTIES
1. Iti
scol
ourl
ess,odor
lessandt
ast
elessdi
atomi
cgas
2. Iti
sneut
ralt
oli
tmus
2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE18
3. I
tissli
ght
lysolubl
einwater
4. Gaseousoxygenisdensert
hanai r
5. Gaseousoxygenli
quefi
esat-1830C

CHEMICALPROPERTI ES
1. React i
onwi thmet als:
Oxy gencombi nesdi r
ectl
ywi thmostmet alstoform
basicoxides
2Ca + O2 2CaO
4K + O2 K2O
Theoxidesofv eryelectropositi
v emet als,K,Na, Cadi ssol
vesinwat ertof or
m alkal
i
s
2K2O + 2H2O 4KOH
2. React i
onwi thnon-met als:Non-met al
sbur ninoxy gentoaci di
coxi des.These
areknownasaci danhy dridesast heydi ssol veinwat ert
of orm acids.
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
P4(s) + O2(g) P4O6(g)
P4O6 + H2O(l) 4H3PO3(aq)
3. Mosthy drocarbonandcompoundsofcar bon, hydrogenandoxy genburnin
oxygentogi veCO2andH2O
C2H5OH(l) + 3O4(g) 2CO2(g)+ 3H2O(l)

USESOFOXYGEN
i
. I tisusedinoxy -
ethy l
eneflame
i
i. I tisrequi
redforrespi r
ati
on
i
ii
. Iti susedinsteelindustryfortheremovalofC,SandPi mpur i
ti
esfrom pigir
on
i
v. Li quidoxygenandf uelar
eusedaspr opel
lantforspacerockets
v. Oxy genisusedint hemanuf actur
eroftet
raoxosulphat
e(VI),t
ri
oxonit
rate(VI)
acidandet hanoi
caci d.

TESTFOROXYGEN
Whenagl owingsplint
erisinsert
edint
oagasjarcontaininganunknowngasandthe
glowingspli
nteri
srekindl
ed, t
henthegasi
sli
kel
yoxy gengasordi ni
tr
ogen(I
)oxi
de
gas.
I
ft hegasiscolour
lessandr eact
swithni
tr
ogen(I
I)oxidet opr
oducereddi
sh-
brown
fumesofni t
rogen(IV)oxi
de, t
henthegasi
sconfi
rmedt obeoxygengas.

EVALUATION
1. Statetwophysi
cal
proper
ti
esofoxygen
2. Usingequat
iononl
y,st
atetwochemical
proper
ti
esofoxy
gen

OXIDES
Oxidesarebinar ycompoundsf ormedwhenoxy gencombi neswi thotherelement s
Typesofoxi des( classif
icati
on)
1. Basi cOxi des:Thesear eoxidesofmet al
se.g.Na2O, K2O, MgO,CaOet c.They
r
eactwi thaci dstof or
m saltandwat eronly.Example
Na2O(s) + 2HCl(
aq) 2NaCl (
s) +H2O(l)
2. Aci dicOxi des:Thesear eoxidesofnon- metalswhichdi ssolv
esinwat erto
f
orm aci dse. g.CO2,SO2,NO2etc.Theyr eactwithalkalitoform asaltand
wateronl ye.g.CO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2CO3(aq) +H2O(l)

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE19
3. Amphot eri
cOxi des:Thesear eoxidesofmet alswhichcanr eactwithboth
acidsandal kal
istoform saltandwat eronly.TheyincludetheoxidesofAl,Zn,
PbandSn.Exampl e
ZnO(s) + H2SO4 ZnSO4(aq)+ H2O(l)
ZnO( s) + 2NaOH(aq) +H2O Na2Zn(OH)4(
aq)
4. Neut ralOxides:Theseareoxi desofnon- metalswhichar enei
theracidi
cnor
basic.Theyar eneutralt
olitmus.Theyi ncludeCO2H2OandN2O
5. Peroxi des:Thesear eoxi
deswhi chcont ainhigherproporti
onofoxygenthan
ordinaryoxidese. gNa2O2,CaO2andBaO2.Theyr eactwi t
hdil
uteacidto
producehy drogenperoxi
de, H2O2

GENERALEVALUATI ON/ REVISION

1. Ment i
onfourairpoll
utantsandst atethei
reffect
s
2. Statetwoairpoll
uti
oncont rol
measur es
3. Ment i
onfourtypesofoxidesandgi vetwoexampl eseach.
4. Describet
heelectroly
sisCuSO4(aq)usingpl
atinum el
ectr
odes
5. Usingequati
onsonl y,st
atethepr oductsoftheelectr
oly
sisofbr
ine

READINGASSIGNMENT
NewSchoolChemi
str
yforSeni
orSecondar
ySchool
byO.
Y.Ababi
o(6thedi
ti
on)pages
368-
373

WEEKENDASSI GNMENT
SECTIONA:Wr it
ethecor r
ectopti
onONLY
1. Themostabundantel ementonear t
hi sa.nit
rogenb.hel i
um c.sili
cond.
oxygen
2. Det er mi
nationoftheproporti
onofoxy geninaircanbedonebypassi ngagi
ven
vol
umeofai rthrougha.li
mewat erb.alkal
inepy r
ogallol
soluti
onc.FeSO4
solution
d.concent r
atedH2SO4
3. Whi choneoft hefoll
owingisanamphot er
icoxide?a.SiO2b.Al 2O3c.CuOd.
K2O
4. Mostaci danhy dri
desreactwit
hwat ertoform acids.Whichofthesei samixed
anhy dri
de?a.N2Ob.NOc.NO2d.SO2
5. Agaswhi chisneutralt
olit
musandr eki
ndlesagl owingspli
nteris
a.O2b.O3c.H2O2d.H2

SECTI
ONB
1. Usi ngdiagram ONLY,
descr
ibet
heprepar
ati
onofdr
yoxy
gengasi
nthe
l
abor
atory
2. Whyi soxygencoll
ect
edovermercur
y?

WEEKFI VE DATE:_
___
___
__
TOPI
C:CHLORI NEANDOTHERHALOGENS
CONTENT
 Electr
onicConfi
gur
ationofHalogens
 Phy si
calandChemicalPropert
iesofHalogens.
 LaboratoryandI
ndustri
alPreparat
ionofChlori
ne.
2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE20
  Preparat
ion,Proper
ti
esandUses.
 CompoundofChl or
ine:
Hydr
ogenChl
ori
de.
 TestforChlori
des

HALOGENS
Halogens( sal
tf ormer
s)aref oundingroupVI Ioftheper iodictable.Theyar ethe
mostr eacti
venonmet al
s.Theyhav esevenvalenceelect
rons,t heyexistasdiatomic
molecules,andt heyarecolouredandioni
zest oform univalentnegat i
veions.They
form electr
ovalentcompoundswi th metal
s.Int he group ar e chlori
ne,fluor
ine,
bromine,iodi
neandast at
ine.

ELECTRONI CCONFI GURATI ONOFHALOGENS

Thehal ogensmeani ngsaltmaker sarefoundingroupVI Ioftheperiodictabl
e.The
electronicconf igurationofthehal ogensi soneelectronshortofthenobl egas
structure( i
.e.cont ai
nssev enel ectronsontheiroutermostshells)
,andt hechemist
ry
oft hegr oupi sdomi nat
edbyt hetendencyt ocompl etetheoctetarr
angementby
receivinganel ectron.Theel ectronicconfi
gurati
onsoft hehalogensar eshownbelow:
2 2 5
Fluorine=9: 1s 2s 2p
Chl or
ine=17: 1s22s22p63s23p5
Bromi ne=35: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5
Iodine =53: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p5

PHYSICALPROPERTI ESOFTHEHALOGENS
1. Theyar eusual l
yunivalent, andeasi l
yacceptoneel ectronf rom otheratomst o
formioni ccompounds( especi al
lyfr
om met al
se. gNa&K) .Theyal soshare
electr
onswi ththemsel vesorwi t
hnon-met al
stof orm cov alentcompounds.
2. Theyexi stintheirnaturalst atesasnon-polardiatomicmol ecules.
3. Fl uori
neandchl ori
near egases, bromineisaliquidandi odi neisasol i
d.
4. Thehal ogensar ecolour ed, withtypi
calpenetr
atingodour .Thecol oursdeepen
downt hegr oup.Fluorinei spal e-
yell
ow,chlori
nei sgreenish-y el
low, br
omineis
redandi odineisv i
olet.
5. Theyar ev ol
atil
esubst ances.Thei rvol
ati
l
itydecreasesdownt hegr oup.
6. Al lthehalogensexceptf luor i
ne,dissol
vetosomeext entinwat er,fl
uori
ne
reactswi t
hwat ertogi veoxy genandhy drogenfluori
de.

CHEMICALPROPERTI ESOFTHEHALOGENS
Thehalogensar ev er
yr eact iveelement s.Theirreactiv
itydecreasesdownt hegroup.
Fl
uori
nei sthemostr eact ivehalogen.Theyar ealsost r
onglyelectronegativ
e.Their
El
ect
ronegat ivi
tydecr easesdownt hegr oup.
1. Asoxi dizi
ngagent s.Hal ogensar estr ongoxidizi
ngagent .Theydosoby
accept i
ngel ectronsandf orminghal ideionsespeci all
yinther eacti
onwith
met al
s.Theoxi dizingpowerdecr easesdownagr oup.
2. React ionwi t
hmet al s:Halogensr eactwi thmet al
st oformi oniccompounds.
2Na(s) +F2(g)→ 2NaF(s)
3. React ionwi t
hhy dr ogen: Fluori
neexpl odeswithhy drogenev eninthedark,
chlori
ner eact sslowl yinthedar kbutexpl odeinbr i
ghtsunl i
ght,brominereact
s
withhy drogeni nt hepr esenceofpl atinum cataly
st;whileiodinereactspart
ial
ly
withhy drogenonheat ing.Exampl e
H2(g) +Cl 2(g) → 2 HCl(
g)

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE21
 Stabil
ityofthehy dr
ogenhal i
desdecr easesdownt hegr oup.Hydrogenfluori
de
O
i
sal iquidwi thaboi l
ingpoi ntof19C.Theot herhydr
ogenhal i
desar egases.
4. Reactionwi thwat er:Fluori
ner eactsv igorouslywit
hwat ertogiveoffoxygen
gas.Chl ori
ner eactsv eryslowlywi t
hwat ertogiveami xtureofhydrochl
oric
acidandoxochl orate( I
)acidwhi chlat erdecomposest ogi vehydrochl
ori
cacid
andoxy gengas.Theoxy gengasgi v enof fbytheoxochlorate(I
)acidis
responsi bl
ef orthebleachi ngactionofmoi stchlor
inegasandchl orinewater.
H2O(g) +Cl g) → HC
2( l
aq) +HO
( Cl(
aq)

EVALUATION
1. Wr i
tetheelect
ronicconf
igurat
ionofthefoll
owingat
oms/
ions:
ClF-,
, Br.
2. Givethreephysicalpr
opert
iesofthehalogens

CHLORINE
Chlor
ineisthemostimportantel
ementinthehalogenf amil
y.Itdoesnotoccuras
fr
eeelementinnat
urebecauseiti
stooreact
ive.I
tisusuall
yfoundincombinedstat
e
aschlor
ides.

LABORATORYPREPARATI ONOFCHLORI NE
1. Byt heoxi dat
ionofconcent rat
edHClwi thstr
ongoxi
dizi
ngagentsuchas
MnO2orKMnO4
MnO2(s) +4HClaq) → Mn
( Claq) + 2
2( H2O(l) +Cl
2(
g)

2. Byheatingconcent r
atedH2SO4wi t
hami xt ureofNaCl andMnO2
2NaCls)+Mn
( O2(s)+2H2SO4(aq)→ Na2SO4(aq)+MnSO4(aq)+H2O(l) +Cl
2(
g)

I
NDUSTRI ALPREPARATION
Chl
ori
neismanuf act
uredi
ndust
ri
all
ybyt
heel
ect
rol
ysi
sofbr
ineandmol
tenNaCl
,
MgCl2orCaCl
2.

EVALUATION
1. Explainonel
abor
ator
ypr
eparat
ionofdr
ychlor
inegas.
2. Namet hemethodofcoll
ecti
onofchlor
inegasandexpl
ainwhyi
tcanbe
2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE22
 col
l
ect
edbyt
hemet
hod.

PHYSI
CALPROPERTI ES
1. Chlori
nei
sagr eeni
sh-
yel
lowgaswi t
hunpl
easantchocki
ngsmel
l
.
2. Iti
sapoisonousgas.
3. Iti
sabout2.5ti
mesdenserthanair
.
4. Itcanbeli
quefi
edunderapressur
eofabout6atm.
5. Iti
smoderatel
ysolubl
einwater.

CHEMI CALPROPERTI ES
1. I ti sv er yr eactive and t ends t o at tain st abil
ity by f ormi ng elect
rov
alent
compoundwi thmet alsandasi ngl ecov alentbondcompoundswi t
hnon-metals.
2Na(s) + Cl g)→ 2
2( NaCl (
s)
Cl2(
g) + H2(g)→ 2HCl (g)
2. Itdisplacesot herhal ogensf rom sol ut i
onoft heiraci dsandsal ts
Cl2(
g) + NaI (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + I
2(
g)
3. I tcombi nesdi r
ectlywi thot herel ement sexceptoxy gen,ni trogencar bonand
thenobl egases; tof or m chl or i
des
Ca(s) + Cl g) → C
2( aCl 2(s)
4. I thas a v er yst rong af finityf orhy dr ogen;i tremov es hydr ogen f
rom its
compounds.
C10H12(l) + 8Cl2(g) → 10C(s) + 16HCl(g)
5. 2+
Itisapower fuloxidizingagent :itoxi dizesgr eenFe t oy el
lowFe3+
2FeCl 2(aq) + Cl2 →2FeCl 3(
aq)
6. I thasabl eachi ngact ion:i nt hepr esenceofwat er,chlor inebleachesmostdy es
andi nksexceptpr i
nt er ’
si nk.Thebl eachi ngact i
onofchl orinei sduet oits
abili
tyt or eactwi t
hwat ert ofor m oxochl orate( I)aci dwhi chdecomposest o
releaseoxy genwhi choxi di zest hedy et of orm acol ourlesscompound.
H2O(l) + Cl 2(g) → HCl (
aq) + HOCl (aq)
HOCl (aq) → HC l(aq) + [O]
Dy e + [ O] → [Dye+O]
Col
our
ed Col
our
less

7. I
tr eact
s with hot concent
rat
ed NaOH solut
ion t
o gi
ve a mi xt
ure of
t
ri
oxochlor
ate(
V)andchlori
deofthemet al
.
6NaOH + 3Cl g)→ Na
2( Cl
O3(aq) + NaCl
(
aq) + H2O(l)
Sodi
um t
ri
oxochl
orat
e(V)

Withcolddilutesolut ionofNaOH,apal ey ell

owishmi xt
ureofoxochl
orat
e(I
)
andchlori
deoft hemet al
isf
ormed.
2NaOH(aq) +Cl2(g)→ Na OClaq)+Na
( Cl
(aq) +H2O (
l)
8. Itr
eactswithslakedl imesoluti
onst opr
oducebl eachi
ngpowder
Ca(OH) aq)+C
2( l2(g) → CaOCl 2.
H2O(s)
Bl
eachi
ngpowder

TESTFORCHLORI NE
1. I tturnsdampedbluelit
muspaperpinkandthenbl
eachesit.Iti
saci
dicgas.
2. I tturnsdampedstarch-i
odi
dedarkblue.Chl
ori
net
urnsstarch-i
odi
depaperblue
becausei tdi
spl
acesiodinefr
om t
hei odi
de.Thei
odi
neliberatedt
henturnsthe
starchblue.

USESOFCHLORI
NE

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE23
1. I
tisapowerfulgermici
de[duet oitsoxidi
zingnat ure].
2. I
tisusedasabl eachi
ngagentf orcotton,wool ,pul
pet c.
3. I
tisusedi
nt hemanuf act
ureofpol yvi
nylchloride(PVC)andsy nt
het i
crubber
.
4. I
tisusedi
nt hemanuf act
ureofor ganiccompounde. gCHCl3,CCl4.
5. I
tisusedi
npr oducingKClO3,formakingmat chesandf i
reworks.
6. I
tisusedformakingNaCl O3,aweedki ll
er.
7. I
tisusedformakingdomest i
cantisepti
cse.gaci di
f i
edNaCl Osolution.

EVALUATI
ON
1. MentionFOURphysicalpropert
iesofchl
ori
ne.
2. Usingbal
ancedequations,st
ateFIVEchemical
proper
ti
esofchl
ori
ne.

COMPOUNDSOFCHLORI NE
HYDROGENCHLORI DE
Hydrogen chl
oride (
marine-
acid gas)exi st
s as a gas atroom temper
atur
e.It
di
ssolvesi
nwat ertofor
m hydrochlor
icacid.Itoccur
sintr
acesintheai
rasi
ndust
ri
al
by-
productandisconsideredasai rpoll
utant;butitcanbeeasil
ywasheddownas
aci
dr ai
nsincei
ti sv
ery
sol
ubleinwater.

LABORATORYPREPARATI ON
Thegasispr epar
edbyt heact
ionofhotconcentrat
edH2SO4onanysol ublechl
ori
de.
Example 2NaCl(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCl
(
g)
Note:NaHSO4 isfi
rstf or
medatal owert emper
atur
eandlaterathighert emper
ature
HClgasi sformed.Thegasi sdr i
edbypassi ngitthr
oughconcent ratedH2SO4 in
anotherf
laskandcol lect
ed.

INDUSTRIALPREPARATI ON
Pur eHClgascanbepr oducedi nl
argescal
ebydir
ectcombi
nat
ionofhy
drogenand
chlori
degasobtainedf
rom theelect
rol
ysi
sofbr
ine.
H2(g) + Cl
2(g) → 2HCl(g)

PHYSI
CALPROPERTI ES
1. PureHClgasiscol
ourl
essandhasshar
pir
ri
tat
ingsmel
l
2. Itt
urnsdampblueli
tmuspaperr
ed
3. Iti
sabout1.
25ti
mesdenserthanai
r

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE24
4. Itisv erysolubleinwat er,
formingaqueousHCl aci
d
5. Itisr eadilydissolvedinnon- pol
arsol ventli
kechloroform andtoluene;butthe
sol uti
ondoesnotconductel ect
rici
tyandhasnoaci dicproper t
iesbecause
hy drogen chl ori
de whi ch i
s a cov alentmol ecule does noti onize when i
t
dissol veinnon- polarsolvents.Butitdi ssol
vesinwat erandi onizes.Theions
formed i n aqueous sol uti
on ar er esponsibl
ef ort he acidi
c pr opert
y and
conduct i
vit
yofi tsaqueoussol uti
on.
6. Itformsmi st
yf umesi nmoi stairbecausei tdissol
vesi nthemoi sturetofor
m
tinydr opletsofHCl aci
d.
7. Itdoesnotsuppor tcombust i
on.

CHEMICALPROPERTI ES
1. Itcombi nesdi
rect
lywi thNH3 andpr oducesawhi t
ef umesofammonium
chlori
de
HCl (
g) + NH3(g) → NH4Cl(s)
2. Itreact swi
thvari
ousheat edmet al
st of or
m thei rrespect
ivechl
ori
deand
hydrogen
Zn(s) + 2HCl g) →
( ZnCl2(s) + H2(g)
TESTFORHYDROGENCHLORI DE
1. Agasr odthathasbeendippedi nammoni asol
uti
onisbroughtneart
hegasjar
contai
ningtheunknowngas,i ftherearedensewhit
ef umesont heglassr
od,
thenthegasishydrogenchlori
degas.
2. Few dr opsofsi l
vertri
oxonitr
ate(V)isaddedt othegasj arcontai
ningthe
unknowngasandshaken.I fwhitepreci
pit
ateofsil
verchlor
ideisobserv
ed,
thenthegasishydrogenchlori
degas.

EVALUATI ON
1. St ateTWOphy si
calandTWOchemi calpr
operti
esofhydr
ogenchl
ori
degas
2. Anunknowngasi scolour
less,hasani r
ri
tat
ingsmell
,fumesinmoistai
rand
turnsblueli
tmuspaperr ed;descr i
behow y ouwillconf
ir
m thegasto be
hydrogenchl
ori
degas.

CHLORI DES
Chlori
desarenormalsalt
sf or
medwhenmet al
li
cionreplacethehydr
ogeni oni
n
hydrochl
ori
cacid.Chl
ori
desareprepar
edbyneutr
ali
zat
ionreacti
on.Chlor
idesar
e
solubl
einwaterwit
hexcept
ionoff
ew.

Sol
ubl
echlori
des I
nsol
ublechl
ori
des
NaCl
,NH4Cl,
KCl CuCl
2,AgCl
,PbCl
2
CaCl
2et
c

PROPERTI ES
1. Chl ori
desarenotdecomposedbyheat . Theycanonl yber ecov
eredf r
om
soluti
onbyevapor at
iontodr ynessorsomet imesbycry
stal
li
zati
on.
2. They r eactwi t
h hotconcent r
ated t
et raoxosul
phate(VI)acidt o produce
hydrogenchl
oridegas.
2NaCl
(s) +H2S O4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) +2HCl(
g)
Onheatingachlori
dewi t
hconcent r
atedtet
r aoxosulphate(
VI)inthepresenceofa

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE25
st
rongoxi
dizi
ngagent ,chlori
neispr
oduced.
ZnCl2(s) +K MnO4(s)+2H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) +K2SO4(aq) +2MnO2(aq) +
2H2O(l) +Cl 2(
g)

TESTFORCHLORI DES
Thet estsol
uti
oni sacidif
iedwit
hdil
utetri
oxonit
rate(V)acidt
opr ev
entpreci
pit
ati
on
ofothersalt
s.Fewdr opsofAgNO3(aq)ist
henaddedt ot heaci
dif
iedsol
uti
oninat est
tube,awhi t
epr ecipi
tateofAgClwhi chreadi
lydissolv
esinexcessNH3(aq)sol
uti
on
i
ndicatesthepresenceofachl ori
de.

GENERALEVALUATI ON/ REVISI

ON
1. Expl ai
nwhyhy drogenchlori
dei ntol
uenedoesnotconductel
ect
ri
cit
ybuti
ts
aqueoussol
uti
ondoesconductel ectr
ici
ty.
2. Descr i
beatestforasolublechlor
ide.
3. Gi veFOURusesofchl or
inegas.
4. Def i
neIoni
zati
onenergyandEl ectr
onegati
vi
ty.
5. St at
ethesecondlawoft hermodynamics.

READING ASSIGNMENT:New SchoolChemi

str
yforSeni
orSecondar
ySchool
sby
t
h
O.Y.Ababi
o(6 edi
ti
on)pages356-
361

WEEKENDASSI GNMENT
SECTIONA:Wr itethecorrectoptionONLY
1. Thegasr el easedwhenchl orinereact
swi t
hwat erinthepresenceofsunli
ghtis
a.Cl2b.H2c.O2d.N2
2. Ami stywhi tefumepr oducedwhenHClgasr eactwithammoni aisa.NH4OHb.
NH4Cl c.NaCl d.ZnCl 2
3. Ther eactionbet weencommonsal tandconcent ratedtetr
aoxosulphat
e(VI)
aci
dl i
beratesa.SO2b.O2andCl 2c.HClgasd.H2
4. Apar tf r
om hy dr
ogenchl oridegas,whi chothercommongasi susedi nthe
demonst rationoffountainexperiment?a.H2Sb.SO2c.NH3d.CH4
5. Whatpr oper tymakeshy drogenchlori
desuitableforthefount
ainexperi
ment?a.
Iti
sv erysol ubl
einwat erb.Itissli
ghtl
ysolubleinwat erc.I
tdissol
vesinwater
togiveanaci di
csoluti
ond.I tfor
msaci drai
n

SECTIONB
1. Explainwhyhy drogenchl
ori
deintol
uenedoesnotconductel
ect
ri
cit
ybuti
ts
aqueoussol
uti
ondoesconductel
ectr
ici
ty.
2. Descr i
beatestforasol
ubl
echlor
ide.

WEEKSI X DATE:_
___
___
__
TOPI
C:NITROGEN
CONTENT
 GeneralProper
ti
esofNitrogenFamil
y.
 Laborat
oryPreparat
ionandIndust
ri
alPreparat
ionofNi
tr
ogen.
 Propert
iesandUsesofNi tr
ogen.
 Nitr
ogenCy cl
e.
GENERALPROPERTI ESOFNI TROGENFAMI LY( GROUPVAELEMENTS)
2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE26
The gr oup V element si nclude:Ni tr
ogen,Phosphor us,Ar seni
c,Ant i
mony and
Bi
smut h.Therearemor edi ff
erencest hansi mil
ari
ti
esbetweent heelementsint his
group.
1. Ni tr
ogeni sadi atomi cgasanddoesnotexhi bi
tall
otropy.Phosphorusisa
typi
calnon-metalandexhi bit
sal l
otropy.ArsenicandAnt imonyaremet all
oid;
whilebismuthi
samet al
.
2. Ni tr
ogeni sacol our
lessgas.Phosphor usexistsi
nv ar
ietyofallot
ropicfor
ms
l
ikewhi teandr edphosphor us.Ar senicexistsasadul lgreymet al
l
icsolid.
Antimonyandbismut hi ssilv
ery-whitesoli
d.
3. Ni tr
ogeni sthemostel ectronegat i
veelementi nthegroup.I tcombineswi t
h
met al
sandnon-met alstof orm av ari
etyofcompounds.

ELECTRONI CCONFI GURATI ON

Theelectr
onicconfi
gur ati
onofthegroupVelementsisasf ol
lows:
2 2 3
Nitr
ogen=7: 1s 2s 2p
Phosphorus=15: 1s22s22p63s23p3
Arseni
c=33: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p3
Anti
mony =51: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p3

NITROGEN
Nitr
ogenoccurschiefl
yasaf r
eeelementi
ntheai
r.I
tmakesup78%byvol
umeof
theatmospher
e.Italsoexi
stsincombi
nedfor
minmanycompoundse.
gammoni
a,
urea,pr
otei
nsetc.

LABORATORYPREPARATI ON
From Air
Itcanbeobt ainedf
rom ai rbypassingai rthr oughcausticsodat oremoveCO2and
overheatedcoppertur ningstoremov eO2 r espectivel
y.Theni tr
ogenobtai
nedisnot
pure,i
tcontains1%byv olumeofr ar egasesandi tisdensert hanair
.
Pureni t
rogen isobt ained i
nt hel aborator ybychemi calmet hod.Thef ol
l
owing
chemicalsareusedt opr epareni
trogen.
1.Ther maldecomposi t
ionofammoni um dioxonitrate(I
II
)
a. NaNO2(aq) +NH4Cl (aq) → NH4NO aq)+
2( NaCl(aq)
b. NH4NO2(aq) → 2H2O(l) +N2(g)

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE27
2. Thermal decomposi tionofammoni um heptaoxodichr omat
e(VI
)
(NH4)2Cr
2O s) → C
7( r
2O s) + 4
3( H2O(l) +N2(g)
3. Oxidat
ionofammoni abyhotCopper( II
)oxide
2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s) → 3Cu(s) +3H2O(g) +N2(g)
4. Reducti
onofdi nit
rogen( I)oxi
debyr ed-
hotcopper .
N2O(g) +Cu(s) → CuO(s) + N2(g)

I
NDUSTRIALPREPARATION
I
ndust
ri
all
y,ni
tr
ogeni
sobtai
nedbyf
ract
ional
dist
il
lat
ionofl
i
qui
dai
r.

EVALUATION
1. Wr i
tetheel
ectr
oni
cconfi
gurat
ionofni
tr
ogenandphosphorus.
2. Usingbalancedequat
ions,st
ateTWO methodsofpr epari
ngni
tr
ogeni
nthe
l
aborat
ory
.

PHYSI
CALPROPERTI ES
1. I ti
scolourl
ess,odourl
essandtastel
ess
2. Pur enit
rogenisli
ghterthanai
r.
3. Sl i
ghtl
ysolubl
einwat er
4. Mel ti
ngpoint–2100C and boili
ngpointi
s-1960C

CHEMICALPROPERTI ES
1. Itreact
swi thver
yelect
roposi
ti
vemetalstof
orm ni
tr
ides
3Mg(s) + N2(g) → Mg3N2(s)
2. Itreact
swi t
hnon–met alsli
kehy
dr ogenandoxygent of
orm ammoni
aand
oxidesrespecti
vely
.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 3NH3(g)
N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2N2O(g)

USES
1. Itisusedindust
ri
all
ytomanuf
act
ureammoni
a.
2. Liquidni
tr
ogenisusedasacooli
ngagent
.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE28
3. I
tisusedaspr
eser
vat
ivei
npackagedf
oodst
opr
eventr
anci
dit
y.

EVALUATION
1. StateTWOphysi
calpr
oper
tiesandTWOchemi
cal
proper
ti
esofni
tr
ogen.
2. Ment i
onTHREEusesofni
tr
ogen.

Thestagesi nwhi chat mospher icnitrogeni sconv ertedintosoi lnitrogenandbackt o

fr
eenitrogenoccur sint hefollowingway s:
1. Oxi dat i
onofat mospher icnitrogen:Dur ingl ightningandt hunder storm,therei s
elect ri
caldischar gei nt heat mospher ewhi chcauseat mospher icni t
rogenand
oxy gencombi net of orm oxidesofni trogenwhi chcandi ssolv ei nrainwat eras
dioxoni t
rate( I
II)andt r
ioxonitrate( V)aci ds.Theseaci dsgoi ntot hesoiland
reactwi t
hmi neralsal tsi nt hesoi lt of or mt r
ioxonitrate( V)sal tswhichi s
absor bedbypl ants.
N2(g) +O2(g) 2NO(g)
2NO(g) +O2(g) 2NO2(g)
4NO(g)+O2(g) +2H2O(l) 4HNO2(aq)
4NO(g)+O2(g) +2H2O(l) 4HNO3(aq)
2. Act ionofni trogen- fi
xingbact eria:Soi lmi cro- organismsl i
keRhi zobium li
vingin
rootnodul esofl egumi nouspl ant sar eabl et oconv ertat mospher i
cnitrogen
i
nt oor gani
cni trogenouscompoundswhi char euseddi rectlybyt hehostpl ants.
Thesecompoundsar ereleasedi ntot hesoi lwhent hesepl ant sdi e.Otherfree
l
ivingmi cr
o- organismsi nt hesoi lli
keAzot obacterandCl ost ri
dium areal so
ablet oconv ertat mospher i
cni t
r ogendi rect l
yi nt
ot r
ioxonitrat e( V)whichi s
absor bedbypl ants.Thesepr ocessesar eknownasni tr
ogenf i
xat ion.
3. Decayofor ganicmat ter:Whenpl antsandani maldi e,putrefy i
ngbact eri
aand
fungii nthe soi lconv er
ts or gani c ni t
rogenous compounds t o ammoni a.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE29
 Nitr
if
yingbact eri
alikeNitr
osomonasandNi t
robacterconvertt
heammoni ato
tr
ioxonit
rat
e( V)whi chcanagai nbeabsorbedbypl ants.Theseprocessesare
knownasni tr
ificati
on.
4. Denitr
ifi
cat
ion:Tr i
oxonit
rate(V)saltinthesoilcanbeconv er
tedt ogaseous
nit
rogenbydeni tr
if
yingbacteri
a.TheprocessisknownasDeni tr
if
icat
ion.The
nit
rogen so f ormed escapes i nt
o the atmospher e,wherei t becomes
atmosphericni tr
ogen.Denitri
fyi
ngbacteri
athereforereducesthequant i
tyof
tr
ioxonit
rat
e( V)inthesoil.

GENERALEVALUATI ON/ REVI SION

1. Usi ngbal ancedequat ionONLY,show how ni trogencanbepr epar
edi nthe
l
abor at
ory.
2. Out li
nethest agesi nvolvedintheni t
rogency cle.
3- 5-
3. Wr i
tetheelectronicconf i
gurati
onofN andP
-
4. Bal ancet hefollowingr edoxequat ion:I + MnO4- → I O3- + MnO2 i
nbasic
medi um
5. St atetheef fectoft hef ol
lowingont heequi l
ibri
um posi
ti
onoft hereact
ion
below:3Fe(s)+4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) +4H2(g) ∆H=+v e
i. Increaseint emper atur
e
ii
. Increaseinpr essure
ii
i. Usi ngironf il
ingsinsteadofi ronr od.

READINGASSI GNMENT
New SchoolChemi stryf
orSeni
orSecondar
ySchool
sbyO.Y.Ababi
o(6th edi
ti
on)
,
pages404-405,422-423.

WEEKENDASSI GNMENT
SECTI
ONA:Wr i
tet hecor r
ectopt ionONLY
1. I nwhichgr oupoft heper iodictableisnitr
ogenfound?( a)2(b)5(c)7
(
d)6
2. Theboi l
ingpoi ntofnitrogeni n0Cis( a)-183(b)-
196( c)200(d)240
3. Theper centageofni trogeni nairis(a)78( b)75(c)71(d)67
4. Thef oll
owingar eusesofni t
rogenexcepta.asacool ingagentb.topr
event
r
anci
dityc.int hemanuf actureoffertil
i
zersd.inlaundry.
5. Theat omicityofnitrogeni s(a)1(b)2( c)3( d)4

SECTI
ONB
1. Brief
lydescr
ibet
heprepar
ationofni
tr
ogenf
rom airinthelabor
atory.
2. Statethr
eephysi
cal
propert
iesandtwochemical
pr opert
iesofni
trogen.

WEEKSEVEN DATE:
__
___
_ _
___
TOPI
C:COMPOUNDSOFNI TROGEN
CONTENT
 OxidesofNitrogen
 Ammoni a:Preparat
ion,Propert
iesandUses.
 Tri
oxonit
rate(V)acid:Preparat
ion,
Proper
ti
esandUses.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE30
OXIDESOFNI TROGEN
NI
TROGEN( I
)OXIDE,
N2O
Ni
trogen(I
)oxideisknownasl
aughi
nggasasi
tcausesuncont
rol
l
abl
elaught
er
wheninhal
ed.

LABORATORYPREPARATI ON
Thegasi spr epar
edint helaboratorybyt her
maldecomposit
ionofammonium
tr
ioxonit
rate(V).Ammonium t
ri
oxonitrate(V)i snotheat
eddir
ect
lysincet
her
eact
ion
i
sexot hermicandmaybecomeuncont roll
abl eleadi
ngtoanexpl
osion.
a. KNO3(s)+NH4Cl s) → K
( Cl(s)+NH4NO 3(
s)
b NH4NO3(s) → 2H2O(g)+N2O(g)

PHYSI
CALPROPERTI ES
1. Itisacol our
lessgaswithafai
ntpl
easantsi
ckl
ysmel
landi
thasasweet
ish
t
aste.
2. Itisfai
rl
ysolublei
ncoldwat
er.
3. Itis1.5ti
mesdenserthanai
r.
4. Itisneutr
altomoistl
it
muspaper.

CHEMICALPROPERTI ES
1. Itdecomposesonst rongheat
ing( about600oC)toform ni
tr
ogenandoxygen.
2N2O(g)→ O2(g) + 2N2(g)
2. Itsupportst hecombust i
onofanybur ningsubstancewhichishotenoughto
decomposei t.
Mg(s) +N2O(g) → MgO(s) +N2(g)
3. I tisreducedt onitrogenbyheatedcopperori ron
Cu(s)+N2O(g) → N2(g) +CuO(s)

TESTFORN2O

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE31
Agl owingsplint
erisi nser
tedint
ot hegasjarcontai
ningtheunknowngas.Ift
he
spl
interisreki
ndled,thegasiseitheroxygenornit
rogen(I
)oxi
de.Ifthegashasa
pl
easantsmel landdoesnotpr oducebrownf umeswithni
tr
ogen(IV)oxi
de;t
hent
he
gasisnitr
ogen( I
)oxide.

USE:
Nit
rogen(
I)oxi
dei
susedasanest
het
icf
ormi
norsur
gical
oper
ati
ons.

EVALUATI
ON
1. Descri
bet
helaborat
oryprepar
ati
onofni
tr
ogen(I)oxi
de.
2. Descri
beatestt
odisti
nguishbet
weenni
trogen(
I)oxi
deandoxy
gengas.

NITROGEN( I
I)OXIDE,NO
LABORATORYPREPARATI ON
Nit
rogen(II)oxideispreparedbyreact
ing50%t ri
oxoni trat
e(IV)acidwit
hcopper
.
3Cu(s)+8HNO3(aq) → 3Cu(
NO3) aq) +4
2( H2O(l)+2NO(g)
Someoft heni tr
ogen( I
I)oxidegasreact swit
hoxy geni ntheflasktofor
m brown
fumesofni tr
ogen( I
V)oxidewhichisdi ssol
vedinwat erasthegasi spassthr
ough
water.

PHYSI
CALPROPERTI ES
1. Iti
sacolourl
essandpoisonousgas.
2. Iti
saalmostinsol
ubleinwater
.
3. Iti
ssl
ightl
ydenserthanai
r.
4. Iti
sneutr
altoli
tmus.

CHEMICALPROPERTI ES
1. Itreactsreadilywi thoxy
gent ofor
m brownfumesofni tr
ogen( I
V)oxi
de
2NO(g) + O2(g)→ 2NO2(g)
2. Itdecomposes on heat ing athigh temperatur etof orm equalv olume of
nitrogenandoxy gen
2NO(s)→ N2(g)+O2(g)
3. Itisreducedt oni tr
ogenbyhotmet als
2Cu(s) + 2NO(g)→ 2CuO(g)+N2(g)
4. Itactsasr educingagentdecol our
izingaci
dif
iedpot assi
um t etr
aoxomanganat e
(VI)slowly
3MnO4-(aq) +4H+(aq)+5NO(g) → 3Mn2+(aq)+5NO3-(aq)+2H2O(l)

TESTFORNO
1. Usi ngair:thegasj arcontainingtheunknowngasi sopened,i
fthegast ur
ns
reddi
sh-brown,thenthegasi sNO.
2. Usi ng i
ron (II
)t et
raoxosulphate( VI
):A sol
uti
on ofFeSO4 which hasbeen
acidi
fi
edwi thalitt
ledil
uteH2SO4 acidispour
edi nt
othegasjarcont
aini
ngthe
unknowngas.I fthesoluti
ont urnsdarkbr
own,thenthegasi
sNO.

EVALUATION
1. Giveanequat
iontoshowt
hel
aborator
yprepar
ati
onofnit
rogen(I
I)oxide.
2. StateTWOphy si
cal
andTWOchemicalpr
opert
iesofni
tr
ogen(II
)oxide.

NI
TROGEN(
IV)OXI
DE,
NO2

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE32
LABORATORYPREPARATI ON
Nitr
ogen( I
V)oxi dei
sprepar edbyt her
maldecomposi tionofl
ead(I
I)t
ri
oxoni
tr
ate(V)
becausetheni t r
atedoesnotcont ai
nwaterofcry st
all
izati
onwhi
chcanint
erf
erewith
thepreparat
ion.
Pb(NO3)2(s)→ 2PbO(s) + O2(g) + 4NO2(g)
Thegasmi xtureobt ai
nedi spassedt hr
oughaU-t ubeimmersedinaf r
eezing
mixture.Nit
rogen( I
V)oxi deliquefi
esasagr eenl iquid(yel
l
ow i
fpure)int
het ube
whil
eoxy genescapesout .

PHYSICALPROPERTI ES
1. I ti
sar eddi
sh–br owngas.
2. I thasanirr
it
ati
ngsmel landispoisonous.
3. I tturnsdampbl uel i
tmuspaperr edanddi
ssol
vesi
nwat
ert
ofor
m aci
dic
soluti
on.
4. I tl
iquefi
esi
ntoy ell
owl i
quidat21oC.
5. I ti
smuchheav iert hanair
.

CHEMICALPROPERTI ES
1. Nitrogen (IV)oxi de exists mai nl y as dini
trogen ( I
V)oxi de,N2O4 atlow
temper atur
e.I tdecomposesonheat i
ngasf ol
lows.
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) 2NO(g)+O2(g)
Pale Reddi sh colourless
yel
low br own
2. Itsuppor t
scombust i
onasi tdecomposesonheat ingt onitr
ogenandoxygen
2NO2(g)→ N2(g) +2O2(g)
3. Itisreducedt oni tr
ogenbyr educingagent .
4CU(s) +2NO(g) → 4CuO(s)+N2(g)
4. Itdissolvesinwat ertofor m ami xtureofdioxonitrate(I
II)andtr
ioxoni
tr
ate(V)
acids.Itisami xedacidanhy dri
de.
H2O(l) +2NO2(g) → HNO2(aq)+HNO3(aq)
5. Itreactswi thal kali
stof or m mixt ureofdioxoni t
rate( I
II
)andt r
ioxoni
tr
ate(V)
salts

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE33
 2KOH(aq)+2NO2(g)→ KNO3(aq) + KNO2(aq) + H2O(l)

AMMONI A
Ammoni ai
sahy dri
deofnitr
ogen.Iti
sproducedinnatur
ewhennit
rogenousmatt
er
decaysinthe absence ofair.Thus,t
races ofammoni a maybe found i
nthe
atmospher
ebutbeingverysolubl
einwater
,iti
sdissol
vedbyrai
nwaterandwashed
downintot
hesoil
.

LABORATORYPREPARATI ONOFAMMONI A
Ammoniai s prepared int he l
aboratorybyheat i
ng cal ci um hy dr
oxi
de,Ca(
OH)2
(sl
akedl
ime)wi thammoni um chlori
de.
Ca(OH)2(
s)+2NH4Cl (
s) → CaCl s)+
2( 2H2O(l)+2NH3(g).
Ammoniaisdr i
edusi ngcal cium oxi
de,CaO.Ammoni abei
ngal kal
i
necannotbedri
ed
usi
ngConc.H2SO4orf usedCaCl 2,becauset heywil
lr eact.

INDUSTRI ALPREPARATI ON
Ammoni ai smanuf actur
edf r
om ni trogenandhy drogenbyt heHaberpr ocess.It
i
nv ol
vesmi xing nitr ogen and hydrogen i nrat
io 1:
3 byv ol
ume.Ther eact
ion is
rever
sibl
e so speci alconditi
ons l i
sted below ar
er equi
red foropt
ionaly i
eld of
ammoni a.
i
. Fi
nelydi v
idedi r
oncatal
ystisused
O
i
i. Temper atureofabout450ci sused
i
ii. Pr essur eofabout200at mi sused.
They i
eldisabout15%undert hi
scondi t
ion
N2(g)+3H2(g) 2NH3(g)+heat

PHYSI
CALPROPERTI ES
1. Iti
sacolor
lessgaswithachar act
eri
sti
cchokingsmell
.
2. Ammoniainlargequanti
tyi
spoi sonousasitaff
ectsr
espi
rat
orymuscl
es.
3. Iti
stheonl
yknownal kal
i
negas.
4. Iti
sabout1.7ti
meslessdenset hanair
.
O
5. Soli
dammoni amelt
sat-34.4Candt heli
quidboil
sat- 7OC.
77.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE34
CHEMI
CALPROPERTI ES
1. Ammoni
aburnsr eadil
yinoxygentoform wat ervaporandnit
rogen
4NH3(g) +3O2(g) →6H2O(g) +2N2(g)
2. Ammoni
areact sasr educingagent
sreacti
ngwi t
h
i
. CopperI Ioxide
3CuO(s)+2NH3(g)→ 3Cu(s)+3H2O(l)+N2(g)
i
i. Chl
orine
3Clg) +8
2( NH3(g) → 6NH4Cl(
s) +N2(g)
3. Ammoni
areact swi t
hcar bonIVoxi
detofor m Ureaandwat ervapour
.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) → ( NH2)
2CO(s) +H2O(l)
ur
ea

4. Ammoni
areact swi
thacidt of
orm ammoni umssal
ts.
2NH3(g) +H2SO4(g) → (NH4)
2SO4(s)

TESTFORAMMONI A
Ammoni ahasachokingsmel l.Itcanbeconf i
rmedusing:
1. Litmuspaper :Dampedr edl i
tmusi sdippedintot hegasjarcontainingthe
unknowngas.Ifthel
itmuspapert urnsblue,t
henthegasisammoni a.
2. Hy drochlor
icaci
d:agl assr odisdippedi nconcentr
atedHClandtheni nser
ted
i
nt hegasjarcontai
ningt heunknowngas.I fwhitefumesareobservedont he
gl
assr od,t
henthegasi sammoni a.

USESOFAMMONI A
1. Ammoni aisusedi nthemanuf act
ureoft r
ioxoni
tr
ate( V)acidandSodium
tr
ioxocar
bonate(
IV)bytheSol
vayprocess.
2. Liquidammoni ai
susedasar ef
ri
gerant.
3. Aqueousammoni aisusedi
nsofteni
ngtemporaryhardwat er
.
4. Aqueousammoni aisalsousedinlaundri
esasasol ventforremovi
nggr
ease
andoilst
ains.

EVALUATION
1. Briefl
ydescr
ibethelabor
ator
ypr
epar
ationofammonia.
2. StateTWOphy si
calandTHREEchemicalpr
opert
ieseachofammoni
a.

TRIOXONI TRATE( V)ACI D, HNO3

LABORATORYPREPARATI ON
Tri
oxonit
rate( V)acidi sav ol
atil
eacidandi tispr epar
edinthel abor
ator
ybyi ts
di
splacementf r
om anytri
oxonitratesal
tbyconcentratedH2SO4whichisl
essvolat
il
e.
Tri
oxonit
rate( V)ofpotassium orsodium i
susuallyusedbecausetheyarecheap.
KNO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → KHSO4(aq) +HNO3(aq)

NOTE:Anall
glassappar
atusmustbeusedint
hisprepar
ati
onbecauset
hehy
drogen
t
ri
oxoni
tr
ate(V)aci
dvapourwi
ll
attackcor
korrubber
.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE35
INDUSTRI ALPREPARATI ON
Trioxoni
trat
e( V)acidisobt ai
nedbyt hecatalyti
coxidati
onofammoni a:
- Ammoni aistreatedwi thexcessairusingPl ati
num- r
hodium cat
alystat700oCto
produceni t
rogen(II
)oxi de(96%conv ersi
onofNH3i sobtained)
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) +6H2O(g)
- Ni t
rogen( II
)oxi def ormedi scooledandmi xedwi thexcessai rtoproduce
nit
rogen( I
V)oxide.
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
- Ni tr
ogen( I
V)oxi def ormedi sdissol
vedwi t
hexcessai ri
nhotwat ert
oy iel
d
tri
oxonit
rate(V)acidsol uti
onofupt o50%concent rati
on.
4NO2(g) +2H2O(l) + O2(g)→ 4HNO3(aq)

PHYSICALPROPERTI ES
1. Thepur eacidisacol ourl
essfumi ngli
quidwi t
hsharpchoki
ngsmel
l.Theacid
t
urnsy ell
owduet oitsdecomposi ti
ontonitrogen(I
V)oxi
dewhichr
edissol
ves
i
nt heacid.
2. Thepur eacidboi sat860Candmel
l t
sat-47oC
3. Thedensi t
yoft hepur eacidi 52gcm-3
s1.
4. Thepur eacidismi sciblewit
hwat erinal
l pr
operti
esandfor
msconst
antboil
ing
o
mixtur
ewi thitat121C
5. Theconcent r
atedf orm oftheaci
di scorrosiv
e.
6. Thedi luteacidturnsbl uel
itmusred.

CHEMI
CALPROPERTI ES
1. Asanaci di tneutrali
zesbasesandal kal
istof orm met all
i
ct ri
oxoni trate(V)and
wateronly
NaOH(aq)+HNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq)+H2O(l)
2. Asanaci dsi treactswithmetall
i
ct r
ioxocarbonat e(IV)toli
berate
carbon( I
I)oxide
CaCO3(s) + HNO3(aq) → Ca( NO3) aq) + H2O
2( () +C
l O2(g)
3. Unli
keot heraci ds,itrar
elygiv
esouthy drogenwi thmet alsexceptwhenv er
y
di
lutesolutionisreactedwithCa, MgorMn.
4. Asanoxi dizingagent ,i
treact
swi thnon–met alt oformt hecor respondi
ng
2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE36
 oxidesoft henon–met als.
S(s)+6HNO3(aq) → H2SO4(aq)+2H2O(l)+ 6NO2(g)
5. Asanoxi dizingagent,itoxi dizesCu, Pb, HgandAgt oy i
eldthe
respecti
vet ri
oxonit
rate( V)andni trogen( I
V)oxi deifconcentrat
ed,butni
tr
ogen
(II
)oxideiftheconcent rationi smoder ate.
Aluminum andi ronar enotoxi dizedt ot hei
roxi desbyconcent r
atedHNO3(aq)
duet oformat i
onofasur facecoat i
ngofoxi dewhi chispassivedonotallow
furt
herreact i
onwi t
ht hemet als.Al umi num ori ronlinedcontainercanbeused
totransportconcentratedHNO3(aq)
6. Asanoxi dizingagent,itoxi dizeshy drogensul phi detosulphur
H2S(g)+2HNO3(aq) → S(s) +2H2O(l) +2NO2(g)
7. Asanoxi dizingagent,itoxi dizesi ron( II)sal
tstoi ron(II
I)sal
ts
2+ + - 3+
6Fe (aq)+8H (aq)+2NO3(aq) → 6Fe (aq)+4H2O(l)+2NO(g)

USES
1. Iti
susedasanaci d,oxi
dizingagentandnitr
ati
ngagenti
nthelabor
ator
y.
2. Iti
susedi
nny lonproductionandTerylene.
3. Iti
susedasrocketfuel.
4. Iti
susedi
npr oducti
onoff erti
l
izer
s,dyes,dr
ugsandexpl
osiv
es.

GENERALEVALUATI ON/ REVISION

1. Descr i
bet hel
abor atoryprepar
ati
onoftrioxonit
rate(V)aci
d.
2. Wr i
teTWOequat i
onsofr eacti
onsinwhicht r
ioxonit
rat
e(V)isacti
ngasanaci
d.
3. Wr i
teanequat iont oshow t hereact
ionofni t
rogen( I
V)oxideasami xed
anhydri
de.
4. Descr i
bet heel
ectrol y
sisofCuSO4soluti
onusi ngplati
num el
ect
rodes.
5. Cl assi
fythefol
lowi ngoxides:CuO,Na2O,PbO, NO2,N2O

READINGASSI GNMENT
New SchoolChemi stryf
orSeni
orSecondar
ySchool
sbyO.Y.Ababi
o(6th edi
ti
on)
,
pages406-409,411-419.

WEEKENDASSI GNMENT
SECTIONA:Wr it
ethecor rectpot i
onONLY.
1. Pur et ri
oxonit
rate( V)aci dis colourl
ess butt he pr oductofi t
sl aborat
ory
preparat
ionisyellowbecauseoft hepresenceofdi ssol
v eda.N2Ob.NOc.NO2
d.NH3
2. Commonl aboratorydr y
ingagent sarenotusedf ordr yi
ngammoni abecausea.
ammoni ai salkalineb.ammoni af ormscompl exeswi ththem c.ammoni a
reactswiththem anddi sappearsintoproductsd.ammoni aishi ghl
ysol ublein
water
3. Ammoni ahasr elati
velyhi ghboil
ingpoi ntwhencompar edwi t
hot hersi mil
ar
compoundsbecausea.ammoni ai sstableb.ammoni ai seasilyliquefiedc.
ammoni ahashy dr ogenbondi ngd.ammoni aissol ubleinwat er.
4. Aqueousammoni asol utionusedi nthel aboratoryi sref err
edt oasaqueous
ammoni aandnotammoni um hy dr
oxidebecausea.ammoni adi ssol v
esi n
waterwi thoutfor ming bond b.ammoni a solution easi lydecomposesand
l
iberatedfreeammoni awhent het emperatureoft heroom r isesleav ingwater
-
i
nt hebot tl
ec.bondbet weenammoni aandOH ofwat erisweakl yaci dicd.
2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE37
 ammoniaislessdenset
hanair
.
5. Whichofthef ol
lowi
ngmetalswouldbei npassi
vest
atewhent
reat
edwi
th
concent
rat
edHNO3?a.Zincb.Sodi
um c.Ti
nd.Ir
on

SECTIONB
1. Gi v
er easonforthefoll
owing
a.Thef l
askusedf orthelabor
atoryprepar
ati
onofammoni aismountedi
na
slanti
ngposit
ion
b.An al lglass apparatus i
s used f or t
he laborat
ory pr
epar
ati
on of
tri
oxonit
rate(
V)aci d.
2. Gi v
eanexampl eofar eacti
oninwhichammoni abehavesasa
a.r
educi ngagent b.basec.pr ecipi
tati
ngagent

WEEKEI GHT DATE:_________

TOPIC:SULPHUR
CONTENT
 Gener al Proper t
iesofSul phurGr oup.
 Elect ronicSt ructureofSul phurGr oup.
 Extr actionofSul phur.
 Allot r
opesofSul phur .
 UsesofSul phur
GENERALPROPERTI ESOFTHESULPHURGROUP( GROUPVIELEMENTS)
ThegroupVIel ement sinclude:Oxygen, Sulphur,Selenium, Tell
uri
um andPoloni
um.
1. Met alli
cpr oper t
yi ncreasesdownt hegr oup.Oxy genandsul phurarenon-
met al;seleni um andt ell
uri
um ar emet all
oid;whilepol oni
um isametal.
2. Al l t
heel ement saresol idexceptoxy genwhi chisagasatr oom temperature.
3. Oxy genandsul phurexhi bi
tallotropy.
4. Theyhav esixel ectronsintheirout er
mostshel l
.Hencet heiroxi
dat
ionnumber
is- 2; t
houghsul phurcanexhi bit-4and- 6statesi nsomecompounds.
5. El ect r
onegat i
vitydecreasesdownt hegroup.Thus, oxygenisagoodoxi dizi
ng
agent .

ELECTRONICSTRUCRUREOFSULPHURGROUP
Member softhesulphurfamil
yincl
ude: Oxy
gen,Sulphur,Sel
enium, Tel
lur
ium and
Poloni
um.Theirelectr
onicconfi
gurat
ionsareshownbel ow:
Oxygen=8: 1s22s22p4
Sul
phur=16: 1s22s22p63s23p4
Sel
enium=34: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p4
Tel
luri
um =52: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p4
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p65d105f14
Poloni
um =84: 6s26p4

SULPHUR
Sul
phurisanelement
.Itoccur
sfr
eel
yasdeposi
tsandi
ncombi
nedst
ateassul
phi
de
andastetr
aoxosul
phat
e( I
V).

EXTRACTI
ONOFSULPHUR
Sul
phuris ext
ract
ed f
rom under
ground byFr
asch pr
ocess.A t
hree concent
ri
c

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE38
sul
phurpumpi sdr
ivendownahol edugtot hesulphurbed.Thesoli
dsulphuris
o o
meltedat115Cbysuper–heat edwaterat170Cand10at ms.Themol tensul
phur
i
sf orced outby hotcompressed ai
rat15at m.The mol t
en sul
phurist hen
continuousl
ypumped outand allowed t
o soli
difyinal arge t
ank.The sul
phur
obtainedis99.
5%pur e.

ALLOTROPESOFSULPHUR
Thetwomai ncrystal
li
neal l
otropesofsul
phurare:
1 Rhombi csulphur:Abr ightyel
low oct
ahedralcryst
all
inesoli
d.Eachcr y
stali
s
o
madeupofS8mol ecules.Rhombicsulphurisstabl
ebelow96C.
2 Monoclini
cSul phur:Thisisambercolouredsolidsulphurconsist
ingofneedl
e
shapedS8cr ystal
.Stableabove96oC.Iteasil
yrevert
st oRhombi ow96oC.
cbel
Thetransi
tiontemper aturebet
weenRhombi candMonocl i
nicis96oC.
2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE39
Compar
isonofthePhysicalProperti
esofRhombi candMonocl i
nicSulphur
1. RhombicSulphurmeltsat113oC; whi
lemonoclini
csul
phurmel sat119oC.
t
2. Rhombicsulphurhasbr i
ghty el
lowcolour;whil
emonocli
nicsulphurhasamber
colour
.
3. Rhombicsulphurhasoct ahedralshape;whil
emonocli
nicsulphurisneedl
e-l
i
ke
inshape.
4. Rhombicsulphuri
st r
anslucent;whil
emonocl i
nici
str
ansparent.

Sul
phural
soexistsasnon–cr
yst
all
i
nesol
i
d.Thesear
e
1. Amor phoussulphur
2. Plast
icsulphur

EVALUATION
1. Brief
lyexpl
aint
heFraschprocess.
2. Namet hetwoallot
ropesofsulphurandst
atet
hei
rtr
ansi
ti
ont
emper
atur
e.

PHYSI
CALPROPERTI ES
1. Sulphurisayel
lowsoli
d.
2. Iti
sinsolubl
einwaterbutsol
ubleint
olueneandcar
bon(
IV)sul
phi
de.
3. Iti
sapoor–conduct orofheatandelect
rici
ty.
o o
4. Itmeltsat119Candboi l
sat444C.

CHEMICALPROPERTI ES
1. Itreact
sdi rectlywi thmet alst
of or
m sul phi
de( S2-)
Fe(s)+S(s) → FeS(s)
2. Itreact
swi thexcessoxy gentof or
m sul phur(IV)oxide
O2(g) +S(s) → SO2(g)
3. Itreact
swi thhy drogentof orm hydrogensul phide;
H2(g) + S(s)→ H2S(g)
4. Itreact
swi thcoke( car
bon)t oform carbon( I
V)sul phi
de.
C(s) + 2S(s)→ CS2(l)
USES
1. Usedi nmanuf actur i
ngtet r
aoxosulphate(IV)acid
2. Usedi nv ulcanizationofrubber
3. Usedasger micides
4. Usedi nmanuf actur i
ngbleachingagent

GENERALEVALUATION/ REVI SI
ON
1. StateTHREEphysicalandchemi calproperti
esofsulphur
.
2. Outli
neTHREEdi ff
erencesbetweenmonocl ini
candrhombi csulphur
.
3. Descr i
edt
heFraschpr ocessfortheextracti
onofsulphur
.
4. StateTWOdiff
erencesbet weenaconduct orandanelect
rolyte.
5. Listthest
epsi
nv ol
veint hetr
eatmentofwat erformuni
cipalsupply.

READINGASSI GNMENT
New SchoolChemist
ryf
orSeni
orSecondar
ySchool
sbyO.Y.Ababi
o(6th edi
ti
on)
,
page381-384

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE40
WEEKENDASSI GNMENT
SECTIONA:Wr i
tet hecor rectoptionONLY
1. Sul phuri s extract ed by( a)Haberpr ocess (b)Frasch pr
ocess (
c)Sol v
ay
process(d)Cont actpr ocess
2. Whi chofthef ollowingi sacrystal
li
neall
otropesofsulphur(a)Monocl
ini
c( b)
Plasti
c(c)Amor phous( d)Coll
oidal
3. Thedensi t
yofr hombi csulphuris(a)1.
2(b)1.5( c)2.
08(d)1.
98
4. The shape ofmonocl ini
c sul
phuri s(a)needl e shape (
b)hexagonal( c)
octahedral(d)t etrahedr al
5. Sul phurisusedf or( a)maki ngofcel l
ulose(b)cookingr i
ce(c)vul
canizi
ng
rubber(d)manuf acturingglass

SECTI
ONB
1. Givethreedi
ffer
encesbetweenrhombicsul
phurandmonocl
i
nicsul
phur
2. Brief
lydescr
ibetheext
racti
onofsulphur

WEEKNI NE DATE:__
___
____
TOPIC:COMPOUNDSOFSULPHUR
CONTENT
 H2S,SO2andSO3: Preparati
on,Proper
ti
esandUses
 Tetr
aoxosulphat
e( VI)acid:I
ndustr
ial
Preparati
on(ContactProcess)
.
HYDROGENSULPHI DE, H2S
Hydr
ogensulphideisfoundi nv ol
canicgases,sulphurspr
ings,coalgasandnatur
al
gas.

LABORATORYPREPARATI ON
Hydrogensul phi deispreparedinthel abor
ator
ybytheacti
onofdi
l
uteacidson
metall
icsulphidel i
keIr
on( II
)sul
phi
de
2HCl (aq) + FeS(
s)→ FeClaq)+H2S
2( (
g)
Theappar atususedf orr egul
arsupplyofhy dr
ogensul
phi
deint
helabor
ator
yis
Ki
pp’sappar atus.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE41
PHYSICALPROPERTI ES
1. Hy dr
ogensul phi
deisacolour
lessgaswi
thsmel
lli
ket
hatofrott
enegg.
2. Itisaverypoisonous.
3. Itisabout1.18timesdensert
hanair.
4. Itismoderatelysol
ublei
nwatertofor
mveryweakaci
dicsol
uti
on.
5. Itburnswithpalebluefl
ame.

CHEMICALPROPERTI ES
1. Asanaci ditreactswi thalkal
itofor
m anor mal sal
tandwat er
2NaOH(aq) + H2S(g)→ Na2S(aq) + 2H2O(l)
2. Itreact
swi thexcessoxy gent oform sul
phur( VI)oxidebutformsdepositof
sulphurwit
hlimi t
edoxy gen
2H2S(g) +3O2(g) → 2H2O(l)+2SO2(g)
2H2S(g) +O2(g) → 2H2(l)+2S(s)
3. Asar educi
ngagent ,itreactswithmanyoxi di
zingagent ssuchas aci
dif
ied
KMnO4, acidi
fiedK2Cr2O 7,
chlori
negas,FeCl2,
SO2, H2SO4andHNO3

TESTFORHYDROGENSULPHI DE
Apieceoff
il
terpaperi
smoistenwit
hlead(I
I)tr
ioxoni
tr
ate(V)sol
uti
onanddropped
i
tint
oagasjaroftheunknowngas.I
fthepaperturnsbl
ack,
thenthegasi
sH2S.

EVALUATION
1. Namet her
eagent
susedinlaborat
oryprepar
ati
onofhydrogensul
phi
de.
2. ListTWOphysi
calandchemical
propert
ieseachofhydr
ogensulphi
de.

SULPHUR(IV)OXI
DE,SO2
LABORATORYPREPARATI ON
Sul
phur(I
V)oxideisprepar
edi
nthel
abor
ator
ybyheat
ingsodi
um orpot
assi
um

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE42
t
ri
oxosul
phat e(IV)wi
tht
et r
aoxosul
phat
e(I
V)acidorhydr
ochl ori
caci
d.
Na2SO3(aq) + 2HCl
(aq) → 2NaClaq)+H2O
( (
l)+SO2(g)

PHYSICALPROPERTI ES
1. Sulphur(IV)oxideisacolourl
esspoi
sonousgaswi
thsmel
lli
ket
hatofbur
ning
matches.
2. Itisverysolubl
ei nwat
er.
3. Itisabout2.5ti
mesdensert hanai
r.

CHEMICALPROPERTI ES
1. Asanaci d, i
treactswi thalkal
itof orm normalsaltoftri
oxosulphateandwat er
only
2NaOH(aq) + SO2(g)→ Na2SO3(aq) +H2O(l)
2. Asr educingagent ,sulphur(IV)oxider eactswithmanyoxi dizingagentssuch
asaci dif
iedKMnO4;aci dif
iedK2Cr2O7;FeCl3,HNO3,chlori
negas.I tdecolori
zes
acidi
fiedpur pleKMnO4andt urnsacidif
iedorangeK2Cr2O7togr een.
3. Itreactsasbl eachingagentdecol ourisi
ngdy ebyi t
sbl eachingact i
on.The
bleachingact ioni ssimilartothatofchl ori
neinthattheremustbewat er.But
,
whilechlor i
nebl eachesbyoxi dati
onsul phurIVoxidebleachesbyr educt
ion.
4. Sulphur( I
V)oxi der eactsasoxi di
zingagenti nthepresenceofst rongreducing
agentsuchashy drogensulphide.
2H2S(g) + SO2(g)→ 2H2O(l) + 3S(s)
C(s)+ SO2(g) → CO2(g) + S(s)

TESTFORSO2
1. I fanunknowngasbl eachesacol ouredfl
ower,SO2canbesuspected
2. The unknown gas bubbl ed through sol
uti
on ofeitheraci
dif
ied potassi
um
heptaoxodichr
omate( VI)orpot assi
um tetr
aoxomanganate(VII)
.Ifor ange
colouroftheacidif
iedK2Cr O
2 7 t
urng r
eeno rthepur
p l
ecol
ourof the aci
d i
fi
ed
KMnO4t urnscolour
less,thentheunknowngasi sSO2

USES
1. Itisusedi
nmanuf actureoft
etr
aoxosul
phat e(VI
)acid.
2. Itisusedasager mici
desandafumigantespecial
lyfordest
roy
ingt
ermi
tes.
3. Itisusedasbleachi
ngagentforst
raw,sil
tandwood.
4. Itisusedaspreserv
ativei
nsomeliqui
de. gorangejuice.
5. Liquidsul
phur(I
V)oxideisusedasrefr
igerant
.

EVALUATION
1. Giveonemethodofprepar
ingsulphur(I
V)oxi
deinthelaborat
ory
.
2. StateTHREEphysi
cal
andchemi calproper
ti
esofsulphur(I
V)oxi
de.

SULPHUR( VI)OXIDE, SO3

Sulphur(VI
)oxi dei spr eparedbyreactingsul phur(I
V)oxi
deandoxygenunder
special
conditi
onswhi chare:
1. Pr esenceofpl atini
zedasbest
osorv anadium (V)oxi
deascat
aly
st
2. Pr essureof1at m
3. Temper atur
er angeof400oC–450oC.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

2ND TERM/
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SS2PAGE43
PHYSI
CALPROPERTI ESOFSO3
1. Itexist
saswhi t
eneedle-l
ikecr
ystal
satr oom t
emperat
ure.
2. Ithasal owboil
ingpointandvapouri
zesongent l
eheati
ng.
3. Itdissol
vesreadil
yinwatertogi
vetetraoxosul
phate(
VI)aci
d.

TRIOXOSULPHATEIVACID,
H2SO3
Tri
oxosul
phat
e(I
V)aci
disadibasi
caci
dwi
thamol
ecul
arf
ormul
aH2SO3
LABORATORYPREPARATI ONOFH2SO3
I
ti s prepar ed by t he acti
on ofdi lute hydrochl or
ic acid on heat
ed sodi
um
tr
ioxosul
phat e(
IV)topr oducesulphur( IV)oxide,whi chist hendi
ssol
vedi
nwater.
Na2SO3(s) + 2HCl aq) → 2
( NaCl aq)+H2
( O(l)+S02(g)
H2O(l) +SO2(g) H2SO3(aq)
Sulphur(I
V)Oxi deist heaci danhydrideoft ri
oxosul phat
e( IV)aci
d.

PHYSI
CALPROPERTI ESOFH2SO3
1 Ittur
nsblueli
tmuspaperr
ed.
2 Iti
scolourl
essli
qui
d.
3 Iti
smi xesr
eadil
ywit
hwater.
4 Ithasanirr
it
ati
ngandchoki
ngsmel
l
.

CHEMI
CALPROPERTI ESOFH2SO3
1 I
treactswi t
hal kalistoform saltandwat er.
2NaOH(aq)+H2SO3(aq) → Na2SO3(aq)+2H2O(l)
2 I
tisoxidizedinai rtotetraoxosulphat
e( VI)aci
d
2H2SO3(aq)+O2(g) → 2H2SO4(aq)
3 I
treducesoxi di zingagentsuchaspot assi
um t
etr
aoxomanganat
e(VI
I)and
potassi
um hept aoxodichromate( VI
).
4 I
tbleachesdy esi nt hepresenceofwat er .

TESTFORSO32-
Barium chlor
idesolut
ioni
saddedt
othesolut
ionoft
heunknownsubst
ance.Awhi
te
precipi
tate solubl
ei n di
lut
e hy
drochl
ori
c acid conf
ir
ms the pr
esence of a
tr
ioxosulphate(IV)
i
on.

USESOFH2SO3
1. I ti
susedforbl
eachi
ngst
rawandot
herf
abr
ics.
2. I ti
susedasagermici
de.

EVALUATION
1. Wr i
teanequati
onofreact
ionf
ort
helaborat
orypr
eparati
onoftr
ioxosul
phat
eIV
2. Statetwophysi
calandtwochemi
cal
pr oper
ti
esoftr
ioxosul
phat
eI V

TETRAOXOSULPHATEVIACI D,H2SO4
Tet
raoxosul
phateVIaci
disoneofthemosti mport
antchemicalcompoundsknown.
I
tisused i n al
mostever
ymanuf actur
ing pr
ocess;henceitismost l
yprepared
i
ndustr
ial
ly.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE44
INDUSTRIALPREPARATI ONOFH2SO4
I
ndustr
iall
y,t etraoxosul phat e VIaci di s manuf actured byCont actprocess.The
fol
lowi
ngst epsar ei nvolv edinCont actprocess.
1. Bur ningsul phuri ndr yairtoobt ai
nsul phur( I
V)oxi de,SO2
S(s)+O2(g) → SO2( g)
2. Thesul phur( IV)oxi depr oducedi smi xedwi thexcessai randpassedt hr
ough
anel ect ri
cchambert or emov eimpur i
ti
esanddustwhi chmaypoi sonthe
catalyst.Thegaseousmi xtur eisthenpassedt hroughconcent r
atedH2SO4 to
dryitbef orepassi ngi ti
ntot her eactionchamber .
3. The dr i
ed gaseous mi xturei s delivered t ot he cont actt ower( reacti
on
chamber )wher ethesul phur( I
V)oxi deandoxy gencombi nei nt
hepr esenceof
pell
etsofcat alyst,v anadium ( V)oxi de,V2O5 t oy iel
dsul phur( VI)oxide.The
reactiont akespl aceatat mospher icpr essureandt emperat ureof450-500oC.
2SO2(g) +O2(g) 2SO3(g)+heat
4. Thesul phur( VI)oxi deiscool edandt hendi ssolvedinconcent r
atedH2SO4 to
produceat hickliquidcal l
edOl eum.
H2SO4(aq)+SO3(g)→ H2S2O7(aq)
5. The Ol eum i st hen di lut
ed wi th wat er appr opri
atelyt o produce 98%
tetr
aoxosul phate( VI)acid.
H2O(l) +H2S2O7(aq) → 2H2SO4(aq)

NOTE:Sulphur(VI
)oxideisnotdissol
veddirect
lyinwatertoproducetheacid
becauseofthelar
geamountofheatt hatisevolv
edintheprocess.Theheatis
capableofboi
li
ngtheacidformedtoproducemistofdropl
etswhichcanspread
thr
oughoutt
hefact
oryandcauseaci
dburns.

PHYSI
CALPROPERTI ES
1. Iti
sacolour
less,vi
ciousli
quidwit
hdensi
t 84gcm-3
yof1.
2. Iti
scor
rosiv
eandcausebur nswhenincont
actwit
htheskin.
3. Iti
shi
ghlysolubl
einwat erevol
vi
nglar
geamountofheat.

CHEMICALPROEPERTI ES
1. As an aci d,i tr eact s wi t
h met alwhi ch ar e above hy drogen int he
electr
ochemi cal seriest oli
beratehy drogengas
Zn(s) +H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) +H2(g)
2. Itreact
swi thbasest of or
m saltsandwat er
MgO(s) + H2SO4(aq)→ MgSO4(aq) +H2O(l)
3. Itreact
swi thalkal itof orm normal andaci dicsalt
H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaHSO4(aq) +H2O(l)
H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq)+2H2O(l)
4. Asanaci d, i
treact swi thtri
oxocar bonate( I
V)t oliberat
ecarbon( I
V)oxide
H2SO4(aq) +CuCO3(aq) → CuSO4(aq) +H2O(l)+CO2(g)
5. As oxidizi
ng agent ,concent rated H2SO4 oxi dize met al
s,non –met al
s and
hydrogensul phidei nt hefollowingway s.
Zn(s)+2H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) +2H2O(l) +SO2(g)
C(s)+2H2SO4(aq) → 2H2O(l) +CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)
H2SO4(aq)+H2S(g) → S(s) +H2O(l) +SO2(g)
6. Concentratedt etraoxosul phate( VI)acidisadehy drati
ngagent ,removingwater

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE45
 f
rom compoundsl i
kesugar,ethanol
,methanoi
caci
dandet
hanedi
oicaci
d
C12H22O11(s) → 12C(s) + 11H2O(l)
sugar char
coal

7. Concent
rat
edt et
raoxosul phat
e(VI
)di
spl acesv
olat
il
eaci
dsf
rom t
hei
rsal
ts
KCls)+H2S
( O4(aq) → KHSO4(aq)+HCl(
g)

TESTFORSO42-
Barium chl
or i
desoluti
oni
saddedtothesolut
ionoftheunknownsubst
ance.Awhit
e
precipi
tat
ei nsol
ubleinexcessdi
l
utehydrochlor
icaci
dconfir
msthepresenceofa
tetr
aoxosulphate(VI)i
on.

USESOFH2SO4
1 I
tisusedi
npr oduct
ionoffert
il
izer
se.gammonium tet
raoxosul
phat
e(VI
).
2 Iti
susedinpur i
fi
cat
ionofcrudeoil.
3 Iti
susedasanel ect
roly
teinleadacidaccumul
ator
.
4 Iti
susedasdr yi
ngagentformanygasesexceptNH3andH2Sgas.
5 Iti
susedtocleanmet al
sbeforeelectr
opl
ati
ng.

USESOFTETRAOXOSULPHATE( VI)SALTS
1. Ammoni um tetraoxosul
phate(VI)usedasf er
ti
li
zer
s
2. Sodi um tetraoxosulphate(VI
)isusedi npapermanufact
ureandasapurgati
ve
3. Cal ci
um t etraoxosulphate(VI
)i smi nedasgy psum andwhenheatedf orms
pl
asterofPar i
susedt osetbrokenbones.
4. Al umi num tetr
aoxosulphate(VI)isusedt ocoagul
atepreci
pit
atei
npur
ifi
cati
on
ofwat er
5. IronI Itet
raoxosulphate(VI)i
susedt otreatanaemia.

GENERALEVALUATI ON/ REVI SI

ON
1. Usi ngequat i
onsonl y,outli
net hest epsi nvolv eintheCont actpr ocess.
2. St at eTHREEphy sicalandchemi calpr oper tieseachoft etr
aoxosul phate(VI)
acid
3. Gi vet hreeusesoft etraoxosul phate( VI)salt s.
4. A cur renti s passed t hrough t hr ee el ect r
olyti
c cel
ls connect ed i
n series
cont ai
ningsol uti
onsofsi l
vert r
ioxoni t
rate( V) ,copper(II
)tetraoxosulphate(VI)
andbr i
ner espect i
v ely.If12.7gofcopperi sdeposi tedi
nt hesecondel ectr
oly
t i
c
cell,calcul
ate
a.t hemassofsi lverdeposi t
edi nt hef irstcel l
,
b.t hev ol
umeofchl orinel iberatedi nt het hirdcellat17oC and800mmHg
pressure.[ Ag=108, Cu=63. 5,1F=96500C, Molargasv olumeats. t.
p=22. 4
3
dm ]
5. 1. 33dm3ofwat erat70oCi ssat urat edby2. 25mol esoflead( I
I)t ri
oxoni
trat
e(V) ,
3 o
and1. 33dm ofwat erat18C sat uratedby0. 53moleoft hesamesal t.If
3 o o
4.50dm oft hesat uratedsol utionar ecool edf rom 70Ct o18C,cal culat
ethe
amountofsol ut
et hatwi l
lbedeposi t edin
a.mol es
b.gr ams[Pb=207, N==14O=16]

READI
NGASSI
GNMENT

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE46
New SchoolChemi
str
yforSeni
orSecondar
ySchoolbyO.Y.Ababi
o(6th edi
ti
on)
,
pages384-
396

WEEKENDASSI GNMENT
SECTIONA:Wr itethecor rectoptionONLY.
1. Theaci danhy drideoft etraoxosul
phate( VI)acidisa.SO2b.SO3c.SO4d.SO
2. Whi choft hef ollowingcompoundsgi vesawhi tepreci
pitatewit
haci difi
ed
bari
um chlor i
desol uti
on?a.K2SO4b.NaNO3c.KCl d.CaCO3
3. Whydoweaci difyt hesol ut
ionusedf ort esti
ngf ort
hepr esenceofS042-a.To
preventthepr ecipitati
onofanyot heriont hatmaybepr esentinthesol
ution.b.
Toaci di
fyt hetestsol uti
on.c.Toi ncreaset her at
eofther eact
iond.Theaci d
actsascat alyst.
4. Whi choft hef ollowingi susedascat alystint heContactprocess?a.V2O5 b.
Plat
inum c.Fe3O2d.Ni ckel
5. Whati sthecol ouroft etr
aoxosulphateVIaci d?a.Colourl
essb.Whi t
ec.Bl ued.
Palewhi t
e

SECTIONB
1. Explai
nwhysul phur(VI)oxi
deisnotdi ssol
vedi rectlyinwat erdur
ingt
he
Cont
actprocessforpr
epari
ngtetr
aoxosul
phate(VI)acid.
2. Using balanced equati
ons ONLY,descr i
be t he st ages inv
olved i
nthe
manufact
ureoftetr
aoxosul
phate(VI
)aci
dusingtheCont actpr
ocess.

2ND TERM/
MROSHO/ CHEMI
STRY/
SS2PAGE47