CBSE



CHAPTER–1 : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b ) : a  b2} is neither
reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. [Ex.1.1, Q.2]
Sol. Reflexive :
R = {(a, b): a  b2}
Let a R  a  a2  a(a – 1)  0
  a(– , 0]  [1, )
i.e. (a, a)  R, a R
  R is not reflexive
Symmetric :
Let a, b  R such that if (a, b)  R  a  b2  b  a2
for ex. 2  52  (2, 5)  R
but 5  22  (5, 2) R
  R is not symmetric
Transitive :
Let a, b, c  R such that if (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R
  a  b2 and b  c2
  a  c2
for example: 5  32 and 3  22 but 5  22
  (5, 3)  R and (3, 2)  R but (5, 2) R
  R is not transitive
Hence R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
2. Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b): a  b}, is reflexive and transitive but not
symmetric. [Ex.1.1, Q.4]
Sol. Reflexive:
Given R = {(a, b): a  b}
Let a R such that if (a, a)  R  a  a, which is true, aR
  R is reflexive
Symmetric:
Let a, b  R such that if (a, b)  R  a  b  b  a  (b, a) R
for example: 1  2  (1, 2)  R
but 2  1  (2, 1) R
  R is not symmetric

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Transitive:
Let a, b, c  R such that if (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R
  a  b and b  c
  ac
  (a, c)  R
  R is transitive
Hence R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
3. Check whether the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b): a  b3} is reflexive, symmetric or
transitive. [Ex.1.1, Q.5]
Sol. Reflexive:
Given R = {(a, b): a  b3}
let a R such that if (a, a)  R  a  a3  a(a – 1) (a + 1)  0
  a  [–1, 0]  [1, ]
  (a, a)R,  a  R
  R is not reflexive
Symmetric:
Let a, b  R such that if (a, b)  R  a  b3  b  a3
for example: 2  93 but 9  23
  (2, 9)  R but (9, 2) R
  R is not symmetric
Transitive:
Let a, b, c  R such that if (a, b) R and (b, c) R
  a  b3 and b  c3 a  c3
for example: 9  33 and 3  23 but 9  23
  (9, 3)  R and (3, 2)  R but (9, 2)  R
  R is not transitive
Hence R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
4. Show that each of the relation R in the set A = {x  Z : 0  x  12}, given by
(i) R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of 4}
(ii) R = {(a, b) : a = b}
is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1 in each case. [Ex.1.1, Q.9]
Sol. A = {xZ : 0 x 12} = {0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8.9, 10, 11, 12}
(i) R = {(a, b) : |a – b|} is a multiple of 4}
Reflexive:
let a  A such that if (a, a) R  |a – a| = 0 is a multiple of 4.
which is true, a A
 R is reflexive.

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Symmetric:
let a, b  A such that if (a, b) R |a – b| is a multiple of 4.
 |b – a| is also multiple of 4.
 (b, a) R
 R is symmetric.
Transitive:
let a, b, c  A such that if (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R
 |a – b| and |b – c| both are multiple of 4
 |a – b| = 4k1 and |b – c| = 4k2, (k1, k2  z)
 a – b = ± 4k1 – (i) and b – c = ± 4k2 ...(ii)
on adding equation. (i) & (ii)
a – c = ± 4k(k1 + k2)  |a – c| = 4(k1 + k2)
 |a – c| is multiple of 4 ( k1 + k2  z)

 (a, c)  R 
 R is transitive
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive on A
Hence R is an equivalence relation on A.
Further, let x  A such that (x, 1)  R
 |x – 1| is multiple of 4
 |x – 1| = 0, 4, 8,...
 x – 1 = 0, 4, 8
 x = 1, 5, 9
Hence required set = {1, 5, 9}
(ii) R = {(a, b) : a = b}
let a A, such that (a, a) R  a = a.
which is true, a A
 R is reflexive.
let a, b  A such that if (a, b) R.
  a = b b = a {b, a) R
  R is symmetric.
Let a, b, c  A such that if (a, b) R and (b, c) R.
  a = b and b = c a = c (a, c) R
  R is transitive.
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive on A
Hence, R is an equivalence relation on A
let x  A such that (x, 1)  R
  x=1
  Required set = {1}

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5. Let L be the set of all lines in XY plane and R be the relation in L defined as R = {(L1, L2) : L1 is
parallel to L2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines related to the line
y = 2x + 4. [Ex.1.1, Q.14]
Sol. Given L be the set of all lines in XY plane and relation R on set L defined as
R = {(L1, L2): L1 is parallel to L2}
Reflexive:
Let L1  L such that if (L1, L1)  R  L1 || L1 which is true,  L1  L
 R is reflexive
Symmetric:
Let L1, L2  L such that if (L1, L2) R.
 L1 is parallel to L2.
 L2 is parallel to L1.
 L2, L1) R
 R is symmetric.
Transitive :
Let L1, L2, L3  L such that if (L1, L2), (L2, L3) R.
 L1 is parallel to L2 and L2 is parallel to L3.
 L1 is parallel to L3.
 R is transitive.
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
The set of all lines related to the line y = 2x + 4 is the set of all lines that are parallel to the line
y = 2x + 4.
Slope of line y = 2x + 4 is m = 2
It is known that parallel lines have the same slopes.
The line parallel to the given line is of the form y = 2x + c, where c R.
Hence, the set of all lines related to the given line is given by y = 2x + c, where c R.
 n 1
 2 , if n is odd
6. Let f : N  N be defined by f (n) =  ; for all n  N.
 n , if n is even
 2
State whether the function f is bijective. Justify your answer. [Ex.1.2, Q.9]
11 2
Sol. f(1) =  1 , f(2) =  1
2 2
 f(1) = f(2) but 1  2
 f is not one-one
 f is not bijective

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x–2
7. Let A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}. Consider the function f: A  B defined by f(x) =  .
 x–3
Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer. [Ex.1.2, Q.10]
Sol. A = R – {3}, B = R – {1}
x2
f : A  B is defined as f(x) 
x 3
let x1, x2  A such that f(x1) = f(x2)
x1 – 2 x 2  2
  
x1 – 3 x 2 – 3
 (x1 – 2) (x2 – 3) = (x2 – 2) (x1 – 3)
 x1x2 – 3x1 – 2x2 + 6 = x1x2 – 3x2 – 2x1 + 6
 – 3x1 – 2x2 = – 3x2 – 2x1
 3x1 – 2x1 = 3x2 – 2x2
 x1 = x2
 f is one – one.
Let y B = R – {1}
put f(x) = y
x–2
 y
x–3
 x – 2 = xy – 3y x(1 – y) = – 3y + 2
2 – 3y
 x= A ,  y  B
1– y
i.e. every element of B has pre-image in A
Range = codomain
 f is onto.
Hence, function f is one-one and onto.
 x  1, if x is odd
8. Show that f : N  N, given by f(x) =  is both one-one and onto. [Example 12]
 x  1, if x is even
Sol. Suppose f(x1) = f(x2). Note that if x1 is odd and x2 is even, then we will have x1 + 1 = x2 – 1,
i.e., x2 – x1 = 2 which is impossible.
Similarly, the possibility of x1 being even and x2 being odd can also be ruled out, using the
similar argument.
Therefore, both x1 and x2 must be either odd or even.
Suppose both x1 and x2 are odd.
Then f (x1) = f(x2) x1 + 1 = x2 + 1 x1 = x2.
Similarly, if both x1 and x2 are even, then also f(x1) = f (x2)  x1 – 1 = x2 – 1  x1 = x2.
Thus, f is one-one. Also, any odd number 2r + 1 in the co-domain N is the image of 2r+ 2 in the
domain N and any even number 2r in the co-domain N is the image of 2r – 1 in the domain N.
Thus, f is onto.
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x
9. Show that the function f: R  {x  R : –1 < x < 1} defined by f (x)  , x  R is one-one
1 | x |
and onto function. [Misc. Ex., Q.1]
x
Sol. Given that f : R  {x R : –1 < x < 1} is defined as f(x) = ,xR .
1 | x |
x1 x2
one-one: let x1, x2  R such that if f(x1) = f(x2)  
1 | x1 | 1 | x 2 |
x1 x
Case-I : when x1, x2 > 0, then  2
1  x1 1  x 2
 x1 + x1x2 = x2 + x1x2  x1 = x2
x1 x
Case-II : when x1, x2 < 0, then  2
1  x1 1  x 2
 x1 – x1x2 = x2 – x1x2  x1 = x2
x1 x
Case-III : when x1, x2 are different in sign. i.e. x1 > 0, x2 < 0, then  2
1  x1 1  x 2
 x1 – x1x2 = x2 + x1x2 x1 – x2 – 2x1x2 = 0
which is not possible ( x1, > 0, x2 < 0)
 f is one-one
onto : Let y  (–1, 1)
put y = f(x)
x x
 y   y   y(1 ± x) = x
1 | x | 1 x
y
 x  R , y(–1, 1)
1 y
i.e. every element of codomain (–1, 1) has pre-image in domain R. So, f is onto
Hence, f is one-one and onto function.
10. Find the number of all onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, ......., n}to itself. [Misc. Ex., Q.4]
Sol. Since f is onto function, so all elements of set {1, 2,...n} have unique pre-image is set {1, 2,...n}
So, the total number of onto function = n × (n – 1) × (n – 2)×...× 2 × 1 = n!
11. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then number of equivalence relations containing (1, 2) is ? [Misc. Ex., Q.7]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Sol. It is given that A = {1, 2, 3}.
The smallest equivalence relation containing (1, 2) is given by,
R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1)}
Now, we are left with only four pairs i.e., (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 3), and (3, 1).
If we add any one pair [say (2, 3)] to R1, then for symmetry we must add (3, 2).
Also, for transitivity we are required to add (1, 3) and (3, 1).
Hence, the only equivalence relation (bigger than R1) is the universal relation R2 (let).
This shows that the total number of equivalence relations containing (1, 2) is two i.e. R1 and R2.
The correct answer is B.

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CHAPTER-2 : INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1 1
1. Find the values of cos–1 + 2 sin–1 . [Ex.2.1, Q.12]
2 2

1 1 
Sol. Let cos1    x  cos x   cos
2 2 3

 x=  [0, ] (Principal interval)
3
1 1 
Again, let sin 1    y  sin y   sin
2 2 6
   
 y=   , (Principal interval)
6  2 2 
1 1     2
 cos1    2sin 1    x  2y    2   
2 2 3  6 3
2. tan–1 ( 3) – sec –1 (–2) is equal to [Ex.2.1, Q.14]
  2
(A)  (B) – (C) (D)
3 3 3
Sol. (B)


Let tan–1 3 = x  tan x = 3  tan x = tan
3

   
 x=   , (Principal interval)
3  2 2 

Let sec–1(–2) = y  sec y = –2

  
 sec y = – sec  sec y  sec     [ sec( – ) = –sec]
3  3

 2  2 
 sec y = sec    y   [0, ]    (Principal interval)
 3  3 2

 2 
 tan 1 3  sec 1 ( 2)  x  y   
3 3 3

Hence, the correct option is (B).

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 cos x  sin x 
3. Write the function in the simplest form tan–1  , 0 < x <  . [Ex.2.2, Q.5]
 cos x  sin x 

 cos x sin x 
 

Sol. tan 1 
cos x  sin x 
 tan 1 cos x cos x 
  cos x sin x  (inside the bracket divide numerator and denominator by cos x)
 cos x  sin x    
 cos x cos x 

  
   tan  tan x 
 1  tan x     4 1  tan x
= tan 1    tan 1  tan   x    tan   x    
 1  tan x   4   4  1  tan  . tan x 1  tan x 
 4 

= x
4
1  1 2x 1 1  y 
2
4. Find the value of tan sin  cos  , | x |  1, y  0 and xy  1 [Ex.2.2, Q.9]
2 1  x2 1  y2 

1  x 
2 
1  1  y 
 1  x 
2 
1  1  y 
Sol. tan sin 1  2 
 cos  2   2 tan 1
x  sin  1  x2  and 2 tan –1
y  cos  2 
2 1 x   1  y      1  y 

1  1 
= tan  (2 tan 1 x  2 tan 1 y)  tan   2(tan –1 x  tan –1 y) 
2  2 

= tan(tan–1x + tan–1y)

  x  y  x  y  1  x  y  
= tan tan 1   
1
 tan x  tan y  tan 
–1

  1  xy   1  xy   1  xy  
  1 
5. sin  – sin –1  –   is equal to [Ex.2.2, Q.15]
3  2 
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 3 4
Sol. (D)
  1        1
sin   sin 1      sin   sin 1   sin    sin 6  2 
3  2  3  6   
     
= sin   sin 1 sin     [ sin(–x) = – sin x]
3   6  
       
= sin        sin     sin  1
 3  6  3 6  2

Hence, the correct option is (D).

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 7 
6. Find the value of tan–1  tan  . [Misc. Ex., Q.2]
 6 

 7          
Sol. tan 1  tan   tan 1  tan      1
 tan (tan )  ,    2 , 2  
 6    6    

 7        
 tan 1  tan   tan 1  tan      ,  [ tan( + ) = tan]
 6   6 6  2 2

 1  sin x  1  sin x  x  
7. Prove that : cot 1    , x   0,  [Misc. Ex., Q.9]
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2  4

 1  sin x  1  sin x 
Sol. LHS = cot 1  …(i)
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
 

Now, we can write

x x x x
1  sin x  sin 2  cos2  2 sin cos
2 2 2 2

2
 x x x x x x  x   
  sin  cos  = sin  cos  sin  cos    0,  
 2 2 2 2 2 2  2  8 

x x
 1  sin x  sin  cos
2 2

x x x sin x
Similarly, we can get 1  sin x  cos  sin  cos 
2 2 2 2

x   x x
  0,   cos  sin  0
2  8 2 2

On substituting above two values in Equation (i), we get

 x x  x x
  sin 2  cos 2    cos 2  sin 2  
LHS = cot 1     
  sin x  cos x    cos x  sin x  
 2 2   2 2  


 x
 2 cos 
 cot 1  2 = cot 1  cot x   x  RHS
 
 2 sin x   2  2
 2

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
Alternative method :-
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
LHS = cot 1  
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
 1  sin x  1  sin x 1  sin x  1  sin x 
= cot 1    (by rationalizing denominator)
 1  sin x  1  sin x 1  sin x  1  sin x 

 
1 1  sin x   1  sin x   2 1  sin x
 ( 1  sin x  1  sin x )2  2
1
= cot  2
= cot  
 ( 1  sin x )  ( 1  sin x ) 
2
 1  sin x   1  sin x 

 2  2 | cos x |   2  2cos x     
= cot 1    cot 1    x   0,  i.e. cos x  0 
 2sin x   2sin x    4 

 x 
 2 cos2
1  cos x 
= cot 1   1 2   2 x x x
 cot  x x  1  cos x  2 cos 2 and sin x  2sin 2 cos 2 
 sin x   2 sin cos   
 2 2
 x x
= cot 1 cot    RHS
 2 2
 1 x  1 x   1 1
8. Prove that : tan 1  1
   cos x,   x 1 [Misc. Ex., Q.10]
 1 x  1 x  4 2 2
Sol. Put x = cos  cos–1x = 
 1 x  1 x   1  cos   1  cos  
L.H.S. tan 1  1
  tan  
 1 x  1 x   1  cos   1  cos  

  
 2 cos  2 sin 
2 2  2  2 
= tan 1    1  cos   2 cos 2 and 1  cos   2sin 2 
 2 cos  2 sin  
  
 2 2

    
 cos  sin   1  tan 
= tan 1  2 2  tan 1 2
    
 cos  sin   1  tan  
 2 2  2
(inside the bracket divide numerator and denominator by cos (/2))
      tan A  tan B 
= tan 1  tan      tan(A  B)  1  tan A tan B 
  4 2   
   1
=    cos 1 x  R.HS.
4 2 4 2
Hence proved.

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9. Solve : 2tan–1 (cos x) = tan–1 (2 cosec x) [Misc. Ex., Q.11]

Sol. Given, 2 tan 1 (cos x)  tan 1 (2 cosec x)

 2 cos x   1 1  2x  
 tan 1  1
  tan (2 cosec x)  2 tan x  tan  1  x 2  
 1  cos x 
2
  

 2cos x   2  2cos x 2
 tan 1  2   tan 1    2
 [on taking tan both sides]
 sin x   sin x  sin x sin x

 sinx(cosx – sinx) = 0  sinx = 0, cotx = 1

 
  cot x = 1  cot x = cot x= ( sinx = 0 not satisfied given equation)
4 4


10. sin 1 (1  x)  2 sin 1 x  then x is equal to [Misc. Ex., Q.14]
2
1 1 1
(A) 0, (B) 1, (C) 0 (D)
2 2 2
Sol. (C)


Given, sin 1 (1  x)  2 sin 1 x 
2


 2 sin 1 x   sin 1 (1  x)  2 sin 1 x  cos 1 (1  x)
2
 1 1 
 sin (1  x)  cos (1  x)  2 
 

 cos(–2sin–1 x) = 1 – x [Multiplying both sides by cos x]

 cos(2sin–1 x) = 1 – x [ cos (– x) = cos x]

 [1 – 2sin2(sin–1 x)] = 1 – x [ cos2x = 1 – 2sin2 x]

 1 – 2[sin(sin–1 x)]2 = 1 – x [ sin2x = (sin x)2]

 1 – 2x2 = 1 – x  2x2 – x = 0

1
 x(2x – 1) = 0  x = 0 or 2x – 1 = 0  x = 0 or
2

1
But x = does not satisfy the given equation, so x = 0
2

Hence, the correct option is (C).

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 cos x  3 
11. Express tan 1  ,  x  in the simplest form. [Example 4]
 1  sin x  2 2
Sol. We write
 x x 
 cos2  sin 2 
 cos x  2 2
tan 1   tan 1 

 1  sin x  x x x x
 cos2  sin 2  2 sin cos 
 2 2 2 2
 x x  x x 
  cos  sin  cos  sin    x x
 cos  sin
 tan 1  
2 2  2 2 
 tan 1  2 2
  x x
2  x x
 cos  sin 
  cos 2  sin 2    2 2
   
 x
 1  tan 
 tan 1  2  tan 1  tan    x      x
x   4 2  4 2
  
 1  tan 
 2
 3 
12. Find the value of sin 1  sin  . [Example 6]
 5 
   
Sol. We know that sin–1 (sin x) = x. Therefore, sin 1  sin   .
 5  5
       
But sin 1  sin      ,  , which is the principal branch of sin–1 x
 5  5  2 2
    2  2 2    
However, sin    sin      sin and   ,
 5   5  5 5  2 2 
    2  2
Therefore, sin 1  sin   sin 1  sin  
 5   5  5

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 CBSE


CHAPTER-3 : MATRICES
NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1
1. Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, whose elements are given by a ij  3i  j . [Ex.3.1, Q.5(i)]
2
Sol. The order of given matrix is 3 × 4, so the required matrix is
 a11 a12 a13 a14 
1
A = a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24  , where aij = 3i  j
2
a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34  34
1 1 1 1 1 1
 a11  3  1  1, a12  3  2  , a13  3  3  0, a14  3  4 
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 5 1 1 3 1
a 21  6  1  , a 22  6  2  2 , a 23  6  3  , a 24  6  4  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 7 1 1 5
a 31  9  1  4, a 32  9  2  , a 33  9  3  3 , a 34  9  4 
2 2 2 2 2 2
 1 1/ 2 0 1/ 2
Hence, the required matrix is A = 5 / 2 2 3 / 2 1 
 4 7 / 2 3 5 / 2  34
2. Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices equal
3x  7 5  0 y  2 
 y  1 2  3x  , 8 4 
[Ex.3.1, Q.9]
  
1 2 1 2
(A) x  ,y=7 (B) Not possible to find (C) y = 7, x  (D) x  , y 
3 3 3 3
3x  7 5  0 y  2 
Sol. (B) According to the question,    4 
 y  1 2  3x   8
By definition of equality of matrices, we have
3x + 7 = 0 …(i)
5=y–2 …(ii)
y+1=8 …(iii)
2 – 3x = 4 …(iv)
From Eq. (ii), y=7
7
From Eq. (i), 3x + 7 = 0  x =
3
2
From Eq. (iv), 2 – 3x = 4  x =
3
'x' can have only one value at a time.
Hence, it is not possible to find the values of x and y for which the given matrices are equal.
So, correct option is (B).

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3. The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is: [Ex.3.1, Q.10]
(A) 27 (B) 18 (C) 81 (D) 512
Sol. We know that a matrix having order of 3 × 3 contains 9 elements.
Each element can be selected in 2 ways (it can be either 0 or 1).
Hence, All the nine entries can be chosen by 29 ways = 512 ways
 Required number of matrices is 512.
So, the correct option is (D).
 a b a b
4. Compute the following :    [Ex.3.2, Q.2(i)]
b a   b a 
 a b   a b   a  a b  b   2a 2b 
Sol.   b a    b a     b  b a  a    0 2a 
       

x z 1 1  3 5
5. Solve the equation for x, y, z and t, if 2   3   3  [Ex.3.2, Q.10]
y t  0 2  4 6
x z 1 1  3 5
Sol. Given, 2    3 0 2   3 4 6
y t     
2x 2z   3 3  9 15
 2y 2t   0 6   12 18  
     
 2x  3 2z  3  9 15
 2y  0 2t  6   12 18
   
By definition of equality of matrix as the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements
are also equal. Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
2x + 3 = 9, 2y + 0 = 12, 2z – 3 = 15 and 2t + 6 = 18
93 12 15  3 18  6
 x , y  ,z  and t 
2 2 2 2
 x = 3, y = 6, z = 9 and t = 6.
2 0 1 
6. Find A – 5A + 6I, if A = 2 1 3 
2
[Ex.3.2, Q.15]
1 1 0 

 2 0 1  2 0 1 
Sol. Here, A = A . A = 2 1 3  2 1 3 
2
  
1 1 0  1 1 0 

 4  0  1 0  0  1 2  0  0  5 1 2 
=  4  2  3 0  1  3 2  3  0   9 2 5 
   
2  2  0 0  1  0 1  3  0  0 1 2 

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 5 1 2  2 0 1  1 0 0 
 A  5A  6I  9 2 5  5 2 1 3  6 0 1 0 
2    
     
0 1 2  1 1 0  0 0 1 

 5 1 2  10 0 5  6 0 0 
=  9 2 5   10 5 15  0 6 0 
     
0 1 2   5 5 0  0 0 6 

 5  10  6 1  0  0 2  5  0   1 1 3 
= 9  10  0 2  5  6 5  15  0   1 1 10 
   
 0  5  0 1  5  0 2  0  6  5 4 4 

 
 0  tan 
If A =  2 and I is the identity matrix of order 2,
7. 
 tan  0 
 2 

cos   sin  
show that I + A = (I – A)   [Ex.3.2, Q.18]
 sin  cos  
0 – t  
Sol. Here, A =   , where t = tan  
t 0  2

 
1  tan 2   2 2 tan  
Now, cos    2   1  t and sin    2   2t
   1 t 2
   1  t2
1  tan 2   1  tan 2  
2 2

1 – t 2 –2t 
cos –sin   1 0   0 –t   1+ t 2 
1+ t 2 
RHS =  I – A    =  – 
 sin cos   0 1   t 0    2t 1 – t2 
 
1+ t 2 1+ t 2 

1 – t 2 –2t   1 – t 2 + 2t 2  
–2t + t 1 – t 2 

 1 t  1+ t 2 
1+ t 2  =  1+ t 2 1+ t 2 
=   
 –t 1  2t

 
1 – t 2   –t 1 – t 2 + 2t
 2t 2 +1 – t 2 
1+ t 2 1+ t 2   1+ t 2 1+ t 2 

 1+ t 2 –2t + t - t 3   1+ t 2  
–t 1+ t 2 
 
1

 tan 
 
1+ t 2 1+ t 2  =  1+ t 2 1+ t  1 – t  
2
2
=   = t 1     
 –t + t 3 + 2t
 

2t 2 +1 – t 2   t 1+ t 2  1+ t  
2   tan

1 

 1+ t 2 1+ t 2   1+ t 2 1+ t 2 
2

E 3
Mathematics

 
1 tan
1 0  0 –t  1 –t   2
and LHS = I + A =  + = =  
0 1   t 0   t 1   tan  1 
 2 

 LHS = RHS

0 a b
1 1
8. Find (A + A') and (A – A'), when A =  a 0 c 
 [Ex.3.3, Q.9]
2 2
  b c 0 

0 a b
Sol. Given A   a 0 c 

  b c 0 

 0 a b  ' 
  a b  0
1 1
Now,  A  A '     a 0 c    a 0 c  
2 2 
   b c 0    b c 0  
 
 0 a b   0 a  b   0 0 0  0 0 0 
1  1
   a 0 c    a 0 c    0 0 0   0 0 0 
2 2
   b c 0   b c 0   0 0 0  0 0 0 

 0 a b  0 a b 
t

1 1 
and  A  A '     a 0 c    a 0 c  
2 2
   b c 0    b c 0  
 
 0 a b   0 a  b    0 2a 2b   0 a b
1     1
   a 0 c    a 0 c     2a 0 2c    a 0 c 
 
2 2
   b c 0   b c 0    2b 2c 0    b c 0 

9. If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB – BA is a [Ex.3.3, Q.11]

(A) Skew symmetric matrix (B) Symmetric matrix
(C) Zero matrix (D) Identity matrix
Sol. Given, A and B are symmetric matrices.
 A' = A = B' = B
 (AB  BA) = (AB)  (BA) [ (A  B)  A  B ]
= BA  AB [ (AB)  BA ]
= BA – AB [ A  A and B  B ]
= –(AB – BA)
  (AB  BA) = –(AB – BA)
Thus, (AB – BA) is a skew – symmetric matrix. So, correct option is (A).

4 E
 CBSE

1 2 0   0 
10. For what values of x : 1 2 1 2 0 1   2  = O ? [Misc.Ex.,Q.4]
1 0 2   x 
1 2 0   0 
Sol. Given 1 2 1 2 0 1   2   O
1 0 2   x 
 040  4
 1 2 1  0  0  x   O  1 2 1  x   O
 
0  0  2x  2x 
 4  2x  2x  [0] 4 + 4x = 0  x = –1
  
11. If A =   is such that A2 = I, then [Misc.Ex.,Q.9]
   
(A) 1 + 2 +  = 0 (B) 1 – 2 +  = 0 (C) 1 – 2 –  = 0 (D) 1 + 2 –  = 0
Sol. Given, A2  I
 AA = I
      1 0    2       1 0 
   
       
         0 1        2  0 1 
On comparing the corresponding elements, we have
2       2       1   2    0
 Hence, (C) is the correct option.
1
12. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = |i – 3j|. [Example 3]
2
 a11 a12 
Sol. In general a 3 × 2 matrix is given by A  a 21 a 22  .
 a 31 a 32 
1
Now, a ij  i  3j , I = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2
2
1 1 5
Therefore, a11  1  3  1  1 ; a12  1  3  2 
2 2 2
1 1 1
a 21  2  3  1  ; a 22  2  3  2  2
2 2 2
1 1 3
a 31  3  3  1  0 ; a 32  3  3  2 
2 2 2
 5
 1 2
 
 1
Hence, the required matrix is given by A  2
2 
 
 0 3
 2 

E 5
Mathematics

x 5  3 4   7 6 
13. Find the values of x and y from the following equation 2    
 7 y  3 1 2  15 14 
[Example 10]
Sol. We have
x 5  3 4   7 6 
2   
 7 y  3 1 2  15 14 
2x 10  3 4   7 6 
 14 2y  6   1 2   15 14  
     
2x  3 10  4   7 6   2x  3 6  7 6
 or  14  1 2y  6  2   15 14    15 
2y  4  15 14 
    
or 2x + 3 = 7 and 2y – 4 = 14
or 2x = 7 – 3 and 2y = 18
4 18
or x =2 and y =9
2 2

1 2 3
14. If A =  3 2 1  , then show that A3 – 23A – 40I = O [Example 18]
 4 2 1 
Sol. We have
1 2 3 1 2 3 19 4 8 
A = A.A =  3 2 1  3 2 1    1 12 8 
2

 4 2 1  4 2 1 14 6 15

1 2 3 19 4 8   63 46 69
So, A = A.A =  3 2 1   1 12 8   69 6 23
3 2

 4 2 1 14 6 15 92 46 63

 63 46 69  1 2 3  1 0 0 
Now, A – 23A – 40I = 69 6 23   23 3 2 1   40 0 1 0 
3    
92 46 63  4 2 1  0 0 1 
 63 46 69   23 46 69   40 0 0 
    
= 69 6 23    69 46 23    0 40 0 
92 46 63   92 46 23   0 0 40 
63  23  40 46  46  0 69  69  0  0 0 0 
=  69  69  0 6  43  40 23  23  0  = 0 0 0  = O
 
 92  92  0 46  46  0 63  23  40  0 0 0 

6 E
 CBSE

 2 2 4 
15. Express the matrix B =  1 3 4  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
 1 2 3
[Example 22]
 2 1 1
Sol. Here B   2 3 2 
 4 4 3
 3 3 
2 2 2
 4 3 3  
1 1 3
Let P  (B  B)  3 6
 2   3 1 
2 2 2 
 3 2 6   
 3 1 3 
 2 
 3 3 
2 2 2
 
 3

Now, P  3 1 P
2 
 
 3 1 3 
 2 
1
Thus P  (B  B) is a symmetric matrix.
2
 1 5 
0 2 2
0 1 5  
1 1 1
Also, let Q  (B  B)  1 0 6   0 3
2 2 2 
 5 6 0   
5 3 0
 2 
 1 5
0 2 2
 
 1
Then, Q  0 3  Q
2 
 
 5 3 0 
 2 
1
Thus, Q  (B  B) is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
 3 3   1 5 
2 2 2   0
2 2   2 2 4 
   
3 1
Now, PQ   3 
1   0 3    1 3 4   B
2  2 
     1 2 3 
 3 1 3   5 3 0 
 2   2 
Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

E 7
 CBSE

CHAPTER-4 : DETERMINANTS
NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Show that points A (a, b + c), B (b, c + a), C (c, a + b) are collinear. [Ex.4.2, Q.2]
a bc 1
1
Sol. Area of ABC  b c  a 1
2
c ab 1
1
 a  c  a   1   a  b   1   b  c b  1  1  c  1b   a  b    c  a   c
2
1
2
 
a  c  a  a  b    b  c  b  c   1 ab  b 2  c 2  ac 
1 1
 ac  ab  b 2  c 2  ab  b 2  c 2  ac   0  0
2 2
Since, area of  ABC  0 ;
Hence, points A  a, b  c  , B b,c  a  , C  c,a  b  are collinear.
2. Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are
(i) (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) (ii) (–2, 0), (0, 4), (0, k) [Ex.4.2, Q.3]
x1 y1 1
1
Sol. Area of triangle  x 2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
k 0 1
1
(i) Given, 4 0 1  4
2
0 2 1

 k  0  2   18  0   8  k  0  2   18  0   8
On taking positive sign; 2k  8  8
 2k  0  k  0
On taking negative sign; 2k  8  8
 2k  16  k  8
 k  0,8
2 0 1
1
(ii) Given, 0 4 1  4  2  4  k   1  0  0   8
2
0 k 1
 2  4  k   1 0  0   8  (8  2k)  8
On taking positive sign, 2k  8  8  2k  16  k 8
On taking negative sign, 2k  8  8  2k  0  k0
 k  0,8

E 1
Mathematics

a11 a12 a13
3. If  = a 21 a 22 a 23 and Aij is Cofactors of aij, then value of  is given by [Ex.4.3, Q.5]
a 31 a 32 a 33
(A) a11 A31 + a12 A32 + a13 A33 (B) a11 A11+ a12 A21 + a13 A31
(C) a21 A11+ a22 A12 + a23 A13 (D) a11 A11+ a21 A21 + a31 A31
Sol.  is equal to the sum of the products of the elements of a row (or a column) with their
corresponding cofactors.
Hence, sum of the products of the elements of first column with their corresponding cofactors is
  a11A11  a 21A21  a 31A31 Hence, correct option is (d).

3 7 6 8 
. Verify that  AB  B1A 1 .
1
4. Let A    and B    [Ex.4.4, Q.12]
2 5 7 9
3 7 3 7
Sol. Given, A    ; A   15  14  1  0
2 5 2 5
 A–1 exists
Cofactors of A are A11  5, A12  2, A21  7, A22  3

 5 2    5 7 
 adj  A      
 7 3   2 3 
1 1  5 7  5 7 
Now, A1   adj A    =  
A 1 2 3   2 3 

6 8  6 8
Here, B    B   54  56  2  0
7 9 7 9
 A–1 exists
Cofactors of B are B11  9, B12  7, B21  8, B22  6

 9 7    9 8
adj  B     
 8 6   7 6 
1 1  9 8
 B1   adj B  
B 2 7 6 

1  9 8  5 7  1  45  16 63  24 
Now, B1A 1  
2  7 6   2 3  2  35  12 49  18 

 61 87 

1  61 87   2 2 
     …(i)
2  47 67   47 67 

 2 2 

2 E
 CBSE

 3 7  6 8  18  49 24  63  67 87 
Now, let C = AB      
2 5   7 9  12  35 16  45   47 61
67 87
 AB   (67  61)  (47  87)  4087  4089  2 0  A–1 exists.
47 61
Cofactors of AB are C11  61, C12  47, C21  87, C22  67
 61 47    61 87 
adj  AB     
 87 67   47 67 
 61 87 

1 1  61 87  2 2 
 AB   adj AB  
1
    …(ii)
AB 2  47 67   47 67 

 2 2 

From Eq. (i) and (ii), we get  AB = B1A1

1

Hence, the given result is proved.

3 2 
5. For the matrix A    , find the numbers 'a' and 'b' such that A2  aA  bI  O . [Ex.4.4, Q.14]
1 1 
3 2 
Sol. Given, A   
1 1 
3 2  3 2  9  2 6  2  11 8 
A 2  A.A      
1 1  1 1   3  1 2  1   4 3
Given, A2  aA  bI  O
On putting the values of A2 , A and I ; we get
11 8 3 2  1 0  11  3a  b 8  2a  0 
 4 3  a 1 1   b 0 1   O   4  a  0 3  a  b 
O
      
11  3a  b 8  2a  0 0 
  4a 
 3  a  b  0 0 
If two matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements are also equal.
 11  3a  b  0 … (i)
8  2a  0 … (ii)
4a 0 … (iii)
and 3a  b  0 … (iv)
Solving Eq. (iii) and (iv), we get
4a 0  a  4
And 3  a  b  0  34 b  0  b 1
Thus, a  4 and b  1

E 3
Mathematics

 2 1 1
6. If A   1 2 1 , verify that A3  6A2  9A  4I  O and hence find A 1 . [Ex.4.4, Q.16]
 1 1 2 

 2 1 1 
Sol. Given, A   1 2 1
 1 1 2 

 2 1 1   2 1 1 
 A  AA   1 2 1  1 2 1
2

 1 1 2   1 1 2 

 4  1  1 2  2  1 2  1  2   6 5 5 
  2  2  1 1  4  1 1  2  2   5 6 5
 2  1  2 1  2  2 1  1  4   5 5 6 

 6 5 5   2 1 1 
and A  A A   5 6 5  1 2 1
3 2

 5 5 6   1 1 2 

 12  5  5 6  10  5 6  5  10   22 21 21 
  10  6  5 5  12  5 5  6  10   21 22 21
 10  5  6 5  10  6 5  5  12   21 21 22 

 A3  6A2  9A  4I
 22 21 21   6 5 5   2 1 1  1 0 0 
  21 22 21  6  5 6 5  9  1 2 1  4 0 1 0 
     
 21 21 22   5 5 6   1 1 2  0 0 1 

 22 21 21   36 30 30  18 9 9   4 0 0 

  21 22 21   30 36 30    9 18 9  0 4 0 
 21 21 22   30 30 36   9 9 18  0 0 4 

 22  36  18  4 21  30  9  0 21  30  9  0  0 0 0 
  21  30  9  0 22  36  18  4 21  30  9  0   0 0 0   O
 21  30  9  0 21  30  9  0 22  36  18  4  0 0 0 

 A3  6A2  9A  4I  O   AAA  A1  6  AA  A1  9AA1  4IA1  O

(Post-multiplying by A 1 as A  0 )

 2 1 1 
 
 A  1 2 1  2  4  1  1  2  1  1 1  2   6  1  1  4  0 
 1 1 2 

       
AA AA 1  6A AA 1  9 AA 1  4 IA 1  O 
4 E
 CBSE
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 AAI  6AI  9I  4A1  O (Using AA1  I and IA1  A1 )
 A2  6A  9I  4A1 (Using A2 I  A2 and AI  A )


1

A 1  A 2  6A  9I
4

  6 5 5   2 1 1  1 0 0  
1  
   5 6 5  6  1 2 1  9 0 1 0  
  
4
  5 5 6   1 1 2  0 0 1  

  6 5 5  12 6 6   9 0 0  
1  
   5 6 5   6 12 6   0 9 0  
4 
  5 5 6   6 6 12  0 0 9  
 6  12  9 5  6  0 5  6  0   3 1 1
1 1
  5  6  0 6  12  9 5  6  0    1 3 1 

4 4
 5  6  0 5  6  0 6  12  9   1 1 3 

7. Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3  3 , then adj A is equal to ? [Ex.4.4, Q.17]
(A) |A| (B) |A|2 (C) |A|3 (D) 3|A|
1 0 0   A 0 0
 
Sol. We know that  adj A A  A I  A 0 1 0    0 A 0
0 0 1   0 0 A 

A 0 0
  adj A  A  0 A 0
0 0 A

1 0 0
  adj A  A  A 0 1 0  A I  adj A A  A
3 3 3
 I  1
0 0 1
2
 adj A  A
Hence, the correct option is (B).
8. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det (A–1) is equal to ? [Ex.4.5, Q.18]
1
(A) det  A  (B) (C) 1 (D) zero
det  A 

Sol. We know that AA1  I

 AA 1  I  A A 1  1 (Using AA 1  A A 1 and I =1)
1 1
 A 1   .
A det  A 
Hence, the correct option is (B).

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9. Solve the following system of linear equations, using matrix method
2x  3y  3z  5, x  2y  z  4, 3x  y  2z  3. [Ex.4.5, Q.13]
Sol. The given system can be written as AX  B , where
2 3 3  x  5
A  1 2 1  , X   y  , and B   4 
   
3 1 2   z   3 
2 3 3
Here, A  1 2 1  2  4  1  3  2  3   3  1  6   10  15  15  40  0
3 1 2
Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its A–1 exists.
Therefore, the given system is consistent and has a unique solution given by
X  A1B
Cofactors of A are,
A11  4  1  5, A12    2  3  5, A13   1  6   5
A21    6  3  3, A22   4  9  13, A23    2  9  11
A31  3  6  9, A32    2  3  1, A33  4  3  7
5 5 5   5 3 9
adj  A   3 13 11   5 13 1 
  
9 1 7  5 11 7 

5 3 9
1 1 
 A 1
  adj A   5 13 1 
A 40
5 11 7 

x  5 3 9 5  25  12  27   40   1 
  1     1   1 
1
Now, X  A B   y   5 13 1  · 4   25  52  3   80    2 
40  40  40 
 z  5 11 7  3  25  44  21  40   1
Hence, x  1, y  2 and z  1
2 3 5 
10. If A   3 2 4  , find A 1 . Using A 1 , solve the system of equations 2x  3y  5z  11,
1 1 2 
3x  2y  4z  5, x  y  2z  3 . [Ex.4.5, Q.15]
Sol. The given system can be written as AX  B , where
2 3 5  x   11 
A  3 2 4  , X   y  , and B   5
1 1 2   z   3

6 E
 CBSE

2 3 5
Here, A  3 2 4  2  4  4    3  6  4   5  3  2   0  6  5  1  0
1 1 2
Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its A–1 exists.
Therefore, the given system is consistent and has a unique solution given by
X  A1B
Cofactors of A are,
A11  4  4  0, A12    6  4  2, A13  3  2  1
A21    6  5  1, A22  4  5  9, A23    2  3  5
A31  12 10   2, A32    8  15  23, A33  4  9  13
 0 2 1   0 1 2 
adj  A    1 9 5  2 9 23
 2 23 13  1 5 13 

0 1 2   0 1 2 
1 1 
 A 1
  adj A   2 9 23  2 9 23
A 1
1 5 13   1 5 13

 x   0 1 2   11 
Now, X  A B   y    2 9 23 · 5
1

 z   1 5 13  3

 x   0  5  6  1 
  y    22  45  69  2 
     
 z   11  25  39   3 
Hence, x  1, y  2 and z  3
11. The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is ` 60. The cost of 2 kg onion, 4 kg wheat and
6 kg rice is `90. The cost of 6 kg onion, 2kg wheat and 3 kg rice is ` 70. Find cost of each item
per kg by matrix method. [Ex.4.5, Q.16]
Sol. Let the prices (per kg) of onion, wheat and rice be `x, `y and `z, respectively. Then
4x  3y  2z  60, 2x  4y  6z  90, 6x  2y  3z  70
The given system can be written as AX  B , where
4 3 2 x   60 
A   2 4 6  , X   y  , and B   90 
   
 6 2 3   z   70 
4 3 2
Here, A  2 4 6  4 12  12   3  6  36   2  4  24   0  90  40  50  0
6 2 3
Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its A–1 exists.
E 7
Mathematics

Therefore, the given system is consistent and has a unique solution given by
X  A1B
Cofactors of A are,
A11  12  12  0, A12    6  36   30, A13  4  24  20,
A21    9  4  5, A22  12  12  0, A23   8  18  10,
A31  18  8  10, A32    24  4   20, A33  16  6  10
t
 0 30 20   0 5 10 

adj  A    5 0  
10    30 0 20 
10 20 10   20 10 10 

 0 5 10 
1 1 
 A 1
  adj A    30 0 20 
A 50
 20 10 10 

x   0 5 10  60   0  450  700 

  1     1 
1
Now, X  A B   y    30 0 20  · 90    1800  0  1400 
50 50
 z   20 10 10   70   1200  900  700 

x   250  5  x   5
  y   1  400   8   y   8
  50        
 z   400  8  z  8
 x  5, y  8 and z  8 .
Hence, price of onion per kg is `5, price of wheat per kg is `8 and that of rice per kg is ` 8.
 3 1 1  1 2 2 
12. If A 1
  15 6 5 and B   1 3 0  , find (AB)–1.
  [Misc. Ex., Q.3]
 5 2 2   0 2 1

Sol. We know that,  AB = B1 A 1 and A 1 is known, therefore we proceed to find B1 .
1

1 2 2
Here, B  1 3 0  1  3  0   2  1  0   2  2  0   3  2  4  1  0
0 2 1

 B1 exists. Cofactors of B are:

B11  3  0   3, B12    1  0   1, B13   2  0   2,
B21    2  4   2, B22  1  0   1, B23    2  0   2,
B31   0  6   6, B32    0  2   2, B33  3  2   5

8 E
 CBSE

3 1 2   3 2 6 
 adj  B  2 1 2   1 1 2 
6 2 5  2 2 5 

3 2 6  3 2 6 
1 1
 B  adj  B  1 1 2   1 1 2 
1
B 1
2 2 5  2 2 5 

3 2 6   3 1 1 
Now,  AB  B A  1 1 2   15 6 5
1 1 1

2 2 5   5 2 2 

9  30  30 3  12  12 3  10  12   9 3 5 
  3  15  10 1  6  4 1  5  4    2 1 0 
6  30  25 2  12  10 2  10  10   1 0 2 

 1 sin  1 
13. Let A =   sin  1 sin  , where 0  2. Then [Misc. Ex., Q.9]
 1  sin  1 
(A) Det (A) = 0 (B) Det (A)  (2, ) (C) Det (A)  (2, 4) (D) Det (A)  [2, 4]
 1 sin  1 

Sol. Given, A    sin  1 sin  
 1  sin  1 
1 sin  1
 A   sin  1   
sin   1 1  sin 2   sin    sin   sin    1 sin 2   1 
1  sin  1

 |A|  2  2sin 2 
For 0     ,
1  sin   1  0  sin 2   1
  
1  1  sin 2   2  2  2 1  sin 2   4

 det  A 2, 4
Hence, the correct option is (D).
3 x 3 2
14. Find values of x for which  . [Example 5]
x 1 4 1
3 x 3 2
Sol. We have  .
x 1 4 1
i.e. 3 – x2 = 3 – 8
i.e. x2 = 8
Hence x  2 2

E 9
Mathematics

 1 1 2   2 0 1
15. 
Use product 0 2 3  9 2 3 to solve the system of equations
 
 3 2 4   6 1 2 
x  y  2z  1
2y  3z  1 [Example 19]
3x  2y  4z  2
 1 1 2   2 0 1

Sol. Consider the product 0 2 3  9 2 3
 
 3 2 4   6 1 2 
 2  9  12 0  2  2 1  3  4  1 0 0 
=  0  18  18 0  4  3 0  6  6  = 0 1 0 
 
 6  18  24 0  4  4 3  6  8 0 0 1 
1
1 1 2   2 0 1 
0 2 3  9 2 3 
Hence    
 3 2 4   6 1 2 
Now, given system of equations can be written, in matrix form, as follows
1 1 2   x  1 
0 2 3  y   1 
    
 3 2 4   z  2 
1
 x   1 1 2  1   2 0 1  1   2  0  2  0 
 y    0 2 3 1   9 2 3  1   9  2  6   5
or       =    =    
 z   3 2 4  2   6 1 2  2   6  1  4   3 
Hence x = 0, y = 5 and z = 3

10 E
 CBSE

CHAPTER-5 : CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Find all points of discontinuity of f, where f is defined by [Ex.5.1, Q.7]
 x + 3, if x ≤ −3

f(x) = −2x, if − 3 < x < 3
6x + 2, if x ≥ 3

 x + 3 = −x + 3, if x ≤ −3

Sol. The given function f is f ( x ) = −2x, if − 3 < x < 3
6x + 2, if x ≥ 3

Given fn. f(x) may be discontinuous at doubtful point x = −3 and x = 3 and except these two
points f(x) be continuous.
at x =−3, f ( −3 ) =− ( −3 ) + 3 =6
L.H.L = lim − f ( x ) = lim − ( −x + 3 ) =− ( −3 ) + 3 =6
x→ − 3 x →− 3

R.H.L = lim + f ( x ) = lim + ( −2x ) =−2 × ( −3 ) =6

x→ − 3 x→ − 3

∴ lim f ( x =
) f ( −3)
x →−3

Therefore, f is continuous at x = −3
Now at x = 3, the left hand limit of f at x = 3 is,
lim f ( x ) =lim− ( −2x ) =−2 × 3 =−6
x →3 − x →3

The right hand limit of f at x = 3 is,

lim f ( x ) = lim+ ( 6x + 2 ) = (6 × 3) + 2 = 20
x →3 + x →3

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of f at x = 3 do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x = 3
Hence, x = 3 is the only point of discontinuity of f.
2. Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated point. [Ex.5.1, Q.26]
 k cos x π
 π − 2x , if x ≠ 2 π
f(x) = at x
3, π 2
if x =
 2
 k cos x π
 π − 2x , if x ≠
Sol. The given function f ( x ) = 
2
 3 π
, if x =
 2
π
is continuous at x = ,
2

E 1
Mathematics

π
∴ lim =f ( x ) f=
2 3 .....(1)
x→
π
 
2

k cos x
Now, lim f ( x ) = lim
x → π − 2x
π π
x→
2 2

π
Put x= +h
2
π
Then, x → ⇒ h → 0
2
π 
k cos  + h 
lim f ( x ) lim
∴ =
k cos x
= lim 2 =  k lim − sin=
h k sin h k
lim = = .1
k
x→
π
x → π − 2x
π h →0 π  h →0 −2h 2 h →0 h 2 2
2 2 π − 2 + h 
2 
π
∵ lim f ( x ) = f   (From eq. (1))
x→
π
2
2

k
⇒ =3 ⇒ k=6
2
Therefore, the required value of k is 6.
5, if x ≤ 2

3. Find the values of a and b such that the function defined by f(x)= ax + b, if 2 < x < 10 , is a
21, if x ≥ 10

continuous function. [Ex.5.1, Q.30]
 5, if x ≤ 2

Sol. The given function f ( x )= ax + b, if 2 < x < 10 is continuous function.
 21, if x ≥ 10

Since f is continuous at x = 2, we obtain
=
lim f ( x ) lim
= f (x) f (2)
x →2 − +
x →2

⇒ ( 5) lim+ ( ax +=
lim =
x →2 − x →2
b) 5

⇒ 5 = 2a + b = 5
⇒ 2a + b = 5 …..(1)
Since f is continuous at x = 10, we obtain
=
lim f (x) =
lim f ( x ) f (10 )
x →10 − x →10 +

⇒ lim ( ax=
+ b) ( 21) 21
lim=
x →10 − x →10 +

⇒ 10a + b = 21 = 21
⇒ 10a + b = 21 .….(2)
On subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we obtain
8a = 16 ⇒ a = 2

2 E
 CBSE

By putting a = 2 in equation (1), we obtain
2×2+b=5 ⇒ 4+b=5 ⇒ b=1
Therefore, the values of a and b for which f is a continuous function are 2 and 1 respectively.
4. Prove that the function f is given by f(x) = |x – 1|, x ∈ R is not differentiable at x = 1. [Ex.5.2, Q.9]
Sol. The given function is f ( x ) =x − 1 , x ∈ R
It is known that a function f is differentiable at a point x = c in its domain if both
f (c − h ) − f (c) f (c + h ) − f (c)
lim and lim are finite and equal.
h →0 −h h →0 h
To check the differentiability of the given function at x = 1,
consider the left hand derivative of f at x = 1
f (1 − h ) − f (1) 1 − h −1 − 1 −1  h −0 
L.H.D. = lim = lim = lim   = −1
h →0 −h h →0 −h h →0  − h 

Consider the right hand derivative of f at x = 1

f (1 + h ) − f (1)
1 + h −1 − 1 −1  h −0 
R.H.D. = lim = lim
= lim =   1
h →0 h h →0 h h →0  h 

Since the left and right hand derivatives of f at x = 1 are not equal, f is not differentiable at x = 1
dy
5. Find : sin2x + cos2y = 1 [Ex.5.3, Q.8]
dx
Sol. The given relationship is sin 2 x + cos2 y =
1
Differentiating this relationship with respect to x, we obtain
d
dx
(
sin 2 x + cos2 y =
d
dx
)
(1)

⇒
d
dx
(
sin 2 x + )d
dx
(
cos2 y = 0 )
d d
⇒ 2 sin x ⋅ ( sin x ) + 2 cos y ⋅ ( cos y ) = 0
dx dx
dy
⇒ 2 sin x cos x + 2 cos y ( − sin y ) ⋅ = 0
dx
dy
⇒ sin 2x − sin 2y = 0
dx
dy sin 2x
∴ =
dx sin 2y
 2x 
6. w.r.t. 'x' : y cos−1 
Differentiate= 2 
, −1 < x < 1 [Ex.5.3, Q.13]
1+ x 
 2x 
Sol. The given relationship is y = cos−1  2 
1+ x 
Put =
x tan θ
⇒ θ =tan −1 x ..…(1)

E 3
Mathematics

 2 tan θ   2 tan θ 
y = cos−1  =
2 
⇒ y cos−1 ( sin 2θ ) ∵ sin 2θ = 
 1 + tan θ   1 + tan 2 θ 
 π  π
⇒
= y cos−1 cos  − 2θ   ⇒ y = − 2θ
 2  2
π
⇒ y= − 2 tan −1 x (From eq. (1))
2
dy −2
⇒ =
dx 1 + x 2
 1  1
7. Differentiate w.r.t. 'x' : y = sec −1  2 , 0 < x < [Ex.5.3, Q.15]
 2x − 1  2
 1 
Sol. The given relationship is y = sec −1  2 
 2x − 1 
Put =
x cos θ
⇒ θ =cos−1 x ..…(1)
 1  −1  1 
 = sec  cos 2θ  = sec ( sec 2θ ) = 2θ
−1
⇒ y = sec −1 
 2 cos θ − 1   
2

⇒ y = 2 cos−1 x (From eq. (1))

dy −2
∴ =
dx 1 − x2
dy
8. Find , if yx + xy + xx = ab [Example 30]
dx
Sol. Given that yx + xy + xx = ab
Putting u = yx, v = xy and w = xx, we get u + v + w = ab
du dv dw
Therefore + + = 0 …..(1)
dx dx dx
Now, u = yx. Taking logarithm on both sides, we have
log u = x log y
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
1 du d d 1 dy
= · x (log y) + log y= (x) x · + log y ·1
u dx dx dx y dx
du  x dy   x dy 
So, = u + log y  = y x  + log y  …..(2)
dx  y dx   y dx 
y
Also v = x
Taking logarithm on both sides, we have
log v = y log x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
1 dv d dy 1 dy
= · y (log x) + log x= y · + log x ·
v dx dx dx x dx

4 E
 CBSE

dv y dy  y dy 
So, = v  + log x=  x y  + log x  …..(3)
dx x dx  x dx 
x
Again w = x
Taking logarithm on both sides, we have
log w = x log x.
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
1 dw d d 1
= · x (log x) + log x · = (x) x · + log x ·1
w dx dx dx x
dw
i.e. = w(1 + log = x) x x (1 + log x) …..(4)
dx
From (1), (2), (3), (4), we have
 x dy  y dy 
yx  + log y  + x y  + log x  + x x (1 + log x) = 0
 y dx  x dx 
dy
or (x.y x −1 + x y .log x) = −x x (1 + log x) − y.x y −1 − y x log y
dx
dy −[y x log y + y.x y −1 + x x (1 + log x)]
Therefore; =
dx x.y x −1 + x y log x
x  1
 1  1+ 
9. Differentiate function w.r.t. 'x' :  x +  + x  x  [Ex.5.5, Q.6]
 x
x  1
 1  1+ 
Sol. Let y = x +  + x  x 
 x
x  1
 1  1+ 
Also, let u =
 x + x  and v =
x x 
 
∴ y= u + v
dy du dv
⇒ = + …(1)
dx dx dx
x
 1
=
u x + 
 x
Taking logarithm on both the sides
x
 1  1
⇒ = log u log  x +  ⇒= log u x log  x + 
 x  x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
d  1 
( x ) × log  x +  + x ×  log  x +  
1 du d 1
⋅=
u dx dx  x dx   x 
1 du  1 1 d  1
⇒ =1 × log  x +  + x × ⋅ x + 
u dx  x  1  dx  x
x + x 
 

E 5
Mathematics

 
du   1 x  1 
⇒ = u  log  x +  + × 1 − 2 
  x  1 x 
x+  
dx
  
 x 
  1 
 x  x − 
du  1  1
=  x +   log  x +  + 
x
⇒ 
dx  x   x  1 
 x + x 
 
1   1  x2 − 1 
x
du 
⇒ =  x +   log  x +  + 2 
dx  x   x  x + 1

1   x2 − 1 1 
x
du  
⇒ =+
 x   2 + log  x +   ..…(2)
dx  x   x +1  x 
 1
 1+ 
v=x  x

Taking logarithm on both the sides

 1+ 1    1
⇒ log v = log  x  x   ⇒ log v =+
 1 x  log x
   
Differentiating both the sides with respect to x, we obtain
1 dv  d  1    1 d
⋅ =   1 +   × log x +  1 +  ⋅ (log x)
v dx  dx  x    x  dx
1 dv  1   1 1
⇒ = − 2  log x +  1 +  ⋅
v dx  x   x x
1 dv log x 1 1
⇒ =− 2 + + 2
v dx x x x
dv  − log x + x + 1 
⇒ =v 
dx  x2 
 1
dv  1+   x + 1 − log x 
⇒ = x x    ..…(3)
dx  x2 
Therefore, from (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
 1
1   x2 − 1 1   1+   x + 1 − log x 
x
dy  
= x +   2 + log  x +   + x  x   
dx  x   x +1  x   x2 

6 E
 CBSE

10. Differentiate function w.r.t. 'x' : xsin x + (sin x)cos x [Ex.5.5, Q.9]
y x sin x + ( sin x )
cos x
=
Sol. Let

( sin x )
cos x
=
Also, let u x=
sin x
and v
⇒ y= u + v
dy du dv
⇒ = + ..…(1)
dx dx dx
u = x sin x
Taking logarithm on both the sides
⇒ (
log u = log x sin x )
⇒ log u = sin x log x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
1 du d d
= ( sin x ) ⋅ log x + sin x ⋅ ( log x )
u dx dx dx
du  1
⇒ = u cos x log x + sin x ⋅ 
dx  x
du  sin x 
⇒
= x sin x cos x log x + …(2)
dx  x 

v = ( sin x )
cos x

Taking logarithm on both the sides

log v = log ( sin x )
cos x
⇒

⇒ log v = cos x log ( sin x )

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
1 dv d d
= ( cos x ) × log ( sin x ) + cos x ×  log ( sin x )
v dx dx dx
dv  1 d 
⇒ v  − sin x.log ( sin x ) + cos x.
= ⋅ ( sin x ) 
dx  sin x dx 

( sin x )  − sin x log sin x + 

dv cos x cos x
⇒ = cos x 
dx  sin x 
dv
⇒ =
(sin x)cos x [ − sin x log sin x + cot x cos x]
dx
dv
=⇒
dx
( sin x )
cos x
[cot x cos x − sin x log sin x ] …(3)

From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

dy  sin x 
+ ( sin x ) [ cos x cot x − sin x log sin x ]
cos x
= x sin x  cos x log x + 
dx  x 

E 7
Mathematics

dy y
11. Find : x + yx = 1 [Ex.5.5, Q.12]
dx
Sol. The given function is x y + y x =
1
=
Let x y u=
and y x v
Then, the function becomes u + v = 1
du dv
∴ + =0 ..…(1)
dx dx
u = xy
Taking logarithm on both the sides
⇒ log u = log x y ( ) ⇒ log u =
y log x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
1 du dy d
= log x + y ⋅ ( log x )
u dx dx dx
du  dy 1 du  dy y 
⇒= u  log x + y ⋅  =
⇒ x y  log x +  ..…(2)
dx  dx x dx  dx x 
v = yx
Taking logarithm on both the sides
⇒ log v = log y x ( ) ⇒ log v =
x log y
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
1 dv d d
⋅ = log y ⋅ ( x ) + x ⋅ ( log y )
v dx dx dx
dv  1 dy  dv  x dy 
⇒ = v  log y ⋅ 1 + x ⋅ ⋅  ⇒= y x  log y +  ..…(3)
dx  y dx  dx  y dx 
From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
 dy y   x dy 
x y  log x +  + y x  log y + =0
 dx x   y dx 

⇒ (x y
log x + xy x −1 ) dy
dx
− ( yx
= y −1
+ y x log y )
dy yx y −1 + y x log y
∴ = − y
dx x log x + xy x −1
dy
12. Find : xy = e(x – y) [Ex.5.5, Q.15]
dx
Sol. The given function is xy = e(
x −y )

Taking logarithm on both the sides

(
log ( xy ) = log e x − y ) ( x − y ) log e
⇒ log x + log y =

⇒ log x + log y = ( x − y ) × 1 ⇒ log x + log y =

x−y

8 E
 CBSE

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
d d d dy
( log x ) + ( log y ) = ( x ) −
dx dx dx dx
1 1 dy dy  1  dy 1
⇒ + =
1− ⇒ 1 +  =
1−
x y dx dx  y  dx x

 y + 1  dy x − 1 dy y ( x − 1)
⇒   = ⇒ =
 y  dx x dx x ( y + 1)
13. If x and y are connected parametrically by the given equations, without eliminating the parameter,
dy
Find . x = a (θ – sin θ), y = a (1 + cos θ) [Ex.5.6, Q.6]
dx
Sol. The given equations are x= a ( θ − sin θ ) and y= a (1 + cos θ )

dx d d 
Then, = a  ( θ ) − ( sin θ ) =
 a (1 − cos θ )
dθ  dθ dθ 
dy d d  
and =a  (1) + ( cos θ )  =a 0 + ( − sin θ )   =−a sin θ
dθ  dθ dθ  
 dy  θ θ θ
−2 sin cos − cos
dy  dθ  −a sin θ 2 2= 2 = − cot θ
∴ = = =
dx  dx  a (1 − cos θ ) 2 sin 2
θ
sin
θ 2
 dθ 
  2 2
14. If x and y are connected parametrically by the given equations, without eliminating the parameter,
dy  t
Find .x =
a  cos t + log tan  , y =
a sin t [Ex.5.6, Q.8]
dx  2
 t
Sol. The given equations are x =
a  cos t + log tan  and y =
a sin t
 2
dx d d t 
Then, a ⋅  ( cos t ) +  log tan  
=
dt  dt dt  2 

 
 1 d t   t t d  t 
=a  − sin t + ⋅  tan   =a  − sin t + cot ⋅ sec 2 ⋅   
tan dt  2  2 dt  2  
t  2

 2 
 t   
 cos   
=a  − sin t + 2 × 1 × 1 =a − sin t + 1
t t 2   t t
 sin cos2   2 sin cos 
 2 2   2 2
 1   − sin 2 t + 1   cos2 t 
=a  − sin t + =   =  
sin t 
a a
  sin t   sin t 

E 9
Mathematics

dy d
=
and a= ( sin t ) a cos t
dt dt
 dy 
dy  dt 
∴ = =
a cos t sin t
= = tan t
dx  dx    cos2 t   cos t
 dt   a  
    sin t  
15. If x and y are connected parametrically by the given equations, without eliminating the parameter,
dy
Find , if x = a (cosθ + θ sinθ), y = a(sinθ – θ cosθ) [Ex.5.6, Q.10]
dx
=
Sol. The given equations are x a ( cos θ + θ sin θ ) and
= y a ( sin θ − θ cos θ )
dx d d   d d 
Then, = a  (cos θ) + ( θ sin θ ) = a  − sin θ + θ ( sin θ ) + sin θ ( θ ) 
dθ  dθ dθ   dθ dθ 
= a ( − sin θ + θ cos θ + sin θ ) = aθ cos θ
dy d d    d d 
and = a  ( sin θ ) − ( θ cos =
θ )  a cos θ − θ ( cos θ ) + cos θ ⋅ ( θ ) 
dθ  dθ dθ    dθ dθ  
= a [ cos θ + θ sin θ − cos θ] =θ
a sin θ
 dy 
dy  dθ  aθ sin θ
∴ = = = tan θ
dx  dx  aθ cos θ
 dθ 
 
−1 −1 dy y
=
16. If x =
a sin t , y a cos t
, show that = − [Ex.5.6, Q.11]
dx x
−1 −1
=
Sol. The given equations are x =
a sin t and y a cos t

(= ) and y ( a )
1 1
sin −1 t 2 cos−1 t 2
⇒
= x a
1 1
sin −1 t cos−1 t
⇒
= x a=
2 and y a 2
1
sin −1 t
Consider x = a 2
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain
1
log x = sin −1 t log a
2

∴
1 dx 1
⋅ =
x dt 2
log a ⋅
d
dt
sin −1 t ( )
dx x 1 dx x log a
⇒ = log a ⋅ ⇒ = …..(1)
dt 2 1 − t2 dt 2 1 − t 2
1
cos−1 t
Then, consider y = a2

10 E
 CBSE

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain
1
log y = cos−1 t log a
2

∴
1 dy 1
⋅ =
y dt 2
log a ⋅
d
dt
(
cos−1 t )
dy y log a  −1 
⇒ = ⋅ 

dt 2  1− t 
2

dy −y log a
⇒ = …..(2)
dt 2 1 − t 2

 dy   −y log a 

dy  dt   2 1 − t 2  = −y.
∴ = = [from (1), (2)]
dx  dx   x log a  x
 dt   
   2 1 − t2 
Hence, proved.
d2y dy
17. If y = sin–1x, show that (1 − x 2 ) 2
−x =
0 [Example 38]
dx dx
Sol. We have y = sin–1 x. Then
dy 1
=
dx (1 − x 2 )
dy
or (1 − x 2 ) = 1
dx
d  dy 
So  (1 − x 2 ) ·  = 0
dx  dx 
d2y dy d
or (1 − x 2 ) 2
+ (1 − x 2 ) = 0
dx dx dx
d2y dy (−2x)
or (1 − x 2 ) 2
+ =0
dx dx 2 (1 − x 2 )

d2y dy
Hence (1 − x ) 2 − x
2
= 0
dx dx
Alternatively, Given that y = sin–1 x, we have
1
y1 = , i.e. (1 − x 2 )y12 =
1
1− x 2

So, (1 − x 2 ) ·2y1y 2 + y12 (0 − 2x) =

0
Hence (1 − x 2 ) ·y 2 − xy1 =
0

E 11
Mathematics

d2y
18. If y = cos–1x, Find in terms of y alone. [Ex.5.7, Q.12]
dx 2
Sol. It is given that,
y = cos−1 x ⇒ x =cos y
dy 1 1
⇒ =
− =
− =
− cosec y ..…(i)
dx 1 − x2 1 − cos2 y
d2y dy
2
= cos ecy coty = − cos ec 2 y cot y (Using (i))
dx dx
Alternate Method:
It is given that, y = cos−1 x
−1
−1
Then,
dy d
(
= cos−1 x = =)− 1 − x2 2 ( )
dx dx 1− x 2

Again differentiating with respect to x on both the sides

d2y d  
−1 −3
= (
− 1 − x
2
) 2  1
 =−  −  ⋅ 1 − x
2
( ) 2
d
⋅ =( )
1 − x2
1
× ( −2x )
 2
( )
2
dx dx   dx 3
2 1− x 2

d2y −x
⇒ = ..…(i)
dx 2
(1 − x )
3
2

=y cos−1 x ⇒
= x cos y
Putting x = cos y in equation (i), we obtain
d2y − cos y
=
dx 2
(1 − cos y )
3
2

d2y − cos y − cos y − cos y 1

⇒ = = = × 2
dx 2
(sin y )
3
2
3 sin y sin y sin y

d2y
⇒ 2
= − cot y ⋅ cosec 2 y
dx
19. If y = 3 cos (log x) + 4 sin (log x), show that x2y2 + xy1 + y = 0 [Ex.5.7, Q.13]
=
Sol. It is given that, y 3cos ( log x ) + 4 sin ( log x ) ..…(i)
Then,
d d
y1 = 3 ⋅ cos ( log x )  + 4 ⋅ sin ( log x ) 
dx dx
 d   d 
= 3 ⋅  − sin ( log x ) ⋅ ( log x )  + 4 ⋅ cos ( log x ) ⋅ ( log x ) 
 dx   dx 
−3sin ( log x ) 4 cos ( log x ) 4 cos ( log x ) − 3sin ( log x )
∴ y1 = + =
x x x
=
⇒ xy1 4 cos ( l o g x ) − 3sin ( log x )

12 E
 CBSE

Again differentiating with respect to x on both the sides
d ( y1 ) d (x)
4 ( − sin ( l o g x ) )
d d
x + y1 = ( log x ) − 3cos ( l o g x ) ( log x )
dx dx dx dx
−4 sin ( l o g x ) 3cos ( log x )
⇒ =
xy 2 + y1 −
x x
⇒ − ( 4 sin ( log x ) + 3cos ( log x ) )
x 2 y 2 + xy1 =

⇒ x 2 y 2 + xy1 =
−y or x 2 y 2 + xy1 + y =0 [From eq. (i)]
Hence, proved.
d2y dy
mx
20. If y = Ae + Be , show that nx
2
− (m + n) + mny = 0 [Ex.5.7, Q.14]
dx dx
Sol. It is given that, y = Aemx + Benx
Then,
dy
dx
= A⋅
d mx
dx
e ( )
+ B⋅
d nx
dx
( )
d
dx
d
e = A ⋅ e mx ⋅ ( mx ) + B ⋅ e nx ⋅ ( nx ) = Ame mx + Bne nx
dx
Again differentiating with respect to x on both the sides

⇒
d2y d
dx 2
=
dx
(
Ame mx + Bne nx = Am ⋅
d mx
dx
e + Bn ⋅ )
d nx
dx
e ( ) ( )
d d
= Am ⋅ e mx ⋅ ( mx ) + Bn ⋅ e nx ⋅ ( nx ) = Am 2 e mx + Bn 2e nx
dx dx
d2y dy
∴ 2
− ( m + n ) + mny
dx dx

(
= Am 2 e mx + Bn 2 e nx − ( m + n ) ⋅ Ame mx + Bne nx + mn Ae mx + Be nx ) ( )
= Am 2 e mx + Bn 2 e nx − Am 2 e mx − Bmne nx − Amne mx − Bn 2 e nx + Amne mx + Bmne nx
=0
Hence, proved.
2
d 2 y  dy 
21. y
If e (x + 1) = 1, show that =  [Ex.5.7, Q.16]
dx 2  dx 
Sol. The given relationship is e y ( x + 1) =
1
1
⇒ ey =
x +1
Taking logarithm on both the sides
1
y = log
( x + 1)
Differentiating this relationship with respect to x
dy d  1  −1 −1
= ( x + 1)   = ( x + 1) ⋅ =
dx  x + 1  ( x + 1) x + 1
2
dx

E 13
Mathematics

Again differentiating with respect to x on both the sides
d2y d  1   −1  1
⇒ =
−   =
−  =
dx 2
dx  x + 1   ( x + 1)  ( x + 1) 2
2
 
2
d 2 y  −1 
⇒ = 
dx 2  x + 1 
2
d 2 y  dy 
⇒ = 
dx 2  dx 
Hence, proved.
22. If y = (tan–1x)2, show that (x2 + 1)2 y2 + 2x (x2 + 1) y1 = 2 [Ex.5.7, Q.17]

( )
2
Sol. The given relationship is y = tan −1 x

Then, y1 = 2 tan −1 x
d
dx
(
tan −1 x )
⇒= y1 2 tan −1 x ⋅
1
1+ x 2
⇒ 1 + x 2 y1 = ( )
2 tan −1 x

Again differentiating with respect to x on both the sides

( )  1 
( ) ( )
2
1 + x 2 y 2 + 2xy1 = 2  ⇒ 1 + x 2
y 2 + 2x 1 + x 2 y1 =
2
1+ x 
2

Hence, proved.
23. Differentiate the following w.r.t. 'x' [Example 40]
 sin x   2  x +1
(i) cos−1 (sin x) (ii) tan −1   (iii) sin −1  x 
 1 + cos x  1+ 4 
Sol. (i) Let f(x) = cos –1 (sin x). Observe that this function is defined for all real numbers.
We may rewrite this function as
 π  π
f(x) = cos–1 (sin x) = cos−1 cos  − x   = − x
 2  2
Thus, f'(x) = –1
 sin x 
(ii) Let f(x) = tan −1   . Observe that this function is defined for all real numbers,
 1 + cos x 
where cos x ≠ – 1; i.e., at all odd multiples of π. We may rewrite this function as
 x  x 
 2 sin   cos   
 sin x 
f(x) = tan −1  = tan −1  2  2   = tan −1  tan  x   = x
   2  2
 1 + cos x   2 cos2
x    
 2 

x
Observe that we could cancel cos   in both numerator and denominator as it is not equal
2
1
to zero. Thus f'(x) = .
2

14 E
 CBSE

 2 x +1 
(iii) Let f(x) = sin −1   . To find the domain of this function we need to find all x such that
1+ 4
x

2 x +1
−1 ≤ ≤ 1 . Since the quantity in the middle is always positive, we need to find all x
1 + 4x
2 x +1 1
such that = 1, i.e., all x such that 2x + 1 ≤ 1 + 4x. We may rewrite this as 2 ≤ x + 2 x
1+ 4 x
2
which is true for all x. Hence the function is defined at every real number. By putting
2x = tanθ, this function may be rewritten as
 x 
 2 x +1 
−1 −1  2× 2 
f(x) = sin  x
= sin
 2
 1 + 4  1 + 2 
x
( )
 2 tan θ 
= sin −1  = 2 
sin −1 [sin 2θ] = 2θ = 2tan–1(2x)
1 + tan θ 
 
Thus, f ′(x) = 2  1  d (2 x )
 
( )
2
 1 + 2 x  dx
 
2
= (2 x ) log 2
1+ 4 x

2 x +1 log 2
⇒ f ′(x) =
1 + 4x
1 a
dy t+  1
24. For a positive constant a, find , where y= a t , and x=  t +  [Example 42]
dx  t
Sol. Observe that both y and x are defined for all real t ≠ 0. Clearly
dy d  t + t 
1 1 1
t+ d  1 t+  1
= a = a t
 t +  · log a = a t  1 − 2  · log a

dt dt   dt  t   t 

a −1 a −1
dx  1 d  1  1  1
Similarly, = a t +  ·  t +  = a t +  · 1 − 2 
dt  t dt  t   t  t 
dx
≠ 0 only if t ≠ ±1.
dt
dy
dy dt
Thus, for t ≠ ±1, we have : =
dx dx
dt
1
 t+ 1
a 1 − 2  log a
t t+
1

⇒
dy
==  t  =
a t · log a
a −1 a −1
dx  1  1  1
a t +  1 − 2  a t + 
 t  t   t

E 15
Mathematics

 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x  π
25. Differentiate w.r.t. 'x' : cot −1  , 0 < x < [Misc.Ex.,Q.6]
 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x  2
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x 
Sol. Let y = cot −1   ...(1)
 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x 

( )
2
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x  1 + sin x + 1 − sin x
Then,  =
 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x  ( 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x )( 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x )
(1 + sin x) + (1 − sin x) + 2 (1 − sin x)(1 + sin x)
=
(1 + sin x) − (1 − sin x)
x
2 cos2
2 + 2 1 − sin x 1 + cos x
2
x 2
= = = = cot
2 sin x sin x x x 2
2 sin cos
2 2
Therefore, equation (1) becomes
 x x
y = cot −1  cot  ⇒ y =
 2 2
dy 1  d  dy 1
∴ =  (x)  ⇒ =
dx 2  dx  dx 2
26. Differentiate w.r.t. 'x' : xx + xa + ax + aa, for some fixed a > 0 and x > 0 [Misc.Ex., Q.10]
x a x a
Sol. Let y = x + x + a + a
Also, let xx = u, xa = v, ax = w, and aa = s
∴ y=u+v+w+s
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
dy du dv dw ds
⇒ = + + + ………(1)
dx dx dx dx dx
u = xx
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain
⇒ log u = log x x ⇒ log u = x log x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
1 du d d
⇒ = log x ⋅ (x) + x ⋅ (log x)
u dx dx dx
du  1 du
⇒ = u  log x ⋅ 1 + x ⋅  ⇒ = x x [log x + 1]= x x (1 + log x) ……(2)
dx  x dx
v = xa
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
dv d a dv
∴ = (x ) ⇒ = ax a −1 ……(3)
dx dx dx
x
w=a

16 E
 CBSE

dw
⇒ = a x log a …..(4)
dx
s = aa
Since a is constant, aa is also a constant.
ds
∴ =0 …..(5)
dx
From (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5), we obtain
dy
=x x (1 + log x) + ax a −1 + a x log a + 0 = x x (1 + log x) + ax a −1 + a x log a
dx
dy
27. Find , if y = sin–1x + sin −1 1 − x 2 , 0 < x < 1 [Misc.Ex.,Q.13]
dx
Sol. It is given that, y = sin–1x + sin −1 1 − x 2
dy d  −1
∴ = sin x + sin −1 1 − x 2 
dx dx 
 

⇒
dy d
= (sin −1 x) +
dx dx
d
dx (
sin −1 1 − x 2 )
⇒
dy
=
1
+
1
⋅
d
( 1− x ) 2
dx 1 − x2
( )
2 dx
1 − 1 − x2

dy 1 1 1 d
⇒ = + ⋅ ⋅ (1 − x 2 )
dx 1− x x 2 1 − x dx
2 2

dy 1 1 dy 1 1
⇒ = + (−2x) =
⇒ −
dx 1 − x 2 2x 1 − x 2 dx 1 − x2 1 − x2
dy
∴ =0
dx
dy 1
28. If x 1 + y + y 1 + x =0 , for –1 < x < 1, prove that = − [Misc.Ex., Q.14]
dx (1 + x)2
Sol. It is given that, x 1 + y + y 1 + x =0 ⇒ x 1+ y =−y 1 + x
Squaring both sides, we obtain
x2(1 + y) = y2(1 + x)
⇒ x2 + x2y = y2 + xy2 ⇒ x2 – y2 = xy2 – x2y
⇒ x2 – y2 = xy(y – x) ⇒ (x + y)(x – y) = xy(y – x)
⇒ (x – y) [x + y + xy] = 0
−x
∴ x + y = – xy ⇒ (1 + x) y = – x ⇒ y = [∵ x ≠ y]
(1 + x)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
d d
(1 + x) (x) − x (1 + x)
dy dx dx (1 + x) − x 1
= − = − =
−
dx (1 + x) 2
(1 + x) 2
(1 + x)2
Hence, proved.
E 17
Mathematics

3
  dy 2  2
1 +   
  dx  
29. If (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = c2, for some c > 0. Prove that  is a constant independent of
d2y
dx 2
'a' and 'b'. [Misc.Ex., Q.15]
Sol. It is given that, (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = c2
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
d d d 2
(x − a)2  + (y − b)2  = (c )
dx   dx   dx
d d
⇒ 2(x − a) ⋅ (x − a) + 2(y − b) ⋅ (y − b) = 0
dx dx
dy
⇒ 2(x − a) ⋅ 1 + 2(y − b) ⋅ =0
dx
dy −(x − a)
⇒ = …… (1)
dx (y − b)
 d d 
d y d  −(x − a) 
2  (y − b) ⋅ dx (x − a) − (x − a) ⋅ dx (y − b) 
∴ =  = − 
dx 2 dx  (y − b)   (y − b)2 
 
 dy 
 (y − b) − (x − a) ⋅ dx 
= − 
 (y − b)2 
 
  −(x − a)  
 (y − b) − (x − a) ⋅  
  y − b 
= − [Using (1)]
 (y − b)2 
 
 
 (y − b) + (x − a) 
2 2
= − 
 (y − b)3 
3 3 3
  dy 2  2  (x − a)2  2  (y − b)2 + (x − a)2  2
1 +    1 +   
  dx    (y − b)2   (y − b)2 
∴ = =
d2y  (y − b)2 + (x − a)2   (y − b)2 + (x − a)2 
−  − 
dx 2  (y − b)3   (y − b)3 
3
 c2  2 c3
 
 (y − b)2  (y − b)3
= =
c2 c2
− −
(y − b)3 (y − b)3
= – c, which is constant and is independent of a and b
Hence, proved.

18 E
 CBSE

dy cos2 (a + y)
30. If cos y = x cos (a + y), with cos a ≠ ±1, prove that = [Misc.Ex., Q.16]
dx sin a
cos y x cos ( a + y )
Sol. =
cos y
⇒ x=
cos ( a + y )
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
d d
cos ( a + y ) (cos y) − cos y (cos(a + y))
dx dy dy
=
dy cos ( a + y )
2

dx − cos ( a + y ) sin y + cos y sin ( a + y ) dx sin ( a + y − y ) sin a

⇒ = = ⇒ =
dy cos2 ( a + y ) dy cos2 ( a + y ) cos2 ( a + y )

dy cos ( a + y )
2
⇒ =
dx sin a
d2y
31. If x = a(cost + t sint) and y = a (sint – t cost), find . [Misc.Ex., Q.17]
dx 2
=
Sol. It is given that, x a(cos t + t sin t) and
= y a(sin t − t cos t)
dx d
∴ =
a ⋅ (cos t + t sin t)
dt dt
 d d 
=a  − sin t + sin t ⋅ (t) + t ⋅ (sin t) 
 dt dt 
=a [ − sin t + sin t + t cos t ] =at cos t …..(1)
dy d
and =
a ⋅ (sin t − t cos t)
dt dt
  d d 
= a cos t − cos t ⋅ (t) + t ⋅ (cos t) 
  dt dt 
= a [ cos t − {cos t − t sin t}] =
at sin t …..(2)
 dy 
dy  dt  at sin t
∴ = = = tan t [from (1), (2)]
dx  dx  at cos t
 dt 
 
d 2 y d  dy  d dt
Then, =  =  =
(tan t) sec 2 t ⋅
dx 2
dx  dx  dx dx
1  dx dt 1 
= sec 2 t ⋅  dt= at cos t ⇒ dx
=
at cos t  at cos t 
sec3 t π
= ,0<t<
at 2

E 19
Mathematics

−1 d2y dy
32. If y = e a cos x
, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 , show that (1 – x2) 2
− x − a2y =
0 [Misc.Ex., Q.22]
dx dx
−1
Sol. It is given that, y = e a cos x

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

log y = a cos–1 x log e
log y = a cos–1 x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
1 dy −1 dy −ay
= a× ⇒ =
y dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
By squaring both the sides, we obtain
2 2
 dy  a2y2  dy 
⇒   = ⇒ (1 − x 2 )   = a2y2
 
dx 1 − x 2
 
dx
Again differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
d  dy  
2 2
 dy  d d 2
 dx  dx (1 − x 2
) + (1 − x 2
) ×    = a2 (y )
  dx  dx   dx
2
 dy 
⇒  dx 
 
( −2x) + 1 − x 2
×(2
dy d 2 y
dx dx
)
⋅ 2 = a 2 ⋅ 2y ⋅
dy
dx
dy d2y  dy 
⇒ −x + (1 − x 2 ) 2 = a 2 ⋅ y  dx ≠ 0 
dx dx  

⇒ ( d2y
1 − x2
dx 2 )
dy
− x − a2y =
dx
0

Hence, proved.

20 E
 CBSE

CHAPTER-6 : APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the width y is increasing
at the rate of 4 cm/minute. When x = 8cm and y = 6cm, find the rates of change of (a) the
perimeter, and (b) the area of the rectangle. [Ex.6.1, Q.7]
Sol. Since the length (x) is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the width (y) is increasing at the
rate of 4 cm/minute, we have:
dx dy
 5cm / min and  4cm / min
dt dt
(a) The perimeter (P) of a rectangle is given by, P = 2 (x + y)
dP  dx dy 
   2     2(5  4)  2cm / min
dt  dt dt 
Hence, the perimeter is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/min.
(b) The area (A) of a rectangle is given by, A = x × y
dA dx dy
   y  x  5y  4x
dt dt dt
dA
When x = 8 cm and y = 6 cm,  (5  6  4  8) cm 2 / min  2 cm 2 / min
dt
Hence, the area of the rectangle is increasing at the rate of 2 cm2/min.
2. A balloon, which always remains spherical has a variable radius. Find the rate at which its
volume is increasing with the radius when the later is 10 cm. [Ex.6.1, Q.9]
4
Sol. The volume of a sphere (V) with radius (r) is given by V  r 3 .
3
Rate of change of volume (V) with respect to its radius (r) is given by,
dV d  4 3  4
 r   (3r 2 )  4r 2
dr dr  3  3
Therefore when radius = 10 cm,
dV
 4 (10) 2  400 
dr
Hence, the volume of the balloon is increasing at the rate of 400 cm3/cm.
3. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground,
away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the
foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall? [Ex.6.1, Q.10]
Sol. Let y m be the height of the wall at which the ladder touches. Also, let the foot of the ladder be x
m away from the wall.
Then, by Pythagoras theorem, we have:
x2 + y2 = 25 [Length of the ladder = 5 m]
 y  25  x2

E 1
Mathematics

Then, the rate of change of height (y) with respect to time (t) is given by
dy x dx
 
dt 25  x dt
2

dx
It is given that 2 cm s  0.02 m s
dt
dy 0.02 x
  
dt 25  x 2
Now when x = 4 m, we have :
dy 0.02  4 0.08
  m s
dt 25  42 3
8
Hence, the height of the ladder on the wall is decreasing at the rate of cm / s .
3
4. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/s. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground
in such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is
the height of the sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm? [Ex.6.1, Q.14]
1
Sol. The volume of a cone (V) with radius (r) and height (h) is given by, V  r 2 h
3
It is given that,
1
h  r  r  6h
6
1
 V  (6h) 2 h  12 h 3
3
The rate of change of volume with respect to time (t) is given by,
dV d dh
 12  (h 3 )  [By Chain rule]
dt dh dt
dh dh
 12 (3h 2 )  36 h 2
dt dt
dV
It is also given that  12cm 3 / s
dt
Therefore, when h = 4 cm, we have:
dh dh 12 1
12  36 (4) 2   
dt dt 36(16) 48
1
Hence, when the height of the sand cone is 4 cm, its height is increasing at the rate of cm / s .
48
5. Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly increasing or decreasing:
(a) 6 – 9x – x2 [Ex.6.2, Q.6(d)]
3 3
(b) (x + 1) (x – 3) [Ex.6.2, Q.6(e)]
Sol. (a) We have,
f(x) = 6 – 9x – x2
 f'(x) = – 9 – 2x
9
Now, f '(x) = 0 gives x = 
2

2 E
 CBSE

9  9
The point x =  divides the real line into two disjoint intervals i.e.,  ,   and
2  2
 9 
 2 , .
 
 9 9
In interval  ,   i.e., for x <  , f '(x) = – 9 – 2x > 0.
 2 2
9
∴ f is strictly increasing for x <  .
2
 9  9
In interval   ,   i.e., for x >  , f '(x) = – 9 – 2x < 0.
 2  2
9
∴ f is strictly decreasing for x >  .
2
(b) We have,
f(x) = (x + 1)3 (x − 3)3
f'(x) = 3(x + 1)2 (x – 3)3 + 3(x – 3)2 (x + 1)3
= 3(x + 1)2 (x – 3)2 [x – 3 + x + 1]
= 3(x + 1)2 (x– 3)2 (2x –2)
= 6(x + 1)2 (x – 3)2 (x – 1)
Now, f'(x) = 0  x = – 1, 3, 1
The points x = −1, x = 1, and x = 3 divide the real line into four disjoint intervals i.e.,
(–, –1), (−1, 1), (1, 3), and (3, ).
– 
–1 1 3
In intervals (–, –1) and (−1, 1), f'(x) = 6(x + 1)2 (x – 3)2 (x – 1) < 0.
  f is strictly decreasing in intervals (– , –1) and (−1, 1).
In intervals (1, 3) and (3, ), f '(x) = 6(x + 1)2 (x – 3)2 (x – 1) > 0.
∴ f is strictly increasing in intervals (1, 3) and (3, )
2x
6. Show that y = log (1 + x) – , x > – 1, is an increasing function of x throughout its
2x
domain. [Ex.6.2, Q.7]
Sol. We have,
2x
y  log(1  x) 
2x
dy 1 (2  x)(2)  2x(1) 1 4 x2
     
dx 1  x (2  x)2 1  x (2  x) 2 (1  x) (2  x) 2
dy x2
Now,  0  0
dx (1  x)(2  x) 2
 x2 = 0 [(2 + x)  0 as x > – 1 and (1 + x)  0]
 x=0

E 3
Mathematics

Since x > −1, point x = 0 divides the domain (−1, ∞ ) in two disjoint intervals
i.e., −1 < x < 0 and x > 0.
When −1 < x < 0, we have:
x < 0  x2 > 0
x > – 1  (2 + x) > 0  (2 + x)2 > 0 and 1 + x > 0
x2
 y  0
(1  x)(2  x)2
Also, when x > 0:
x > 0  x2 > 0, (2 + x)2 > 0 and 1 + x > 0
x2
 y  0
(1  x) (2  x)2
Hence, function f is increasing throughout its domain.
7. Find the values of x for which y = [x(x – 2)]2 is an increasing function. [Ex.6.2, Q.8]
Sol. We have,
y = [x(x – 2)]2 = [x2 – 2x]2
dy
 = y' = 2(x2 – 2x)(2x –2) = 4x(x – 2)(x – 1)
dx
dy
 = 0  x = 0, x = 2, x = 1
dx
The points x = 0, x = 1, and x = 2 divide the real line into four disjoint intervals
i.e., (–, 0), (0, 1) (1, 2) and (2, )
dy
In intervals (–, 0) and (1, 2), <0
dx
 y is strictly decreasing in intervals (–, 0) and (1, 2).
dy
However, in intervals (0, 1) and (2, ∞ ), >0
dx
 y is strictly increasing in intervals (0, 1) and (2, ∞ ).
 y is strictly increasing for 0 < x < 1 and x > 2.
4sin   
8. Prove that y    is an increasing function of θ in  0, 2  . [Ex.6.2,Q.9]
(2  cos)  
Sol. We have,
4sin 
y 
(2  cos)
dy (2  cos)(4 cos )  4sin ( sin )
   1
d (2  cos)2
8cos  4 cos2   4 sin 2 
 1
(2  cos)2
8cos  4
 1 ..... (1)
(2  cos)2

4 E
 CBSE

dy
Now, 0
d
8cos  4
 1
(2  cos)2
 8cos + 4 = 4 + cos2 + 4 cos 
 cos2 – 4 cos  = 0
 cos (cos – 4) = 0
 cos  = 0 or cos  = 4
since cos  4, cos  = 0

cos  = 0  =
2
dy 8cos  4  (4  cos2   4 cos )
Now,  [from (1)]
d (2  cos)2
4cos  cos 2  cos(4  cos )
= =
(2  cos) 2
(2  cos) 2
 
In interval  0,  , we have cos  > 0. Also, 4 > cos  ⇒ 4 – cos  > 0.
 2
 cos(4 – cos) > 0 and also (2 + cos)2 > 0
cos (4  cos )
 0
(2  cos )2
dy
 0
d
 
Therefore, y is strictly increasing in interval  0,  .
 2

Also, the given function is continuous at x = 0 and x 
2
 
Hence, y is increasing in interval  0, 
 2
 
9. Find intervals in which the function given by f (x) = sin 3x, x  0,  is [Example 12]
 2
(a) increasing (b) decreasing.
Sol. We have
f(x) = sin 3x
or f'(x) = 3cos 3x
 3
Therefore, f'(x) = 0 gives cos 3x = 0 which in turn gives 3x  ,
2 2
    3  
 as x  0,  implies 3x  0,  
  2  2 

E 5
Mathematics

      
So, x  and . The point x  divides the interval  0, 2  into two disjoint intervals 0, 6 
6 2 6    
 
and  ,  .  
6 2 0
6 2
   
Now, f'(x)  0 for all x  0,  as 0  x   0  3x 
 6 6 2
     3
and f (x)  0 for all x   ,  as  x    3x  .
6 2 6 2 2 2
   
Therefore, f is increasing in  0,  and decreasing in 6 , .
 6  2 
10. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = sin x + cos x, 0  x  2 is strictly
increasing or strictly decreasing. [Example 13]
Sol. We have,
f(x) = sin x + cos x
or f'(x) = cos x – sin x
 5
Now f'(x) = 0 gives sin x = cos x which gives x  , as 0  x  2.
4 4
 5
The points x  and x  divide the interval [0, 2] into three disjoint intervals, namely,
4 4
    5   5 
0, 4  ,  4 , 4  and  4 , 2 .
      0   
4 4
    5 
Note that f'(x) > 0 if 0,    , 2
 4  4 
   5 
or f is strictly increasing in the intervals 0,  and  , 2 .
 4  4 
  5 
Also, f'(x) < 0 if x   ,  .
4 4 
  5 
or f is strictly decreasing in  ,  .
4 4 
Interval Sign of f'(x) Nature of function
 
0, 4  >0 f is strictly increasing
 
  5 
4, 4  <0 f is strictly decreasing
 
 5 
 4 , 2 >0 f is strictly increasing
 

6 E
 CBSE

11. If length of three sides of a trapezium other than base are equal to 10 cm, then find the area of the
trapezium when it is maximum. [Example 25]
Sol. The required trapezium is as given in figure. Draw perpendiculars DP and CQ on AB.
D 10 cm C

A x cm P Q x cm B
10 cm

Let AP = x cm. Note that APD ~ BQC. Therefore, QB = x cm. Also, by

Pythagoras theorem, DP  QC  100  x2 .
Let A be the area of the trapezium. Then
1
A  A(x) = (sum of parallel sides) (height)
2

=
1
2
(2x  10  10)  100  x 2 
= (x  10)  100  x 2 
or A'(x) = (x  10)
(2x)
2 100  x 2
  100  x 2 
2x 2  10x  100
=
100  x 2
Now A(x) = 0 gives 2x2 + 10x – 100 = 0, i.e., x = 5 and x = –10.
Since x represents distance, it cannot be negative.
So, x = 5. Now
(2x)
100  x 2 (4x  10)  (2x 2  10x  100)
A"(x) = 2 100  x 2
100  x 2
2x 3  300x  1000
= (on simplification)
(100  x 2 )3 2
2(5)3  300(5)  1000
or A"(5) =
100  (5) 
32
2

2250 30
= = 0
75 75 75
Thus, area of trapezium is maximum at x = 5 and the area is given by
A(5) = (5  10) 100  (5) 2
= 15 75 = 75 3 cm 2

E 7
Mathematics

12. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area which can be
inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone. [Example 26]
Sol. Let OC = r be the radius of the cone and OA = h be its height.
Let a cylinder with radius OE = x inscribed in the given cone (Figure).
The height QE of the cylinder is given by A
QE EC
 (Since QEC ~ AOC)
OA OC
QE r  x h(r  x)
or  or QE 
h r r
Let S be the curved surface area of the given cylinder. Then P Q
2 xh(r  x) 2 h
S S(x) = = (rx  x 2 )
r r
 2h
S(x)  r (r  2x) B
D O E C
or 
S(x)  4h
 r
r r
Now S'(x) = 0 gives x  . Since S"(x) < 0 for x  .
2 2
r
So, x  is a point of maxima of S. Hence, the radius of the cylinder of greatest curved surface
2
area which can be inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone.
13. Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has the maximum
area. [Ex.6.3, Q.19]
Sol. Let a rectangle of length l and breadth b be inscribed in the given
circle of radius a.
Then, the diagonal passes through the centre and is of length 2a cm. a
Now, by applying the Pythagoras theorem, we have:
b
(2a)2  2  b 2

 b2  4a2  2
 b  4a2  2
 
∴ Area of the rectangle, A  4a2  2

dA 1 2
4a 2  2 2
  4a 2  2
 (2 )  4a 2  2
 
d 2 4a 2  2
4a 2  2
4a 2  2

(2 )
4a 2  2
(4 )  (4a 2  2 2 )
2
d A 2 4a 2  2
(4a 2  2 )(4 )  (4a 2  2 2 )
 
d 2 (4a 2  2
) 3
(4a  )
2 2 2

12a 2  2 3
2 (6a 2  2 )
 3
 3
(4a 2  2 ) 2 (4a 2  2 ) 2

8 E
 CBSE

dA
Now,  0 gives 4a 2  2 2
  2a
d
 b  4a2  2a2  2a2  2a
Now, when  2a
d 2 A 2( 2a)(6a 2  2a 2 ) 8 2a 3
   4  0
d 2 2 2a 3 2 2a 3
 By the second order derivative test, when  2a , then the area of the rectangle is the
maximum.
Since  b  2a , the rectangle is a square.
Hence, it has been proved that of all the rectangles inscribed in the given fixed circle, the
square has the maximum area.
14. A wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a square
and the other into a circle. What should be the length of the two pieces so that the combined area
of the square and the circle is minimum? [Ex.6.3, Q.22]
Sol. Let a piece of length  be cut from the given wire to make a square.
Then, the other piece of wire to be made into a circle is of length (28 − ) m.

Now, side of square = .

4
Let r be the radius of the circle.
l
Then, 2 r  28   r  (28  )
2
The combined areas of the square and the circle (A) is given by,
A = (side of the square)2 + r2
2 2
 l 
    (28  ) 
16  2 
2
1
  (28  )2
16 4
dA  2 1
   (28  )(1)   (28  )
d 16 4  8 2
dA 1
Now , 0  (28  )  0
d 8 2
  4(28  ) 112
  0  (  4)  112  0  
8 4
d2A l l 112
Thus,    0 , when 
d 2
8 2 4
112
 By second order derivative test, the area (A) is the minimum when  .
4
Hence, the combined area is the minimum when the length of the wire in making the square
112 112 28
is cm while the length of the wire in making the circle is 28   cm.
4 4 4

E 9
Mathematics

8
15. Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is of the
27
volume of the sphere. [Ex.6.3, Q.23]
Sol. Let r and h be the radius and height of the cone respectively inscribed in a sphere of radius R.

Let V be the volume of the cone.

1 D
Then, V  r 2 h
3
Height of the cone is given by,
R
h = R + AB  R  R 2  r 2 [ABC is a right triangle] A R
 V  r 2  R  R 2  r 2 
1
3
1 1 B
 r 2 R  r 2 R 2  r 2 C
3 3
dV 2 2 1 (2r)
  rR  r R 2  r 2  r 2 .
dr 3 3 3 2 R2  r 2
2 2 1 r3
 rR  r R  r  
2 2

3 3 3 R2  r 2
2 2r  R 2  r 2   r 3 2 2 rR 2  3r 3
 rR   rR 
3 3 R2  r 2 3 3 R2  r 2
 2r 
3 R 2  r 2  2R 2  9r 2    2rR 2  3r 3  .
d 2 V 2R 6 R2  r 2
 
dr 2 3 9  R2  r 2 
2 9  R2  r 2   2R2  9r 2   2r 2 R 2  3r 4
 R  3
3
27  R2  r 2  2
dV 2 3r 3  2 rR 2
Now,  0  rR 
dr 3 3 R2  r 2
3r 2  2R 2
 2R   2R R 2  r 2  3r 2  2R 2  4R2(R2 – r2) = (3r2 – 2R2)2
R r
2 2

8
 4R4– 4R2r2 = 9r4 + 4R4 – 12r2R2  9r4 = 8R2r2  r 2  R 2
9
2
8 d V
When r 2  R 2 , then  0.
9 dr 2
8
By second order derivative test, the volume of the cone is the maximum when r 2  R 2 .
9
8 8 1 2 R 4
When r 2  R 2 , h  R  R 2  R 2  R  R R  R
9 9 9 3 3
1  8  4  8  4  8
Therefore, volume of cone    R 2  R    R3   × (Volume of the sphere)
3  9  3  27  3  27
8
Hence, the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in the sphere is the volume of the
27
sphere.

10 E
 CBSE

16. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an altitude equal
to 2 times the radius of the base. [Ex.6.3, Q.24]
Sol. Let r and h be the radius and the height (altitude) of the cone respectively.
Then, the volume (V) of the cone is given as :
1 3V
V  r 2 h  h  2
3 r
The surface area (S) of the cone is given by,
S = r (where  is the slant height)

9V 2 r 2 r 6  9V 2
 r r 2  h 2  r r 2   (  r2  h2 )
2 r 4 r 2
1 2 6
  r  9V 2
r
6 2 r 5
r.  2 r 6  9V2
dS 2  r  9V
2 6 2 32 r 6  2 r 6  9V2 22 r 6  9V2
   
dr r2 r 2 2 r 6  9V2 r 2 2 r 6  9V2
dS 9V2
Now,  0  22 r 6  9V2  r 6  2
dr 2
9V2 d 2S
Thus, it can be easily verified that when r  2 , 2  0 .6

2 dr
9V2
By second order derivative test, the surface area of the cone is the least when r 6  .
2 2
1
9V2 3V 3  2 2 r 6  2 3 2 r 3
When r 6  2 , h  2  2    .  2r.
2 r r  9  r 2 3
Hence, for a given volume, the right circular cone of the least curved surface has an altitude equal
to 2 times the radius of the base.
17. Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume and of given slant height
is tan 1 2 . [Ex.6.3, Q.25]
 
Sol. Let  be the semi-vertical angle of the cone. It is clear that  0,  .
 2
Let r, h and  be the radius, height, and the slant height of the cone respectively.
The slant height of the cone is given as constant.
Now, r = l sin and h = l cos
The volume (V) of the cone is given by,
1 1 1
V  r 2 h  ( 2 sin 2 )( cos )   3 sin 2  cos 
3 3 3
dV 3

   sin 2 ( sin )  cos (2sin  cos )
d 3
3

  sin 3   2sin  cos2 
3

E 11
Mathematics

d2V 3
 
3

 3sin 2
 cos   2c os3
  4sin 2
 cos   2 cos3   7sin 2  cos 
d2
3 3
dV
Now, 0
d
 sin3 = 2sincos2 tan2 = 2
 tan   2    tan 1 2
Now, when   tan 1 2 , then tan2  = 2 or sin2 = 2cos2.
Then, we have :
d2V   
3
 2 cos3   14 cos3   4 3 cos3   0 for  0, 
d2
3  2
By second derivative test, the volume (V) is the maximum when   tan 1 2
Hence, for a given slant height , the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume is
tan 1 2 .
18. Show that semi-vertical angle of right circular cone of given surface area and maximum volume
1
is sin 1   . [Ex.6.3, Q.26]
3
Sol. s = r2 + r (given)

s  r 2
 
r
Let v be the volume 
1
v  r 2 h 
3
1 1 2 4
 v 2  2 r 4 h 2 [h 2  2
 r 2 ]  v2  r ( 2
 r2 ) h
9 9
r
1 2 4  s  r 2  
2
1 2 4  (s  r 2 )2 r 2 
 v   r 
2
  r 2
  r   
 r   r
2 2
9  9 1

1
    r 2 (s  r 2 )2  2 r 4 
9
1 1
= r 2 [s2  2 r 4  2sr 2  2 r 4 ]  r 2 [s2  2sr 2 ]
9 9
1
 z  [s2 r 2  2sr 4 ] [ v2 = z]
9
dz 1
Now,  [2rs2  8sr 3 ] = 0
dr 9
 2rs(s – 4r2) = 0
 s = 4r2

12 E
 CBSE

d 2z 1
Now 2
 [2s2 – 24sr2]
dx 9
d2z  1 s 1
  2s2  24s ·   2s2  6s2  < 0
dx 2  r 2  s 9 4 9
4

Hence, volume is maximum, when s = r2

Now, s = 4r2
we have s = r + r2

4r2 = r + r2

r 1 1
 3r2 = r  3r =     sin  
3 3
1
   sin 1  
3
19. A water tank has the shape of an inverted right circular cone with its axis vertical and vertex
lowermost. Its semi-vertical angle is tan–1 (0.5). Water is poured into it at a constant rate of
5 cubic metre per hour. Find the rate at which the level of the water is rising at the instant when
the depth of water in the tank is 4 m. [Example 31]
r
Sol. Let r, h and  be as in figure. Then tan  
h
r
So,   tan 1  
h
But   tan 1 (0.5) (given) r
r h
or  0.5 or r 
h 2
h
Let V be the volume of the cone. Then
2
1 2 1 h h 3
V  r h     h 
3 3 2 12

dV d  h 3  dh
Therefore   · (By Chain Rule)
dt dh  12  dt
 2 dh
 h ·
4 dt
dV
Now rate of change of volume, i.e. = 5 m3/h and h = 4 m.
dt
 2 dh
Therefore 5  (4) ·
4 dt
dh 5 35  22 
or   m h  
dt 4 88  7 
35
Thus, the rate of change of water level is m h.
88

E 13
Mathematics

20. A man of height 2 metres walks at a uniform speed of 5 km/h away from a lamp post which is 6
metres high. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow increases. [Example 32]
Sol. In figure, let AB be the lamp-post, the lamp being at the position B and let MN be the man at a
particular time t and let AM = l metres. Then, MS is the shadow of the man. Let MS = s metres.
Note that MSN ~ ASB
MS MN
or 
AS AB
or AS = 3s [as MN = 2 and AB = 6 (given)] B
Thus AM = 3s – s = 2s. But AM = l
So l = 2s
dl ds
Therefore 2 N
dt dt
dl
Since  5 km h . l
dt A M S
5 s
Hence, the length of the shadow increases at the rate km h .
2
–1
21. Show that the function f given by f(x) = tan (sin x + cos x), x > 0 is always an strictly increasing
 
function in  0,  . [Example 34]
 4
Sol. We have, f(x) = tan–1(sin x + cos x), x > 0
1 cos x  sin x
Therefore f (x)  (cos x  sin x)  (on simplification)
1  (sin x  cos x) 2
2  sin 2x
 
Note that 2 + sin 2x > 0 for all x in  0,  .
 4
Therefore, f'(x) > 0 if cos x – sin x > 0
or f'(x) > 0 if cos x > sin x or cot x > 1

Now cot x > 1 if tan x < 1, i.e. if 0  x 
4
 
Thus f'(x) > 0 in  0, 
 4
 
Hence f is strictly increasing function in  0,  .
 4
22. An open topped box is to be constructed by removing equal squares form each corner of
a 3 metre by 8 metre rectangular sheet of aluminium and folding up the sides. Find the volume of
the largest such box. [Example 36]
Sol. Let x metre be the length of a side of the removed squares. Then, the height of the box is x,
length is 8 – 2x and breadth is 3 – 2x (figure).
x x
3–2x

8–2x x
8–2x
x x
(a) (b)

14 E
 CBSE

If V(x) is the volume of the box, then
V(x) = x(3 – 2x) (8 – 2x) = 4x3 – 22x2 + 24x
V(x)  12x 2  44x  24  4(x  3)(3x  2)
Therefore 
V(x)  24x  44
2
Now, V'(x) = 0 gives x = 3, . But x  3
3
2 2 2
Thus, we have x  . Now V    24    44  28  0
3 3 3
2 2
Therefore, x  is the point of maxima, i.e., if we remove a square of side metre from each
3 3
corner of the sheet and make a box from the remaining sheet, then the volume of the box such
obtained will be the largest and it is given by
3 2
2 2 2  2  200 3
V   = 4    22    24   = m
3 3 3 3 27
23. The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b are decreasing at the rate of 3 cm per
second. How fast is the area decreasing when the two equal sides are equal to the base ?
[Mis.Ex., Q.2]
Sol. Let ABC be isosceles where BC is the base of fixed length b.
Let the length of the two equal sides of ABC be a.
Draw AD  BC
Now, in ADC, by applying the Pythagoras theorem, we have :
b2
AD  a 2 
4
1 1 b2
Area of triangle ABC is given as A   b  h   b  a 2 
2 2 4
The rate of change of the area with respect of time (t) is given by,
dA 1 2a da ab da
 b. 
dt 2 b2 dt 4a 2  b2 dt
2 a2 
4
It is given that the two equal sides of the triangle are decreasing at the rate of 3 cm per second.
da
   3cm / s
dt
dA 3ab
  
dt 4a 2  b2
Then, when a = b, we have :
dA 3b2 3b2
    3b
dt 4b2  b2 3b2
Hence, if the two equal sides are equal to the base, then the area of the triangle is decreasing at
the rate of 3b cm2/s.

E 15
Mathematics

4 sin x  2x  x cos x
24. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x)  is
2  cos x
(i) increasing (ii) decreasing [Mis.Ex., Q.3]
4 sin x  2x  x cos x
Sol. ƒ(x)  
2  cos x
 2  cos x  4 cos x  2  cos x  x sin x   (4sin x  2x  x cos x)(  sin x)
 ƒ(x) 
(2  cos x)2
 2  cos x  3cos x  2  x sin x   sin x(4sin x  2x  x cos x)

(2  cos x)2
6 cos x  4  2x sin x  3cos2 x  2 cos x  x sin x cos x  4 sin 2 x  2x sin x  x sin x cos x

(2  cos x)2
4 cos x  4  3cos2 x  4 sin 2 x

(2  cos x)2
4 cos x  4  3cos2 x  4  4 cos2 x

(2  cos x)2
4 cos x  cos2 x

(2  cos x)2
cos x(4  cos x)

(2  cos x)2
Now, f '(x) = 0
 cosx = 0 or cosx = 4
But, cosx  4
 3
 x ,
2 2
 3
Now, x  and x  divides (0, 2) into three disjoint intervals i.e.,
2 2
     3   3 
 0,  ,  ,  and  , 2  .
 2 2 2   2 
   3 
In intervals  0,  and  , 2  , f '(x) > 0
 2  2 
   3 
Thus, f(x) is increasing for  0,  and  , 2 
 2  2 
  3 
In the interval  ,  , f '(x) < 0.
2 2 
 3
Thus, f(x) is decreasing for x .
2 2

16 E
 CBSE

1
25. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x)  x 3  , x  0 is
x3
(i) increasing (ii) decreasing [Mis.Ex., Q.4]
1
Sol. ƒ(x)  x 3  3
x
3 3x 6  3
 ƒ(x)  3x  4 
2

x x4
Then, f'(x) = 0  3x6 – 3 = 0  x6 = 1  x ± 1
Now, the points x = 1 and x = –1 divide the real line into three disjoint intervals
i.e., (–, –1), (–1, 1) and (1, ).
In intervals ( –, –1) and (1, ) i.e., when x < –1 and x > 1, f '(x) > 0
Thus, when x < –1 and x > 1, f is increasing.
In interval (–1, 1) i.e., when –1 < x < 1, f '(x) < 0.
Thus, when –1< x < 1, f is decreasing.
26. A window is in the form of rectangle surmounted by a semi-circular opening. the total perimeter
of the window is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the window to admit maximum light through the
whole opening. [Mis.Ex., Q.8]
Sol. Let x and y be the length and breadth of the rectangular window.
x
Radius of the semicircular opening 
2
It is given that the perimeter of the window is 10 m.
x  
 x  2y   10  x 1    2y  10
2  2
  1 
 2y  10  x 1    y  5  x   
 2 2 4
Area of the window (A) is given by,
2
x
x   1    1  
A  xy     x 5  x      x 2  5x  x 2     x 2
22   2 4  8 2 4 8
dA 1     
  5  2x     x  5  x  1    x
dx 2 4 4  2 4
d2A    
    1     1 
dx 2
 2 4 4
dA
Now, 0
dx
   
 5  x 1    x  0  5  x  x  0
 2 4 4
  5 20
 x 1    5  x  
 4   4
1  
 4

E 17
Mathematics

20 d2A
Thus, when x  , then  0.
4 dx 2
20
Therefore, by second order derivative test, the area is the maximum when length x  m
4
Now,
20  2    5(2  ) 10
y  5    5  m
4 4  4 4
Hence, the required dimensions of the window to admit maximum light is given by
20 10
length  m and breadth  m.
4 4
27. A point on the hypotenuse of a triangle is at distance a and b from the sides of the triangle.
Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is (a2/3 + b2/3)3/2. [Mis.Ex., Q.9]
Sol. Let ABC be right-angled at B. Let AB = x and BC = y.
Let P be a point on the hypotenuse of the triangle such that P is at a distance of a and b from the
sides AB and BC respectively.
Let C = .
We have,
AC  x2  y 2
Now,
PC = b cosec 
And, AP = a sec 
AC = AP + PC
AC = b cosec  + a sec  ..….(1)
d(AC)
  bcosec cot   a sec  tan 
d
d 2 (AC)
and 2
= – (cosec cot2 + cosec3) + a(sec3 + sec tan2)
d
d(AC)
  0  asec tan = bcoseccot
d
a sin  b cos 
 .   asin3 = bcos3
cos  cos  sin  sin 
1
1 1
 b 3
 (a) sin   (b) cos   tan    
3 3
a
1 1
 b 3  a 3
 sin   and cos   .....(2)
2 2 2 2
a b
3 3
a b
3 3

1
d 2 (AC)  b 3
It can be clearly shown that  0 when tan     .
d 2
a

18 E
 CBSE

Therefore, by second derivative test, the length of the hypotenuse is the maximum when
1
 b 3
tan     .
a
1
 b 3
Now, when tan     , we have :
a
2 2 2 2
b a b 3 3
a a b 3 3
AC  1
 1
[Using (1) and (2)]
b 3
a 3

=
2
a b
3
2
3 b 2
3
a
2
3   a 2
3
b
2
3  2

Hence, the maximum length of the hypotenuse is a  b  2

3
2
3  2
.
28. Find the points at which the function f given by f(x) = (x – 2)4 (x + 1)3 has
(i) local maxima (ii) local minima (iii) point of inflexion [Mis.Ex., Q.10]
4 3
Sol. The given function is f(x) = (x – 2) (x + 1) .
 f' (x) = 4(x – 2)3 (x + 1)3 + 3(x + 1)2 (x – 2)4
= (x – 2)3 (x + 1)2 [4(x + 1) + 3(x – 2)]
= (x – 2)3 (x + 1)2 (7x – 2)
2
Now, f'(x) = 0  x = – 1 and x  or x = 2
7
2 2 2
Now, for values of x close to and to the left of , f '(x) > 0. Also, for values of x close to
7 7 7
2
and to the right of , f '(x) < 0.
7
2
Thus, x  is the point of local maxima.
7
Now, for values of x close to 2 and to the left of 2, f '(x) < 0. Also, for values of x close to 2 and
to the right of 2, ƒ(x) > 0
Thus, x = 2 is the point of local minima.
Now, as the value of x varies through –1, f '(x) does not changes its sign.
Thus, x = –1 is the point of inflexion.
29. Show that altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a
4r
sphere or radius r is . [Mis.Ex., Q.12]
3
Sol. A sphere of fixed radius (r) is given.
Let R and h be the radius and the height of the cone respectively.
The volume (V) of the cone is given by,
1
V  R 2 h
3

E 19
Mathematics

Now, from the right triangle BCD, we have:
BC  r 2  R 2
h  r  r 2  R2

V  R 2  r  r 2  R 2   R 2 r  R 2 r 2  R 2
1 1 1

3 3 3
dV 2 2 R 2  ( 2R)
  Rr  R r 2  R2  .
dR 3 3 3 2 r 2  R2
2 2 R3
 Rr  R r 2  R2 
3 3 3 r 2  R2
2 2R  r 2  R2   R3 2 2 Rr 2  3R 3
 Rr   Rr 
3 3 r 2  R2 3 3 r 2  R2
dV
Now, 0 (for maxima or minima)
dR
2rR 3R 3  2 Rr 2
 
3 3 r 2  R2
 2r r 2  R 2  3R 2  2r 2
 4r2(r2 – R2) = (3R2 – 2r2)2
 4r4 – 4r2R2 = 9R4 + 4r4 – 12R2r2
 9R4 – 8r2R2 = 0
 9R2 = 8r2
8r 2
 R2 
9
1
3 r 2  R 2  2r 2  9R 2    2Rr 2  3R 3   6R 
d V 2r
2
2 r  R2
2
Now,  
dR 2 3 9  r 2  R2 
1
3 r 2  R 2  2r 2  9R 2    2Rr 2  3R 3   3R 
2r 2 r  R2
2
 
3 9  r 2  R2 
8r 2 d2V
Now, when R  2
, it can be shown that  0.
9 dR 2
8r 2
The volume is the maximum when R 2  .
9
8r 2 8r 2 r2 r 4r
when R 2  , height of the cone = r  r 2  r r 
9 9 9 3 3
Hence, it can be seen that the altitude of the right circular one of maximum volume that can be
4r
inscribed in a sphere of radius r is .
3

20 E
 CBSE

30. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in sphere of
2R
radius R is . Also find the maximum volume. [Mis.Ex., Q.14]
3
Sol. A sphere of fixed radius (R) is given.
Let r and h be the radius and the height of the cylinder respectively.
From the given figure, we have h  2 R 2  r 2 .
The volume (V) of the cylinder is given by,
V  r 2 h  2r 2 R 2  r 2
dV 2r 2  2r 
  4r R  r 
2 2

dr 2 R2  r 2
2 r 3
 4 r R  r 2 2

R2  r 2
4r  R2  r 2   2r 3

R2  r 2
4 rR 2  6 r 3

R2  r2
dV
Now,  0  4 rR 2  6 r 3  0
dr
2R 2
 r2 
3
 2r 
2
R 2  r 2  4R 2  18r 2    4rR 2  6r 3 
d V 2 R2  r 2
Now, 
dr 2  R2  r 2 
 R2  r 2   4R2  18r 2   r  4rR2  6r 3 
 3
 R2  r 2  2
4 R 4  22 r 2 R 2  12 r 4  4 r 2 R 2
 3
 R2  r 2 2
2R 2 d 2 V
Now, it can be observed that at r 2  , 0
3 dr 2
2R 2
The volume is the maximum when r 2  .
3
2R 2 2R2 R2 2R
When r 2
, the height of the cylinder is 2 R 
2
2  .
3 3 3 3
2R
Hence, the volume of the cylinder is the maximum when the height of the cylinder is .
3

E 21
Mathematics

31. Show that height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a right circular
cone of height h and semi vertical angle '' is one-third of the cone and the greatest volume of
4
cylinder is h 3 tan 2  . [Mis.Ex., Q.15]
27
Sol. The given right circular cone of fixed height (h) and semi-vertical angle () can be drawn as :
Here, a cylinder of radius R and height H is inscribed in the cone.
Then, GAO = , OG = r, OA = h, OE = R, and CE = H.
We have, r = h tan 
Now, since AOG is similar to CEG, we have :
AO CE h H
   [EG = OG – OE]
OG EG r rR
h h 1
 H   r  R   (h tan   R)  (h tan   R)
r h tan  tan 
Now, the volume (V) of the cylinder is given by,
R 2 R3
V  R 2 H  (h tan   R)  R 2 h 
tan  tan 
dV 3R 2
  2Rh 
dR tan 
dV
Now, 0
dR
3R2 2h
 2Rh   2h tan = 3R  R  tan 
tan  3
d2V 6R
Now,  2h 
dR 2
tan 
2h
And, for R  tan  , we have ;
3
d2V 6  2h 
 2h   tan    2h  4h  2h  0
dR 2
tan   3 
2h
By second derivative test, the volume of the cylinder is the greatest when R  tan 
3
2h 1  2h  1  h tan   h
When R  tan , H   h tan   tan     
3 tan   3  tan   3  3
Thus, the height of the cylinder is one-third the height of cone when the volume of the cylinder is
the greatest.
Now, the maximum volume of the cylinder can be obtained as :
2
 2h  h  4h 2  h  4
 tan        tan 2     h 3 tan 2 
 3  3  9  3  27
Hence, the given result is proved.

22 E
 CBSE

CHAPTER-7 : INTEGRALS
NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Integrate the functions :
2  3sin x
1.  cos2 x dx [Ex.7.1, Q.20]

2  3sin x
Sol. Let I =  dx
cos2 x
 2 3sin x 
   dx
 cos x cos2 x 
2

  2sec2 xdx  3 tan x sec xdx  2 tan x  3sec x  C

1

  x  13 x dx
3 5
2. [Ex.7.2, Q.12]
1
Sol. Let I =   x 3  1 3 x 5 dx

I =  (x3  1)1/3 .x3 .x2dx

Put x3 – 1 = t3 x3 = t3 + 1 x2dx = t2dt
t7 t4
  I =  t.(t 3  1).t 2dt =  (t  t )dt =
6 3
 C
7 4
1 3 1
= (x  1) 7/3  (x3  1)4/3  C
7 4
e 2x  1
3.  e2x  1 dx [Ex.7.2, Q.19]

e 2x  1
Sol. Let I =  e2x  1 dx
ex  ex
  I=  ex  ex dx (Dividing numerator and denominator by ex)

Put ex + e–x = t  (ex – e–x)dx = dt

dt
 I   = log|t| + C = log|ex + e–x| + C
t
1
4.  cos2 x(1  tan x)2 dx [Ex.7.2, Q.25]

1
Sol. Let I =  cos 2
x(1  tan x)2
dx

sec 2 x
=  (1  tan x)2 dx
Put (1 – tanx) = t  sec2x dx = –dt
dt 1 1
  I   2    t 2 dt   C  C
t t (1  tan x)

E 1
Mathematics 
10x 9  10 x loge 10
5.  x10  10x dx equals [Ex.7.2, Q.38]

(A) 10x – x10 + C (B) 10x + x10 + C (C) (10x – x10)–1 + C (D) log (10x + x10) + C
10x 9 +10x log e10
Sol. Let I =  x10 +10x dx
Put x10 + 10x = t  (10x9 + 10x loge10)dx = dt
dt
  I   = log |t| + C = log |10x + x10| + C
t
Hence, the correct answer is D.
cos 2x  cos 2
6.  cos x  cos  dx [Ex.7.3, Q.13]

cos 2x  cos 2  (2 cos2 x  1)  (2 cos2   1)

Sol. Let I =  dx =  dx
cos x  cos   cos x  cos  
2(cos2 x  cos2 )
=  dx = 2 (cos x  cos ) dx
(cos x  cos )
 2 sin x  2x cos   C  2 sin x  x cos   C

 tan
3
7. 2x sec 2x dx [Ex.7.3, Q.15]

Sol. Let I =  tan 3 2xsec2x dx =  tan 2 2x . sec2x tan2x dx

=  (sec 2 2x 1)sec 2x tan 2x dx

dt
Put sec2x = t sec2x tan2x dx =
2
dt 1
  I =  (t 2  1). =  (t 2  1) dt
2 2
1  t3  1 1
  t   C = 6 (sec 2x)  2 (sec 2x)  C
3
=
23 
1
8.  sin x cos 3
x
dx [Ex.7.3, Q.19]

1
Sol. Let I =  sin x cos 3
x
dx

sin 2 x  cos2 x  sin x 1   sec2 x 

 sin x cos3 x    cos3 x sin x cos x 
    
2
= dx dx tan x sec x  dx
tan x 
sec2 x
 I   tan x sec2 xdx   dx
tan x
Put tanx = t  sec2x dx = dt
1 t2
 I   tdt   dt   log | t | C
t 2
1
 tan 2 x  log | tan x |  C
2

2 E
 CBSE

 sin  cos x  dx
–1
9. [Ex.7.3, Q.21]
  
Sol. Let I =  sin 1 (cos x) =  sin 1 sin   x   dx
 2 
   x2
=    x  dx = x   C
2  2 2
1
10.  dx [Ex.7.3, Q.22]
cos  x  a  cos  x  b 
1
Sol. Let I =  dx
cos(x  a) cos(x  b)
1  sin(a  b) 
 
sin(a  b)  cos(x  a) cos(x  b) 
 dx

1  sin[(x  b)  (x  a)] 
 
sin(a  b)  cos(x  a) cos(x  b) 
dx

l  [sin(x  b) cos(x  a)  cos(x  b) sin(x  a)] 

 
sin(a  b)  cos(x  a) cos(x  b)  dx

1
sin(a  b) 
= [tan(x  b)  tan(x  a)]dx

1
   log cos(x  b)  log cos(x  a) 
sin(a  b) 
1  cos(x  a) 
= log  C
sin(a  b)  cos(x  b) 
1
11.  7  6x  x 2
dx [Ex.7.4, Q.12]

1 1
Sol. Let I =  7  6x  x 2
dx =  16  (x  3)2
dx

Put x + 3 = t  dx = dt
1
 I   dt
(4)2  (t) 2
t  x3
 sin 1    C  sin 1  C
4  4 
6x  7
12.  (x  5)(x  4)
dx [Ex.7.4, Q.19]

6x  7 6x  7
Sol. Let I =  (x  5)(x  4)
dx =  x  9x  20
2
dx

d 2
Let 6x + 7 = A (x  9x  20)  B
dx
 6x +7 = A (2x – 9) + B

E 3
Mathematics 
Equating the coefficients of x and constant term, we get
2A = 6  A = 3
–9A + B = 7  B = 7 + 9A = 34
 6x +7 = 3 (2x – 9) + 34
3(2x  9)  34 2x  9 1
 I   dx  3 dx  34  dx
x 2  9x  20 x 2  9x  20 x 2  9x  20
2x  9 1
Let I1   dx and I 2   dx
x  9x  20
2
x  9x  20
2

 I  3I1  34I 2 …..(1)

2x  9
Now, I1   dx
x 2  9x  20
Put x2 – 9x + 20 = t2  (2x – 9) dx = 2t dt
2t
 I1   dt = 2 1dt  2t  C1  2 x2  9x  20 + C1 …..(2)
t
1 1
and I 2   dx =  dx
x  9x  20
2
 9 1
2

x  2   4
 
1
=  2 2
dx
 9 1
x  2   2 
   
 9
 I 2  log  x    x 2  9x  20  C 2 .....(3)
 2
Using equations (2) and (3) in (1), we get
 9 
I  3[2 x 2  9x  20 ]  3C1  34 log  x    x 2  9x  20   34C 2
 2 
 9 
 I  6 x 2  9x  20  34 log  x    x 2  9x  20   C ; where C = 3C1 + 34C2
 2 
1  x2
13.  x(1  2x) dx [Ex.7.5, Q.6]

1  x2
Sol. Let I =  dx
x(1  2x)
Given integrand is improper rational function
So, on dividing we get
1  x2 1 1 2x 
  
x(1  2x) 2 2  x(1  2x) 
2x A B
Let   2 – x = A(1 – 2x) + Bx ..…(1)
x(1  2x) x (1  2x)

4 E
 CBSE

1
Put x = 0 and in equation (1), we get
2
A = 2 and B = 3 respectively
2x 2 3
  
x(1  2x) x 1  2x
1 1  2 3 
 I        dx
 2 2  x 1  2x  
x 3 x 3
  log x  log 1  2x  C   log x  log 1  2x  C
2 2(2) 2 4
1
14.  x(x n
 1)
dx [Ex.7.5, Q.16]

1
Sol. Let I =  x(x n
 1)
dx

1 x n 1
 (Multiplying numerator and denominator by xn–1)
x(x  1)
n
x n (x n  1)
Put xn = t nxn – 1 dx = dt
x n 1 1 1
 I dx   dt
x (x  1)
n n
n t(t  1)
1 1 1  1
=     dx  [log t  log t  1 ]  C
n  t (t  1)  n
1 1 xn
 [log x n  log x n  1 ]  C  log n C
n n x 1
Alternate :
1 1
I=  dx = x n 1
dx
x(x  1)
n
(1  x  n )
1 dt
Put 1 + x–n = t –nx–n–1 dx = dt  n 1
dx  
x n
1 1 1
 I 
n t
dt =  log | t | C
n
1 1 xn
=  log |1  x  n |  C = log n C
n n x 1
cos x
15.  (1  sin x)(2  sin x) dx [Ex.7.5, Q.17]

cos x
Sol. Let I =  (1  sin x)(2  sin x) dx
Put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt
dt
 I  
(1  t)(2  t)

E 5
Mathematics 
1 A B
Let  
(1  t)(2  t) (1  t) (2  t)
1 = A (2 – t) + B (1 – t) …..(1)
Put t = 1 and t = 2 in equation (1), we get A = 1 and B = – 1 respectively
1 1 1
  
(1  t)(2  t) (1  t) (2  t)

 1 1 
 I     dt   log 1  t  log 2  t  C
1  t (2  t) 
2t 2  sin x
 log  C  log C
1 t 1  sin x
2x
16.  (x 2
 1)(x 2  3)
dx [Ex.7.5, Q.19]

2x
Sol. Let I =  (x 2
 1)(x 2  3)
dx

Put x2 = t 2x dx = dt
dt 1 1 1 
 I
(t  1)(t  3)
=  2  (t  1)  (t  3)  dt
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 
2 t 1
dt  
2 t 3
dt = log | t  1 |  log | t  3 | C
2 2

1 t 1 1 x2  1
= log  C = log 2 C
2 t 3 2 x 3

1
17.  x(x 4
 1)
dx [Ex.7.5, Q.20]

1
Sol. Let I =  x(x 4
 1)
dx

x3
 4 4 dx (Multiply Nr. and Dr. by x3)
x (x  1)
Put x4 = t 4x3 dx = dt
1 1 dt 1  1 1
  x(x 4
 1)
dx   =   dt
4 t(t  1) 4  t  1 t 
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 
4 t 1
dt   dt = log | t  1 |  log | t |  C
4 t 4 4

1 t 1 1 x4 1
= log  C = log C
4 t 4 x4

6 E
 CBSE

1
18.  (e x
 1)
dx [Ex.7.5, Q.21]

1
Sol. Let I =  (e x
 1)
dx

dt
Let ex = t  ex dx = dt  dx 
t
1 dt 1
 I=  t  1  t  t(t  1) dt
 1 1
=   t  1  t  dt = log|t – 1| – log|t| + C
t 1 ex  1
= log  C = log x  C
t e
xe x
19.  (1  x)2 dx [Ex.7.6, Q.17]

xe x  x 
Sol. Let    dx   e x  2 
dx
(1  x) 2
 (1  x) 
1  x  1   1 1 
=  ex  2 
dx =  e x   2 
dx
 (1  x)  1  x (1  x) 
1 1 xe x
Let f(x)  , f '(x)    dx   e x {f(x)  f '(x)}dx
1 x (1  x) 2
(1  x) 2

It is known that,  ex {f(x)  f '(x)}dx  e x f(x)  C

xe x ex
  (1  x)2 dx 
1 x
C

 1  sin x 
e
x
20.   dx [Ex.7.6, Q.18]
 1  cos x 
2
 2x 2 x x x  e x  sin x  cos x 
   2 
 sin cos 2 sin cos
 1  sin x 
Sol. e x   e x 2 2 2 2   2
  x  x
 1  cos x   2 cos2  2 cos2
 2  2
2
 x x
sin  cos 
1 x 
2 2
2 2 1 x x  1 x x
 e    e  tan  1  e 1  tan 
2  x  2  2  2  2
cos
 2 
1  x x 1  x x
 e x 1  tan 2  2 tan   e x sec 2  2 tan 
2  2 2 2  2 2
e x (1  sin x)dx x 1 2 x x
  (1  cos x)   e  2 sec 2  tan 2  …..(1)

E 7
Mathematics 
x 1 x
Let tan  f(x)  f '(x)  sec 2
2 2 2
It is known that,  ex {f(x)  f '(x)}dx  e x f(x)  C

From equation (1), we obtain

e x (1  sin x) x
 (1  cos x) dx  e tan 2  C
x

 2x 
 sin
–1
21.   dx [Ex.7.6, Q.22]
 1  x2 
Sol. Let x = tan  dx = sec2 d
 2x   2 tan  
 sin 1  2 
 sin 1    sin 1 (sin 2)  2
1 x   1  tan  
2

 2x 
 sin  1  x 2  dx   2 sec  d  2   sec  d
1
 2 2

 
Integrating by parts, we obtain
  d   
2   sec2  d    ()   sec2  dd
  d   

 2  tan    tan  d  2  tan   log | cos  | C

 1 
 2  x tan 1 x  log  C
 1  x2 


 2x tan 1 x  2 log(1  x 2 ) 2
C
 1 
 2x tan 1 x  2   log(1  x 2 )   C
 2 
 2x tan 1 x  log(1  x 2 )  C

22.  1  4x  x 2 dx [Ex.7.7, Q.5]

Sol. Let    1  4x  x 2 dx   1  (x 2  4x  4  4)dx

 5
2
  1  4  (x  2)2 dx    (x  2) 2 dx

It is known that,
x 2 a2 x
 a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x 2  sin 1    C
2 a
(x  2) 5 x2
   1  4x  x 2  sin 1  C
2 2  5 

8 E
 CBSE

sin x
23.  sin(x  a) dx [Misc.Ex.,Q.7]

Sol. Let x  a  t  dx  dt
sin x sin  t  a  sin t cos a  cos t sin a
   sin  x  a  dx   dt   dt    cos a  cot t sin a  dt 
sin t sin t
      t cosa  sin a log sin t  C1   x  a  cos a  sin a log sin  x  a   C1
 x cos a  sin a log sin  x  a  +aCcos a C1  a cosa  C1  C

 sin a log sin  x  a   x cos a  C

1
24.  sin 3 x sin(x  )
dx [Misc.Ex.,Q.18]

1 1 1
Sol.  
sin x sin  x    sin x  sin x cos   cos x sin   sin x cos   sin 3 x cos x sin 
3 3 4

1 cosec2 x
 
sin 2 x cos   cot x sin  cos   cot x sin 
2
Let cos  + cot x sin = t  – cosec x sin dx = dt
1 cosec2 x
 3 dx   dx
sin x sin  x    cos   cot x sin 
1 dt 1    C  1  2 cos   cot x sin    C
sin   t sin  
  2 t  sin   

2 cos x sin  2 sin x cos   cos x sin 

 cos   C  C
sin  sin x sin  sin x
2 sin  x   
 C
sin  sin x
1 x
25.  1 x
dx [Misc.Ex.,Q.19]

Sol. Let x  cos 2   dx  2sin  cos d


1  cos  2sin 2
I  2sin  cos   d    2 sin 2 d

1  cos 
2 cos 2
2

 sin
   tan  2sin  cos d  2 2  2sin  cos   cos  d
 
cos  2
2 2
2
    
 4  sin 2 cos d  4 sin 2   2cos 2  1 d
2 2  2 
      
 4  2sin 2 cos 2  sin 2  d  8 sin 2  cos 2 d  4  sin 2 d
 2 2 2 2 2 2

E 9
Mathematics 
  1  cos 2  1  cos 
= 2  sin 2 d  4  sin 2 d  2  d  4 d
2  2  2
  sin 2    sin   sin 2
 2     4    C     2  2sin   C
2 4  2 2  2
sin 2 2 sin  cos 
   2sin   C =    2 sin   C
2 2
   1  cos2   cos   2 1  cos2   C  cos 1 x  1  x  x  2 1  x  C
 2 1  x  cos1 x  x 1  x   C  2 1  x  cos 1 x  x  x 2  C
sin x
26.  sin(x  a) dx [Example 6(ii)]

Sol. Put x + a = t. Then dx = dt. Therefore

sin x sin(t  a)
 sin(x  a) dx =  sin t dt
sin t cos a  cos t sin a
=  dt = cosa  1·dt  sin a  cot t dt
sin t
= (cosa)t  (sin a) log sin t  C 1  = (cosa)(x  a)  (sin a) log sin(x  a) C 1 
= xcosa  a cosa  (sin a) log sin(x  a) C 1 sin a
sin x
Hence,  sin(x  a) dx = x cos a – sin a log |sin (x + a)| + C,
where C = – C1 sin a + a cos a, is another arbitrary constant.
x2
27.  (x2  1)(x 2  4) dx [Example 14]

x2
 (x2  1)(x 2  4) dx and put x = y
2
Sol. Consider

x2 y
Then, 
(x  1)(x  4) (y  1)(y  4)
2 2

y A B
Write  
(y  1)(y  4) y  1 y  4
So that y = A (y + 4) + B (y + 1)
Comparing coefficients of y and constant terms on both sides, we get A + B = 1 and 4A + B = 0,
which give
1 4
A   and B 
3 3
x 2
1 4
Thus, = 
(x  1)(x  4)
2 2
3(x  1) 3(x  4)
2 2

x 2 dx 1 dx 4 dx
Therefore,  (x 2  1)(x 2  4) =  3  x 2  1  3  x 2  4
1 4 1 x 1 2 x
=  tan 1 x   tan 1  C =  tan 1 x  tan 1  C
3 3 2 2 3 3 2

10 E
 CBSE

(3sin   2) cos 
28.  5  cos
2
  4sin 
d [Example 15]

Sol. Let y = sin 

Then dy = cos  d
(3sin   2) cos  (3y  2) dy
Therefore,  d =  5  (1  y )  4y
5  cos2   4sin  2

3y  2 3y  2
= y 2
 4y  4
dy =  (y  2) 2
 I (say)

3y  2 A B
Now, we write = 
(y  2) 2
y  2 (y  2)2
Therefore, 3y – 2 = A (y – 2) + B
Comparing the coefficients of y and constant term, we get A = 3 and B – 2A = – 2, which gives
A = 3 and B = 4.
Therefore, the required integral is given by
 3 4  dy dy
I =   2 
dy = 3  4
 y  2 (y  2)  y2 (y  2)2
 1  4
= 3 log y  2  4    C = 3log sin   2  C
 y2 2  sin 
4
= 3log(2  sin )   C (since, 2 – sin  is always positive)
2  sin 
 1 
29.  log  log x    log x  2  dx [Example 38]
 
  1 1
Sol. Let I =  log  log x    log x 
 dx =  log  log x  dx  
2
 log x 
2
dx
 
In the first integral, let us take 1 as the second function. Then integrating it by parts, we get
1 dx
I = x log(log x)   x dx  
x log x (log x)2
dx dx
= x log(log x)    …..(1)
log x (log x) 2
dx
Again, consider  log x , take 1 as the second function and integrate it by parts,
dx  x  1  1  
We have  log x   log x   x  (log x) 2  x   dx 
  
…..(2)

Putting (2) in (1), we get

x dx dx
I = x log(log x)   2

log x (log x) (log x)2
x
= x log(log x)  C
log x

E 11
Mathematics 
30.   cot x  tan x dx [Example 39]
Sol. We have,
I =   cot x  tan x dx =  tan x(cot x 1) dx
Put tan x = t2, so that sec2 x dx = 2t dt
2t dt
or dx =
1  t4
 1  1
 1  2  dt  1  2  dt
 1  t (t  1) 2
t  t 
Then I =  t 1  2  dt = 2  4 dt = 2   = 2 
 t  (1  t ) t 1  2 1
4 2
t   1

 t 2   t  2
t 
 
1  1
Put t   y , so that  1  t 2  dt  dy . Then
t  
 1
dy y t  t 
1   C
I = 2 = 2 tan 1 C = 2 tan
 2
2
y 
2 2 2

 t2 1   tan x  1 
= 2 tan 1  C = 2 tan 1  C
 2 t   2 tan x 
sin 2x cos 2x
31.  9  cos4 (2x)
dx [Example 40]

sin 2x cos 2x
Sol. Let I =  9  cos4 (2x)
dx

Put cos2 (2x) = t so that 4 sin 2x cos 2x dx = – dt

1 dt 1 t 1 1 
Therefore I =   =  sin 1    C =  sin 1  cos2 2x   C
4 9t 2 4 3 4 3 
 x x
32. 0 2
 cos2 ) dx
(sin 2
2
[Ex.7.8, Q.18]

 x x  x x 
Sol. Let I    sin 2  cos2 dx     cos2  sin 2 dx   cos x dx
0
 2 2 0
 2 2 0

   sin x 0 = – [sin – sin 0] = 0



1 x
 (xe  sin
x
33. ) dx [Ex.7.8, Q.20]
0 4
1 1
 x  4 x 
 
1 1
Sol. Let I    xe x  sin dx  xe x   e dx   cos 
x
0
 4  0
0  4 0
1
 4 x   4   4 
  xe x  e x  cos    1  e1  e1  cos    0.e 0  e 0  cos 0 
  4 0   4   
4 1  4 4 2 2
 ee   1  1 
 2    

12 E
 CBSE

1 x
34. 
0 x 1
2
dx [Ex.7.9, Q.1]

1 x
Sol. Let I = 0 x 12
dx

Let x 2  1  t  2x dx  dt
When x = 0, t = 1 and when x = 1, t = 2
x 1 2 dt 1 1 1
  log t 1   log 2  log1  log 2
1 2
 0 x 12
dx  
2 1 t 2 2 2

35. 
0
2
sin  cos5 d [Ex.7.9, Q.2]
 
Sol. Let I   2 sin  cos5  d   2 sin  cos4  cos  d
0 0

 /2
=  0
sin  (1  sin 2 )2 .cos  d { cos2x = 1 – sin2x}

Also, let sin   t  cos  d  dt


When   0, t  0 and when   ,t 1
2

 
1 2
 I t 1  t 2 dt
0

1
 3 11 7 
1
1 9 5
  t 2
t 2
2t 2 
   t 2  t 2  2t 2  dt    
0
  3 11 7 
 
2 2 2 0
2 2 4 154  42  132 64
    
3 11 7 231 231
2 1 1  2x
36. 
1
  2  e dx
 x 2x 
[Ex.7.10, Q.8]

2 1 1  2x
Sol. Let I = 1  x  2x 2  e dx
 
Put 2x  t  2dx  dt
When x  1, t  2 and when x  2, t  4
2 1 1  1 4 2 2 
    2  e 2x dx     2  e t dt
1
 x 2x  2 2t t 
1 1  t
4
 e t f  t   f '  t   dt  e t f(t)  C 
 
2 t

 2  e dt
t      

 et 
    
2 2 4
e4 e2 e e  2  
 t 2 4 2 4

E 13
Mathematics 

37. 
0
4
log(1  tan x)dx [Ex.7.10, Q.8]

Sol. Let I   4 log 1  tan x  dx ..…(1)
0

  f  x  dx   f a  x  dx 

   a a
 I   4 log 1  tan   x   dx
0
 4  0 0

  

 tan  tan x  
4  1  tan x 
 I 4
log 1   dx  I  04 log 1  1  tan x  dx
0 
 1  tan tan x 
 4 


 2 

 
 I   4 log  dx  I   4 log 2dx   4 log 1  tan x  dx
0
 1  tan x  
  0 0


 I   4 log 2 dx  I [From (1)]
0

 
 2I   x log 204  2I  log 2  I  log 2
4 8
 x dx
38. 
0 1  sin x
[Ex.7.10, Q.12]

 xdx
Sol. Let I   …(1)
0 1  sin x
   x  dx
I



0 1  sin   x
   f  x  dx   f a  x  dx 
a

0 0
a

   x
I dx …(2)
1  sin x
0

Adding (1) and (2), we obtain

2I  
 
dx  2I  
 1  sin x  dx
0 1  sin x  
0 1  sin x 1  sin x

1  sin x
 
 
 2I    2
dx  2I   sec2 x  tan xsec x dx
0 cos x 0

 2I    tan x  sec x 0  2I  2



I

39. 
0
log(1  cos x)dx [Ex.7.10, Q.16]

Sol. Let I   log 1  cos x  dx …(1)
0

 I   log 1  cos    x   dx


0   f  x  dx   f a  x  dx 
a

0 0
a


 I   log 1  cos x  dx …(2)
0

14 E
 CBSE

Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
2I   log 1  cos x   log 1  cos x  dx


 
 
 2I   log 1  cos2 x dx  2I   logsin 2 x dx
0 0
 
 2I  2 logsin x dx  I   logsin x dx ..…(3)
0 0

  sin    x   sin x ;  I  2  2 log sin x dx ..…(4)
0

 
 
 I  2  2 log sin   x  dx  2  2 log cos x dx ..…(5)
0
2  0

Adding (4) and (5), we obtain


2I  2  2  log sin x  log cos x  dx
0

 I   2  log sin x  log cos x  log 2  log 2  dx
0

 I   2  log 2 sin x cos x  log 2  dx
0
 
 I   2 log sin 2x dx   2 log 2 dx
0 0

Let 2x  t  2dx  dt

When x  0, t  0 and when x  , t
2
1  
I 
2 0
log sin t dt  log 2
2
1   f(x)dx   f(t)dt 
b b
 I  I  log 2
2 2   a a 
[From (3)]

I 
   log 2
2 2
 I   log2
  1  sin x 
40. 

2
ex   dx
 1  cos x 
[Misc.Ex. Q.24]

 x x
  1  2sin cos 
 
1 sin x  
Sol. Let I   e x   dx  I   e 
x 2 2 dx

2  1  cos x  2  2sin 2
x

 2 
 x 
 cosec2
 x
I   e x 2  cot  dx
2  2 2
 
x
Let f  x    cot
2

E 15
Mathematics 
 1 x 1 x
 f '  x      cosec2   cosec2
 2 2 2 2

   x
  I    e [f(x)  f '(x)]dx   e  f  x  dx  
x x
  e x  cot 
2 2  2 
2

   
  
  e  cot  e  cot    e  0  e 1  e
2 2 2

 2 4  

sin x cos x
41. 
0
4
cos4 x  sin 4 x
dx [Misc.Ex. Q.25]

sin x cos x
Sol. Let I   4 dx
0 cos 4 x  sin 4 x
sin x cos x
 
cos4 x tan x sec2 x
  I  
0
4
(cos4 x  sin 4 x)
dx   I  0 1  tan 4 x dx
4

cos4 x
Let tan2x = t  2tanx sec2 xdx = dt

When x  0, t  0 and when x  , t  1
4
1 1 dt 1 1 1  

1
I   tan 1 t   [tan 1 1  tan 1 0]    
2 0 1 t 2
2 0 2 2 4 8

cos2 x
42. 
0
2
cos2 x  4sin 2 x
dx [Misc.Ex. Q.26]

cos 2 x
Sol. Let I   2
dx
0 cos 2 x  4sin 2 x

2
dx
I [Nr. and Dr. divided by cos2x]
0
1  4 tan 2 x
multiply and divide by sec2 x; we get
 
2
sec 2 x dx 2
sec 2 x dx
I  I  0 (1  tan 2 x) (1  4 tan 2 x)
0
sec 2 x (1  4 tan 2 x)
Put tan x = t sec2 x dx = dt
when x = 0, then t = 0

when x  , then t = 
2

dt
       
0
(1  t ) 2
(1  4t 2
)

dt
   (put t2 = y)
0
(1  y) (1  4y)

16 E
 CBSE

1 A B
=  (By using partial fraction)
(1  y) (1  4y) 1  y 1  4y
1 A(1  4y)  B(1  y)
=
(1  y) (1  4y) (1  y)(1  4y)
 1 = A(1 + 4y) + B(1+ y)
1
Put y = – 1, then A  
3
1 4
Put y   , then B =
4 3
  
1 dt 4 dt 1  4 dt
I 
3 0 1 t 2
 
3 0 1  4t 2
   tan 1 t   
3 0 3 0 1  (2t)2
1 4 1 
   tan 1   tan 1 0     tan 1 2t 
3 3 2 0

1   2
    0    tan 1   tan 1 0 
3 2  3
 2    
I  ·   
6 3 2 6 3 6

sin x  cos x
43.  
6
3

sin 2x
dx [Misc.Ex. Q.27]

 

sin x  cos x sin x  cos x 3
sin x  cos x 3
Sol. Let I   
3
dx   dx   dx
6 sin 2x  1  (sin 2x  1)  1  (1  sin 2x)
6 6

 I  3

 sin x  cos x  dx
1   sin x  cos x 
2
6

Let  sin x  cos x   t  sin x  cos x  dx  dt

  1 3    3 1 
When x  , t    and when x  , t   
6  2  3  2 
3 1 3 1
dt dt
I  1 23  I    2 3 1 
2 1 t2 


2  1 t2

1 1 1
As  , therefore, is an even function.
1  ( t)2 1  t2 1 t2

 f  x  dx  2 f  x  dx
a a
It is known that if f(x) is an even function, then
a 0

3 1
dt 3 1
 3 1 
 I  2 2   2sin 1 t  2  2sin 1  
1 t2  2 
0 0

E 17
Mathematics 

sin x  cos x
44.  4
9  16sin 2x
0
dx [Misc.Ex. Q.29]

sin x  cos x
Sol. Let I   4 dx
0 9  16sin 2x

Put sin x  cos x  t   cos x  sin x  dx  dt


When x  0, t  1 and when x  ,t  0
4
  sin x  cos x   t 2  sin 2 x  cos2 x  2sin x cos x  t 2  1  sin 2x  t 2  sin 2x  1  t 2
2

dt 0 dt dt dt
I   
0

0

0
 
9  16 1  t  1 9  16  16t 1 25  16t
 5   4t 
2 2 2 2
1 2 1

0
1 1 5  4t  1  1 1
  log    log 1  log   log 9
4  2 5 5  4t  1 40  9  40
4
45.  [| x  1|  | x  2 |  | x  3 |] dx
1
[Misc.Ex. Q.31]
4
Sol. Let I   [| x  1 |  | x  2 |  | x  3 |]dx
1
2 3
 I   [(x  1)  (x  2)  (x  3)] dx   [(x  1)  (x  2)  (x  3)] dx
1 2


a f(x) dx  a f(x) dx  b f(x) dx 
4 c b c
  [(x  1)  (x  2)  (x  3)] dx 
3
2 3 4
 I   (4  x) dx   (x) dx   (3x  6) dx
1 2 3
2 3 4
 x   x   3x
2 2
 2
  I   4x         6x 
 2 1  2  2  2 3
  1    9 4     27   7  5  9
 (8  2)   4         + (24  24)    18   = 6     0  
  2    2 2     2   2  2  2
7 19
= 6 =
2 2

sin 4 x
46. Evaluate  2 4 dx [Example 32]
0 sin x  cos4 x

sin 4 x
Sol. Let I =  2 4 dx …..(1)
0 sin x  cos4 x

 
 sin 4   x  
2  cos4 x
Then, I =  2 dx =  2 dx …..(2)
4 4
0   0 cos4 x  sin 4 x
sin   x   cos   x 
2  2 

0 f(a  x) dx 
a a

 0
f(x) 
Adding (1) and (2), we get
  
sin 4 x  cos4 x 
2I =  2
dx =  1 ·dx  x 02 
2
0 sin x  cos x
4 4 0 2

Hence, I =
4

18 E
 CBSE


dx
47. Evaluate  
6
3

1  tan x
[Example 33]

 
dx cos x dx
Sol. Let I =  
6
3

1  tan x
= 

3

cos x  sin x
…..(1)
6

  

cos    x  dx
3 6   f(x) dx   f(a  b  x) dx 
b b
Then, I = 
6
3

       a a 
cos    x   sin    x 
3 6  3 6 

sin x
= 
6
3

sin x  cos x
dx …..(2)

 
  
Adding (1) and (2), we get 2I = 
3
1 ·dx  x  3 =  =
6 6
3 6 6

Hence, I =
12

48. Evaluate  0
2
log sin x dx [Example 34]

Sol. Let I =  0
2
log sin x dx
 
   f(x) dx   f(a  x) dx 
a a
Then, we have I =  logsin  2  x  dx =
0
2
0
2
log cos x dx
 
0 0 
Adding the two values of I, we get

2I = 
0
2
(log sin x  log cos x) dx

= 
0
2
(log sin x cos x  log 2  log 2) dx (by adding and subtracting log2)
 
= 
0
2
log sin 2x dx   2 log2 dx
0


Put 2x = t in the first integral. Then 2 dx = dt, when x = 0, t = 0 and when x  ,t=
2
1  
Therefore, 2I = 
2 0
log sin t dt  log 2
2
2 2 
= 
2 0
logsin t dt  log 2
2
(as sin ( – t) = sin t)


= 
logsin x dx  log 2
0
2
2
(by changing variable t to x)


2I = I  log 2
2


Hence, 
0
2
logsin x dx 
2
log 2

E 19
Mathematics 
3
49. Evaluate  2
1
| x sin( x) | dx [Example 41]

 x sin  x for 1  x  1

Sol. Here, f(x)  xsin x =  3
x sin  x for 1  x  2
3 3
1
Therefore 2
1
| x sin x | dx = 
1
x sin  x dx   2 x sin  x dx
1
3
1
= 
1
x sin  x dx   2 x sin  x dx
1

Integrating both integrals on righthand side, we get

3
1
 x cos x sin x   x cos x sin x  2
3

2
1
x sin  x dx = 
 
  
  1 
2


2 1
2  1 1 3 1
=    = 
  2    2
 x dx
50. Evaluate  [Example 42]
0 a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2 2

 x dx
Sol. Let I=  2
0 a cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x

(  x) dx  f(x) dx   f(a  x) dx 
 a a
=  2
0 a cos (   x)  b 2 sin 2 (   x)
2
 
0 0 
 dx  x dx
=   2
0 a cos x  b sin x
22 2 2 0 a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2

 dx
=  2 I
0 a cos 2 x  b 2 sin 2 x

 dx
Thus, 2I =  2
0 a cos x  b 2 sin 2 x
2

  dx
or I=  2
2 a cos x  b2 sin 2 x
0 2


 dx  f(x) dx  2  f(x) dx; if f(x) = f(2a – x) 
2a a
= ·2  2 2
2 0 a cos x  b2 sin 2 x
2   0 0 

sec 2 x dx
=  2 (dividing numerator and denominator by cos2 x).
0 a 2  b2 tan 2 x

Put b tan x = t, so that b sec2 x dx = dt. Also, when x = 0, t = 0, and when x  , t .
2

  dt  1  1 t     2
b 0 a 2  t 2 b a 
Therefore, I = = · tan =  0 =
a  0 ab  2  2ab


20 E
 CBSE

CHAPTER-8 : APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
x2 y2
1. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse   1. [Ex.8.1, Q.1]
16 9
Sol. The given curve is an ellipse with centre at (0, 0) and symmetrical about X-axis and Y-axis both
( the power of x and y both are even)
Y
Area bounded by the ellipse
(0,3)
= 4 × (Area of shaded region in the first quadrant only)
X' X
( By symmetry) O (4,0)
xb
 4 
x a
y dx (Considering the elementary strip on x-axis)
Y'

4 43  x2 y2 3 
 4  y dx  4  16  x 2 dx    1, y  16  x 2 
0 04  16 9 4 
4 2
 3 4  x 2 dx
0
4
x 2 42  x  x 2 2 a 2 1  x 
 3
2
4  x 2  sin 1   
2  4 0
[  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x  sin   + C]
2 a
 3 2 16  16  8sin 1 1  0  8sin 1  0  


 3 0  8sin 1 1  0   3  8     12 sq. units.
2
Therefore, area bounded by the ellipse is 12 Sq. units.
x2 y2
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse   1. [Ex.8.1, Q.2]
4 9
Sol. The given curve is an ellipse with centre at (0, 0) and symmetrical about X-axis and Y-axis, both
Y
(0, 3)

X' X
O (2, 0)

Y'

E 1
Mathematics 
Area bounded by the ellipse
= 4 × (Area of shaded region in the first quadrant only) ( By symmetry)
xb
 4  y dx (Considering the elementary strip on x-axis)
xa
2
 4  y dx
0

2 3  x2 y2 3 
 4 4  x 2 dx    1, y  4  x2 
0 2  4 9 2 
2 2
 6 2  x 2 dx
0
2
x 22  x   x 2 a2 x 
 6
2
4  x 2  sin 1   
2  2 0


 a 2  x2 dx 
2
a  x2  sin 1    C 
2 a 


 6 0  2sin 1 1  0 

 6  2     6 sq. units.
2
3. Area lying in the first quadrant and bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the lines x = 0 and
x = 2 is [Ex.8.1, Q.3]

  
(A) sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
2 3 4

Sol. The area bounded by the circle and the lines x  0 and x  2 , in the first quadrant is represented
in the figure by shaded region.

Required area   y dx
2 Y
0

2
 4  x2 dx x2+y2 = 4
0

2
B
x 4  x  X' X
 4  x 2  sin 1    O (2, 0)
2 2  2  0

 0  2sin 1 1  0
x=2

 2 Y'
2
= sq units.
Thus the correct option is (A)

2 E
 CBSE

4. Area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x, y-axis and the line y = 3 is [Ex.8.1, Q.4]
9 9 9
(A) 2 sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
4 3 2

Sol. The area bounded by the curve, y 2  4x, Y-axis and y  3 is represented in the figure by shaded
region.
3 3 y2 Y
 Required area =  0
x dy  
0 4
dy

3
1  y3  y=3
  
4  3 0
X' X
1 3 O

12
3 0  
y2 = 4x
1 9
  27   sq units.
12 4 Y'
Thus, the correct answer is (B).

5. Find the area of the region bounded by the line y = 3x + 2, the x-axis and the ordinates x = –1 and
x = 1. [Example, Q.3]

2
Sol. As shown in the figure, the line y = 3x + 2 meets x-axis at x  and its graph lies below x-axis
3
 2   2 
for x   1,  and above x-axis for x   ,1  .
 3   3 

The required area = Area of the region ACBA + Area of the region ADEA
2
1 y=3x+2
Y
  1
3
(3x  2) dx  2 (3x  2) dx
3
D

2
1
 3x 2  3  3x 2  x=1
  2x     2x 
 2  1  2  2 (0,2)
3
C A
X' X
 6 4   3    3   6 4  O E
       2     2      x=–1 –2
,0
 9 3   2    2   9 3  3
B
 2  1    7 2 
        
 3  2   2 3 
Y'
1 25 13
   sq.units
6 6 3

E 3
Mathematics 
6. Find the area bounded by the curve y = cos x between x = 0 and x = 2. [Example, Q.4]

Sol. From the figure, the required area

= area of the region OABO + area of the region BCDB + area of the region DEFD.

Thus, we have the required area

 3
2
  cos x dx  Y
0
2


2
2
cos x dx  3 cos x dx
2

A y = cos x E
 3

 sin x   sin x   sin x 

2 2 2
 3
0
2 B D 2
2 X' X
O   3 F
=1+2+1 2 2

= 4 sq.units C
Y'

7. Sketch the graph of y = |x + 3| and evaluate Y

0
 6
| x  3 | dx . [Misc.Ex., Q.2]
y=x+3
  x  3  for x  3
 C(-6, 3)
Sol. y  x  3   y = -x -3 D(0, 3)
x  3 for x  3

Now, A
X B X
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3
0

 | x  3 |dx = Area (ABC) + Area (OAD)

6
Y
3 0
  x  3 dx   x  3 dx
6 3

3 0
3  x 2   x2 
   x  3  dx    x  3  dx  
0
 3x     3x 
6 3
 2  6  2  3

   3 2     6 2      3 2 
   3   3      3   6     0    3   3   
 2   2
 
   2
  



 9   9 9 9
   9    18  18         9 sq. units
 2   2 2 2

4 E
 CBSE

CHAPTER-9 : DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation.
2
 d2y   dy 
 2   cos    0 [Ex.9.1, Q.4]
 dx   dx 
2
 d2y   dy 
Sol.  2   cos    0
 dx   dx 
d2y
The highest order derivative present in the given differential equation is . Therefore, its
dx 2
order is 2.
The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives. Hence, its degree
is not defined.
3 2
 d 2 y   dy   dy 
2. The degree of the differential equation  2      sin    1  0 is : [Ex.9.1, Q.11]
 dx   dx   dx 
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) not defined
3 2
 d 2 y   dy   dy 
Sol.  2      sin    1  0
 dx   dx   dx 
The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives. Therefore, its
degree is not defined.
Hence, the correct answer is D.

In each of the questions verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of
the corresponding differential equation (Q.3 to 5 ):
xy
3. y = 1  x 2 : y' = [Ex.9.2, Q.4]
1  x2
Sol. y  1  x2
Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we get:

y' 
d
dx
 1  x2
1 d 2x
 y '  ·
2 dx
 
1  x 2  y ' 
2 1 x 2 1  x2
x x
 y'   y'   1  x2
1  x2 1  x2
x xy
 y'  ·y  y ' 
1 x 2
1  x2
 L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.

E 1
Mathematics

4. y = x sin x : xy' = y + x x 2 – y 2 (x  0 and x > y or x < – y) [Ex.9.2, Q.6]
Sol. y = xsinx
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get:
d
y'  (x sin x)
dx
d d
 y' = sinx · (x) + x · (sinx)  y' = sinx + xcosx
dx dx
Substituting the value of y' in the given differential equation, we get:
L.H.S. = xy' = x(sinx + x cosx) = x sinx + x2 cosx
2
y
= y + x2 · 1  sin 2 x = y + x2 1 
x

= y + x x 2  y2 = R.H.S.
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.
5. y – cos y = x : (y sin y + cos y + x) y' = y [Ex.9.2, Q.8]
Sol. y – cos y = x …..(1)
Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we get:
dy d d
 (cos y)  (x)
dx dx dx
 y' + siny · y' = 1  y'(1 + siny) = 1
1
 y' =
1  sin y
Substituting the value of y' in equation (1), we get:
L.H.S. = (y siny + cosy + x)y'
1
= (y siny + cosy + y – cosy) ×
1  sin y
1
= y(1 + siny) · = y = R.H.S.
1  sin y
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.
6. For the differential equation, find the general solution : [Ex.9.3, Q.4]
sec x tan y dx + sec y tan x dy = 0
2 2

Sol. sec2x tany dx + sec2 y tan x dy = 0

The given differential equation is:
sec2x tany dx + sec2 y tan x dy = 0
sec 2 x tan ydx  sec 2 y tan x dy
 0
tan x tan y
sec 2 x sec 2 y sec 2 x sec 2 y
 dx  dy  0  dx   dy
tan x tan y tan x tan y

2 E
 CBSE

Integrating both sides of this equation, we get:
sec 2 x sec 2 y
 tan x dx    tan y dy .....(1)

Let tan x = t  sec2 xdx = dt

sec 2 x 1
Now,  tan x dx   t dt = log t = log (tan x)
sec 2 y
Similarly,  tan y dy  log(tan y)
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get:
log(tan x) = –log(tan y) + log C
 log(tan x) + log(tan y) = log C
 tan x tan y = C
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.
7. For differential equations, find a particular solution satisfying the given condition: [Ex.9.3, Q.11]
dy
(x3 + x2 + x + 1) = 2x2 + x; y = 1 when x = 0
dx
Sol. The given differential equation is:
dy
(x3 + x2 + x + 1) = 2x2 + x
dx
dy 2x 2  x
 
dx (x3  x 2  x  1)
2x 2  x
 dy  dx
(x  1)(x 2  1)
Integrating both sides, we get:
2x 2  x
 1 ·dy   (x  1)(x2  1) dx .....(1)

2x 2  x A Bx  C
Let   2 .....(2)
(x  1)(x  1) x  1 x  1
2

2x 2  x Ax 2  A  (Bx  C)(x  1)
 
(x  1)(x 2  1) (x  1)(x 2  1)
 2x2 + x = Ax2 + A + Bx2 + Bx + Cx + C
 2x2 + x = (A + B)x2 + (B + C)x + (A + C)
Comparing the coefficients of x2 and x, we get:
A+B=2
B+C=1
Also; A + C = 0 (Comparing constants)

E 3
Mathematics

Solving these equations, we get:
1 3 1
A  , B  and C 
2 2 2
Substituting the values of A, B, and C in equation (2), we get:
2x 2  x 1 1 1 (3x  1)
 · 
(x  1)(x  1) 2 (x  1) 2 (x 2  1)
2

Therefore, equation (1) becomes:

1 1 1 3x  1
 1 ·dy  2  x  1 dx  2  x 2  1dx
1 3 x 1 1
 y  log(x  1)   2 dx   2 dx
2 2 x 1 2 x 1
1 3 2x 1
 y log(x  1)  ·  2 dx  tan 1 x  C
2 4 x 1 2
1 3 1
 y log(x  1)  log(x 2  1)  tan 1 x  C
2 4 2
1 1
 y 2 log(x  1)  3 log(x 2  1)   tan 1 x  C
4 2
1 1
 y  log(x  1) 2 (x 2  1)3   tan 1 x  C .....(3)
4 2
Now, y = 1 when x = 0
1 1 1 1
 1 = log(1)  tan 1 (0)  C  1 =  0   0  C  C = 1
4 2 4 2
Substituting C = 1 in equation (3), we get:
1 1
y   log(x  1) 2 (x 2  1)3   tan 1x  1
4 2
8. In a culture, the bacteria count is 1,00,000. The number is increased by 10% in 2 hours. In how
many hours will the count reach 2,00,000, if the rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to the
number present? [Ex.9.3, Q.22]
Sol. Let y be the number of bacteria at any instant t.
It is given that the rate of growth of the bacteria is proportional to the number present.
dy
 y
dt
dy
  ky (where k is a constant)
dt
dy
  kdt
y
Integrating both sides, we get:
dy
 y  k  1 ·dt
 log y = kt + C .....(1)
4 E
 CBSE

Let y0 be the number of bacteria at t = 0.
 log y0 = C
Substituting the value of C in equation (1), we get:
log y  kt  log y 0
 y   y 
 log y – log y0 = kt  log    kt  kt  log   .....(2)
 y0   y0 
Also, it is given that the number of bacteria increases by 10% in 2 hours.
110 y 11
 y  y0   .....(3)
100 y 0 10
Substituting this value in equation (2), we get:
 11  1  11 
k ·2  log    k  log  
 10  2  10 
Therefore, equation (2) becomes:
 y 
2 log  
1  11   y   y0 
log   ·t  log    t  …..(4)
2  10   y0   11 
log  
 10 
Now, let the time when the number of bacteria increases from 100000 to 200000 be t1.
 y = 2y0 at t = t1
From equation (4), we get:
 y 
2 log  
t1   y 0   2 log 2
 11   11 
log   log  
 10   10 
2 log 2
Hence, in hours the number of bacteria increases from 100000 to 200000.
 11 
log  
 10 
9. In question, show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve. [Ex.9.4, Q.10]
 x 
x
 x
 1  e y  dx  e y  1   dy  0
   y
 x
 x
 x
Sol.  1  e  dx  e y  1   dy  0
y
   y
 
x
 x
e  1  
y
 x
 x
 x dx  y
  1  e  dx  e y  1   dy 
y
 x
…..(1)
   y dy
1 e y

E 5
Mathematics

x
 x
e  1  
y

Let F(x, y)   y
x

1 ey
x x
 x 
y  x
e  1   e y  1  
  F(x, y)   y    y    0 ·F(x, y)
x x

1  e y 1 ey
Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.
To solve it, we make the substitution as:
x = vy
d d dx dv
  (x)  (vy)  vy
dy dy dy xy
dx
Substituting the values of x and in equation (1), we get:
dy
dv e v (1  v)
vy 
dy 1  ev
dv e v  ve v dv e v  ve v  v  ve v
  y  v  y 
dy 1  ev dy 1  ev
dv  v  ev   1  ev  dy
  y   v 
  v 
dv  
dy 1 e  v  e  y
Integrating both sides, we get:
C x x
C
x

  log(v  e )   log y  log C  log      e    x  ye y  C

v y

y  y y 
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
10. For differential equation, find the particular solution satisfying the given condition:
 2y  
 x sin  x   y  dx  x dy  0 ; y  4 ; when x = 1 [Ex.9.4, Q.13]
   
 y 
  x sin 2    y 
 y  dy x 
Sol.  x sin 2    y  dx  xdy  0    .....(1)
 x  dx x
 y 
  x sin 2    y 
x 
Let F(x, y)  
x
  y    y 
 x·sin 2    y    x sin 2    y 
 x  x 
 F(x, y)       0 ·F(x, y)
x x
Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation.

6 E
 CBSE

To solve this differential equation, we make the substitution as:
y = vx
d d dy dv
 (y)  (vx)  vx
dx dx dx dx
dy
Substituting the values of y and in equation (1), we get:
dx
dv [x sin 2 v  vx]
vx 
dx x
dv
 vx  [sin 2 v  v]  v  sin 2 v
dx
dv dv dx dx
 x   sin 2 v  2    cosec 2 vdv  
dx sin v x x
Integrating both sides, we get:
– cot v = –log|x| – log C
y
 cot v = log|x| + log C  cot    log x  log C
x
y
 cot    log Cx .....(2)
x

Now, y  at x  1
4

 cot    log C  1 = log C  C = e1 = e
4
Substituting C = e in equation (2), we get:
y
cot    log ex
x
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.
11. For differential equation, find the general solution: [Ex.9.5, Q.9]
dy
x  y – x  xy cot x  0(x  0)
dx
dy
Sol. x  y  x  xy cot x  0
dx
dy
 x  y(1  x cot x)  x
dx
dy  1 
    cot x  y  1
dx  x 
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form:
dy 1
 py  Q (where p   cot x and Q  1)
dx x
1 
  cot x dx log x  log(sin x) log(xsin x)
Now, I.F.  e   e  x
pdx
e e  x sin x

E 7
Mathematics

The general solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation,
y(I.F.)   (Q  I.F.)dx  C

 y(x sin x)   (1 x sin x) dx  C

 y(x sin x)   (x sin x)dx  C

d 
 y(x sin x)  x  sin x dx    (x)· sin xdx  dx  C
 dx 
 y(x sin x)  x( cos x)   1·( cos x)dx  C
 y(x sinx) = –x cosx + sinx + C
 x cos x sin x C
 y  
x sin x x sin x x sin x
1 C
 y   cot ·x  
x x sin x
12. For differential equation, find a particular solution satisfying the given condition:
dy 
– 3y cot x = sin2x; y = 2 when x = [Ex.9.5, Q.15]
dx 2
dy
Sol. The given differential equation is  3y cot x  sin 2x
dx
This is a linear differential equation of the form:
dy
 py  Q (where p  3cot x and Q  sin 2x)
dx
l
1
Now, I.F.  e   e 
pdx 3 cot x dx log
3log sin x
e  3 sin x 
3

sin 3 x
The general solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation,
y(I.F.)   (Q  I.F.)dx  C

1  1 
 y· 3
  sin 2x · 3  dx  C  y cosec3x  2 (cot x cosecx)dx  C
sin x  sin x 
2 C
 y cosec3 x  2 cosecx  C  y 
cosec x cosec3x
2

 y = –2sin2x + Csin3x …..(1)


y = 2 at x = (given)
2
Now, Therefore, we get:
2 = –2 + C  C = 4
Substituting C = 4 in equation (1), we get:
y = –2sin2 x + 4 sin3x  y = 4sin3x – 2sin2x
This is the required particular solution of the given differential equation.

8 E
 CBSE

x
 xy 
13. Solve the differential equation ye dx   xe  y 2  dy, (y  0) .
y
[Misc.Ex., Q.8]
 
 
x
 x 
Sol. ye y dx   xe y  y 2  dy
 
 
 dx 
x x x  y.  x  x
dx  dx  dy
 ye  xe  y2  e  y.  x   y 2  e 
y y y
2
  1 …..(1)
y

dy  dy  y
x

Let e  z
y

Differentiating it with respect to y, we get:

 dx 
 y  x
d   dz
x x x
d  x  dz  dy   dz
 e  
y
 e .   
y
 e . 2
y
…..(2)
dy   dy dy  y  dy y dy
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get :
dz
 1  dz = dy
dy
Integrating both sides, we get :

 1 ·dz  1 ·dy
x

 z = y + C  e  yC
y

14. Find a particular solution of the differential equation (x – y) (dx + dy) = dx – dy, given that
y = –1, when x = 0. [Misc.Ex., Q.9]
Sol. (x – y) (dx + dy) = dx – dy
 (x – y + 1) dy = (1 – x + y)dx
dy 1  x  y dy 1  (x  y)
    …..(1)
dx x  y  1 dx 1  (x  y)
Let x – y = t
d dt dy dt dt dy
 (x  y)   1    1  
dx dx dx dx dx dx
dy
Substituting the values of (x – y) and in equation (1), we get :
dx
dt 1  t dt 1 t  dt (1  t)  (1  t)
1   1    
dx 1  t dx 1 t  dx 1 t
dt 2t 1 t 
      dt = 2dx
dx 1  t  t 
 1
  1  t  dt  2dx …..(2)
 

E 9
Mathematics

Integrating both sides, we get :
 1
 1  t  dt  2 1.dx
 t + log |t| = 2x + C
 (x – y) + log |x – y| = 2x + C  log |x – y| = x + y + C …..(3)
Now, y = – 1 at x = 0
Therefore, equation (3) becomes :
log 1 = 0 – 1 + C  C = 1
Substituting C = 1 in equation (3) we get :
 log |x – y| = x + y + 1
This is the required particular solution of the given differential equation
 e –2 x y  dx
15. Solve the differential equation  –   1, (x  0) . [Misc.Ex., Q.10]
 x x  dy
 e –2 x y  dx
Sol.    1
 x x  dy

dy e –2 x y dy y e –2 x
      
dx x x dx x x
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form
dy 1 e –2 x
+ Py = Q, where P  and Q 
dx x x
1
 dx
Now, I.F. = e   e x  e 2 x
Pdx

The general solution of the given differential equation is given by,

y(I.F.)   (Q  I.F.)dx  C

 e –2 x 2 
 ye 2 x
  e x
 dx  C
 x
 
1
 ye2 x
 dx  C  ye2 x
 2 x C
x
dy
16. Find a particular solution of the differential equation + y cot x = 4x cosec x (x  0), given
dx

that y = 0 when x  [Misc.Ex., Q.11]
2
Sol. The given differential equation is :
dy
 y cot x  4x cos ec x
dx
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form
dy
 py  Q , where p = cot x and Q = 4x cosec x
dx
10 E
 CBSE

Now, I.F. = e   e 
pdx cot xdx
 e log|sin x|  sin x
The general solution of the given differential equation is given by,
y(I.F.) =  (Q  I.F.)dx  C

 y sin x   (4x cosec x  sin x)dx  C  y sin x  4  xdx  C 

x2
  y sin x  4   C  y sin x = 2x2 + C ….. (1)
2

Now, y = 0 at x 
2
Therefore, equation (1) becomes :
2 2
0  2  C  C  
4 2
2
Substituting C   in equation (1), we get :
2
2
y sin x = 2x  2

2
This is the required particular solution of the given differential equation.
dy
17. Show that the differential equation (x – y) = x + 2y is homogeneous and solve it.
dx
[Example 10]
Sol. The given differential equation can be expressed as
dy x  2y
= …..(1)
dx xy
x  2y
Let F(x,y) =
xy
(x  2y)
Now F(x, y) = = °.F(x, y)
(x  y)
Therefore, F(x, y) is a homogenous function of degree zero. So, the given differential equation is
a homogenous differential equation.
Alternatively,
 2y 
1
dy  x   g y 
  x …..(2)
dx  1  y   
 x 
y
R.H.S. of differential equation (2) is of the form g   and so it is a homogeneous function of
x
degree zero. Therefore, equation (1) is a homogeneous differential equation. To solve it we make
the substitution.
y = vx …..(3)

E 11
Mathematics

Differentiating equation (3) with respect to x, we get
dy dv
vx …..(4)
dx dx
dy
Substituting the value of y and in equation (1) we get
dx
dv 1  2v
vx 
dx 1  v
dv 1  2v dv v 2  v  1
or x  v or x 
dx 1  v dx 1 v
v 1 dx
or dv  …..(5)
v  v 1
2
x
Integrating both sides of equation (5), we get
v 1 dx
 v 2  v  1 dv   x
1 2v  1  3
2  v2  v  1
or dv   log x  C

1 2v  1 3 1
or 
2 v  v 1
2
dv   2
2 v  v 1
dv   log x  C

1 3 1
or log v 2  v  1   2 dv   log x  C
2 2 v  v 1
1 3 1
or log v 2  v  1   2
dv   log x  C
2 2  1  3
2

 v  2    2 
   
1 3 2  2v  1 
or log v 2  v  1  · tan 1     log x  C1
2 2 3  3 
1 1  2v  1 
or log v 2  v  1  log x 2  3 tan 1    C1
2 2  3 
y
Replacing v by , we get :
x
1 y2 y 1  2y  x 
or log 2   1  log x 2  3 tan 1    C1
2 x x 2  3x 
1  y2 y   2y  x 
or log  2   1  x 2  3 tan 1    C1
2 x x   3x 
 2y  x 
or log (y 2  xy  x 2 )  2 3 tan 1    2C1
 3x 
 x  2y 
or log (x 2  xy  y 2 )  2 3 tan 1  C ,
 3x 
which is the general solution of the differential equation (1)
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 CBSE

 y  dy y
18. Show that the differential equation x cos   = y cos   + x is homogeneous and solve
 x  dx x
it. [Example 11]
Sol. The given differential equation can be written as
y
y cos    x
dy x
 …..(1)
dx y
x cos  
x
dy
It is a differential equation of the form  F(x, y)
dx
y
y cos    x
Here F(x, y)  x
y
x cos  
x
Replacing x by x and y by y, we get
 y 
  y cos    x 
x 
F(x, y)     0 [F(x, y)]
 y 
  x cos 
 x
Thus, F (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero.
Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous differential equation.
To solve it we make the substitution
y = vx …..(2)
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to x, we get
dy dv
vx …..(3)
dx dx
dy
Substituting the value of y and in equation (1), we get
dx
dv v cos v  1
vx 
dx cos v
dv v cos v  1 dv 1 dx
 x  v  x   cos v dv 
dx cos v dx cos v x
Therefore,
1
 cos v dv   x dx  sin v  log x  log C  sin v  log Cx
y
Replacing v by , we get
x
y
sin    log Cx
x
which is the general solution of the differential equation (1).

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
 x x

19. Show that the differential equation 2y e dx   y – 2xe y  dy = 0 is homogeneous and find its
y
 
 
particular solution, given that, x = 0 when y = 1. [Example 12]
Sol. The given differential equation can be written as
x

dx 2xe  y y
 x
…..(1)
dy
2ye y
x

2xe  y
y
Let F(x, y)  x

2ye y
 x

  2xe y  y 
 
Then F(x, y)      0 [F(x, y)]
 x

  2ye y 
 
 
Thus, F(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero. Therefore, the given differential
equation is a homogeneous differential equation.
To solve it, we make the substitution
x = vy …..(2)
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to y, we get
dx dv
vy
dy dy
dx
Substituting the value of x and in equation (1), we get
dy
dv 2ve v  1
vy 
dy 2e v
dv 2ve v  1 dv 1
 y  v  y  v
dy 2e v dy 2e
dy dy
 2ev dv    2e ·dv    2ev   log y  C
v

y y
x
and replacing v by , we get
y
x

2e y  log y  C …..(3)
Substituting x = 0 and y = 1 in equation (3), we get
2 e0 + log |1| = C  C = 2
Substituting the value of C in equation (3), we get
x

2e y  log y  2
which is the particular solution of the given differential equation.

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
20. Show that the family of curves for which the slope of the tangent at any point (x, y) on it is
x2  y2
, is given by x2 – y2 = Cx. [Example 13]
2xy
dy
Sol. We know that the slope of the tangent at any point on a curve is .
dx
Therefore,
y2
dy x  y 2 2 1
dy x2
 or  …..(1)
dx 2xy dx 2y
x
Clearly, (1) is a homogenous differential equation. To solve it we make substitution
y = vx
Differentiating y = vx with respect to x, we get
dy dv dv 1  v 2
vx  vx  [from (1)]
dx dx dx 2v
dv 1  v 2 2v dx 2v dx
 x   dv   dv  
dx 2v 1 v 2
x v 1
2
x
Therefore ;
2v 1
 v 2  1 dv    x dx  log v2  1   log x  log C1

 log (v 2  1)(x)  log C1  (v 2  1)x   C1

y
Replacing v by , we get
x
 y2 
 2  1  x  C1  (y 2  x 2 )   C1x  x 2  y 2  Cx
x 
dy
21. Find the particular solution of the differential equation + y cot x = 2x + x2 cot x (x  0),
dx

given that y = 0 when x  . [Example 17]
2
dy
Sol. The given equation is a linear differential equation of the type  Py  Q , where P = cot x and
dx
Q = 2x + x2 cot x. Therefore
I.F =  e cot x dx = elog sin x = sin x
Hence, the solution of the differential equation is given by
y ·sin x   (2x  x 2 cot x)sin x dx  C

 y sin x   2x sin x dx   x 2 cos x dx  C

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
 2x 2   2x 2 
 y sin x  sin x   
  dx   x cos x dx  C
2
cos x 
 2   2 
 y sin x  x 2 sin x   x 2 cos x dx   x 2 cos x dx  C
 y sin x = x2 sin x + C …..(1)

Substituting y = 0 and x  in equation (1), we get
2
2
    2
0    sin    C  C
2 2 4
Substituting the value of C in equation (1), we get
2 2
y sin x  x sin x 
2
 yx 2
(sin x  0)
4 4sin x
which is the particular solution of the given differential equation.
22. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (tan–1y – x)dy = (1 + y2)dx. [Example 22]
Sol. The given differential equation can be written as
dx x tan 1 y
  ……(1)
dy 1  y 2 1  y 2
dx
Now (1) is a linear differential equation of the form  P1x  Q1 .
dy
1 tan 1 y
where, P1  and Q1 
1  y2 1  y2
1
 1y2 dy 1
Therefore, I.F.  e  e tan y
Thus, the solution of the given differential equation is
 tan 1 y  tan 1 y
xe tan 1 y
  2 
e dy  C …..(2)
 1 y 
 tan 1 y  tan1 y
Let I   2 
e dy
 1 y 
 1 
Substituting tan 1 y  t so that   dy  dt , we get
1 y
2

I   t et dt  t et   1 . et dt  t et  et  et (t  1)
1
 I  etan y (tan1 y 1)
Substituting the value of I in equation (2), we get
1 1
x . etan y
 etan y (tan 1 y 1)  C
1
 x  (tan1 y  1)  C e tan y

which is the general solution of the given differential equation.

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

CHAPTER-10 : VECTOR ALGEBRA

NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. For given vectors, a  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and b   ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , find the unit vector in the direction of the
vector a  b . [Ex.10.2, Q.9]
Sol. The given vectors are a  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and b   ˆi  ˆj  kˆ .
 a  b  (2  1)iˆ  (1  1) ˆj  (2  1)kˆ  1iˆ  0 ˆj  1kˆ  ˆi  kˆ

Now; a  b  12  12  2

 a  b   ˆi  kˆ 
Hence, the unit vector in the direction of a  b is   ab 2
1 ˆ 1 ˆ
2
i
2
k

2. Find a vector in the direction of vector 5iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ which has magnitude 8 units. [Ex.10.2, Q.10]
Sol. Let a  5iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ .

  a  52  (1)2  22  25  1  4  30

a 5iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
  â  
a 30
Hence, the vector in the direction of vector 5iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ which has magnitude 8 units is given by,
 5iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ  40 ˆ 8 ˆ 16 ˆ
8aˆ  8    i j k
 30  30 30 30
3. Show that the vectors 2iˆ  3ˆj  4kˆ and 4iˆ  6ˆj  8kˆ are collinear. [Ex.10.2, Q.11]
Sol. Let a  2iˆ  3ˆj  4kˆ and b  4iˆ  6 ˆj  8kˆ
It is observed that b  4iˆ  6ˆj  8kˆ  2(2iˆ  3ˆj  4k)
ˆ  2a

  b  a where,  = –2,
Hence, the given vectors are collinear.
4. Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors, a  3iˆ  4ˆj  4kˆ , b  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and
c  ˆi  3ˆj  5kˆ , respectively form the vertices of a right angled triangle. [Ex.10.2, Q.17]
Sol. Position vectors of points A, B, and C are respectively given as:
a  3iˆ  4 ˆj  4kˆ , b  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and c  ˆi  3ˆj  5kˆ
  AB  b  a  (2  3)iˆ  (1  4) ˆj  (1  4)kˆ   ˆi  3ˆj  5kˆ ,
BC  c  b  (1  2)iˆ  (3  1) ˆj  (5  1)kˆ   ˆi  2 ˆj  6kˆ ,
CA  a  c  (3  1)iˆ  (4  3)ˆj  (–4  5)kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
Now, AB  BC  CA  (ˆi  3ˆj  5k)
ˆ  (ˆi  2 ˆj  6k)
ˆ  (2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ = 0

  A, B, C are vertices of triangle

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Mathematics

2
Now, AB = (–1)2 + 32 + 52 = 1 + 9 + 25 = 35,
2
BC = (–1)2 + (–2)2 + (–6)2 = 1 + 4 + 36 = 41,
2
CA = 22 + (–1)2 + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
2 2 2
  AB  CA  35  6  41  BC
Hence, A, B and C are vertices of right angled triangle.
5. Find the projection of the vector ˆi  3ˆj  7kˆ on the vector 7iˆ  ˆj  8kˆ . [Ex.10.3, Q.4]
Sol. Let a  ˆi  3ˆj  7kˆ and bˆ  7iˆ  ˆj  8kˆ .
Now, projection of vector a on b is given by-
1 1
b
 
a ·b  (1(7) + 3(–1) + 7(8))
72  (1)2  82
7  3  56 60
= =
49  1  64 114
6. Find a and b , if (a  b).(a  b) = 8 and a  8 b [Ex.10.3, Q.6]

Sol. a  b · a  b = 8 (given)

  a ·a  a ·b  b·a  b·b  8
2 2
  a  b 8 [ a ·a  | a |2 ]

8 b 
2 2
   b 8  a  8 b 

2 2 2
  64 b  b  8   63 b  8
2 8 8
  b   b  [Magnitude of a vector is non-negative]
63 63
2 2
  b 
3 7
8 2 2 16 2
  a 8 b  
3 7 3 7
7. Find x , if for a unit vector a , (x  a).(x  a)  12 [Ex.10.3, Q.9]
Sol.  x  a  ·  x  a  =12
  x·x  x·a  a·x  a·a  12
2 2
  x  a  12 [ a ·a  | a |2 ]
2
  x  1  12 [ a =1 as a is a unit vector]
2
  x  13
  x  13

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
8. If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a  b  c  0 , find the value of a.b  b.c  c.a . [Ex.10.3, Q.13]
Sol. Given, a, b, c are unit vectors, therefore,
| a |  1,| b |  1 and | c |  1. .....(1)
Again, given that a  b  c  0  (a  b  c) ·(a  b  c)  0 ·0
or | a |2  | b |2  | c |2 2(a·b  b·c  c·a)  0 [ a ·a | a |2 ]
Putting | a |  1,| b |  1,| c |  1 from (1),
1 + 1 + 1 + 2(a·b  b·c  c·a)  0
  2(a·b  b·c  c·a)  3
3
  a·b  b·c  c·a 
2
9. If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), (–1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 2), respectively, then find
ABC. [Ex.10.3, Q.15]
Sol. The vertices of ABC are given as A (1, 2, 3), B (–1, 0, 0), and C (0, 1, 2). Also, it is given that
ABC is the angle between the vectors BA and BC .
BA  (1  (1))iˆ  (2  0) ˆj  (3  0)kˆ  2iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ
BC  (0  (1))iˆ  (1  0)ˆj  (2  0)kˆ  ˆi  ˆj  2kˆ
    
BA·BC  2iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ · ˆi  ˆj  2kˆ  (2 1)  (2 1)  (3  2)  2  2  6  10

Now, BA  2 2  2 2  32  4  4  9  17

and BC  12  12  2 2  6
Now, it is known that :
BA·BC  BA BC cos  ABC 
  10 = 17  6 cos  ABC 
10  10 
 cos  ABC    ABC  cos1  
17  6  102 
 
10. If a unit vector a makes angles with î , with ĵ and an acute angle  with k̂ , then find and
3 4
hence, the components of a . [Ex.10.4, Q.3]
Sol. Let unit vector a  a1ˆi  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ
Since a is a unit vector, a  1 .
 
Also, it is given that a makes angle with î , with ĵ and an acute angle θ with k̂ . Then, we
3 4
have :
 a1
cos 
3 a
1
   a1  a  1
2
 a 1
Also, cos  2   a2  a  1
4 a 2

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
a3
Also, cos = a3 = cos
a
Now, a = 1
2 2
1  1 
  a  a  a  1     
2
1
2
2
2
3   cos2   12  1
2  2 
1 1 3
    cos2   1   cos 2   1
4 2 4
3 1 1 
  cos2 = 1– =  cos =   = (acute angle)
4 4 2 3
 1
  a3 = cos =
3 2
 1 1 1
Hence,   and the components of a are , , .
3 2 2 2
11. Find and if  2iˆ  6ˆj  27kˆ    ˆi  ˆj  kˆ   0 . [Ex.10.4, Q.5]

Sol.  2iˆ  6ˆj  27kˆ    ˆi  ˆj  kˆ   0

ˆi ˆj kˆ
  2 6 27  0iˆ  0 ˆj  0kˆ
1  

  ˆi  6  27   ˆj  2  27  kˆ  2  6   0iˆ  0ˆj  0kˆ

On comparing the corresponding components, we have :

6– 27 = 0
2– 27 = 0
2– 6 = 0
Now, 2– 6 = 0
27
  = 3 and, 2– 27 = 0   =
2
27
Hence, = 3 and  =
2
2
12. Let the vectors a and b be such that a = 3 and b = , then a  b is a unit vector, if the angle
3
between a and b is [Ex.10.4, Q.11]
(A) /6 (B) /4 (C) /3 (D) /2
2
Sol. It is given that a  3 and b  .
3
We know that a  b  a b sin nˆ , where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to both a and b

and  is the angle between a and b .

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
Now, a  b is a unit vector if a  b  1

 a b sin nˆ  1  a b sin   1

2 1 
 3×  sin   1  sin =  =
3 2 4

Hence, a  b is a unit vector if the angle between a and b is .
4
The correct answer is B.
13. If a  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , b  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ and c  ˆi  2 ˆj  kˆ , find a unit vector parallel to the vector 2a  b  3c .
[Misc.Ex., Q.7]
Sol. We have,
a  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , b  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ and c  ˆi  2 ˆj  kˆ
     
2a  b  3c  2 ˆi  ˆj  kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  3 ˆi  2 ˆj  kˆ 
 2iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  3iˆ  6 ˆj  3kˆ  3iˆ  3ˆj  2kˆ

2a  b  3c  32   3  22  9  9  4  22
2


Hence, the unit vector along 2a  b  3c is,

2a  b  3c 3iˆ  3ˆj  2kˆ 3 ˆ 3 ˆ 2 ˆ
  i j k.
2a  b  3c 22 22 22 22
14. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q whose
   
position vectors are 2a  b and a  3b externally in the ratio 1 : 2. Also, show that P is the
mid-point of the line segment RQ. [Misc.Ex., Q.9]
Sol. It is given that OP  2a  b , OQ  a  3b .
It is given that point R divides a line segment joining two points P and Q externally in the ratio
1 : 2.
Then, on using the section formula, we get:

OR 
  
2 2a  b  a  3b   4a  2b  a  3b  3a  5b
2 1 1
Therefore, the position vector of point R is 3a  5b .
Position vector of the mid-point of

RQ 
OQ  OR
=

a  3b  3a  5b  
= 2a  b = OP

2 2
Hence, P is the mid-point of the line segment RQ.
15. Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ are
1 1 1
, , . [Misc.Ex., Q.11]
3 3 3
Sol. Let a vector be equally inclined to axes OX, OY, and OZ at angle .
Then, the direction cosines of the vector are cos , cos , and cos .

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Now,
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1
1
  3 cos2  = 1  cos  =
3
Hence, the direction cosines of the vector which are equally inclined to the axes are
1 1 1
, , .
3 3 3
16. Let a  ˆi  4ˆj  2k,
ˆ b  3iˆ  2 ˆj  7kˆ and c  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ . Find a vector d which is perpendicular to

both a and b , and c  d = 15 . [Misc.Ex., Q.12]

Sol. Vector perpendicular to both a and b is given by (a  b)  d(let)
ˆi ˆj kˆ
Now, a  b  1 4 2 = 32iˆ  ˆj  14kˆ
3 2 7
  d  (32iˆ  ˆj  14k)
ˆ
Now, c ·d  15
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
 (2i  j  4k)·(32 ˆi  ˆj  14k)
ˆ  15
  64 +  – 56 = 15
5
  
3
5
  d  (32iˆ  ˆj  14k)
ˆ
3
17. The scalar product of the vector ˆi  ˆj  kˆ with a unit vector along the sum of vectors 2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ
and ˆi  2 ˆj  3kˆ is equal to one. Find the value of . [Misc.Ex., Q.13]
Sol. Let a  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , b  2iˆ  4ˆj  5kˆ , c  ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ
   
b  c = 2iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ + ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ = (2  )iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ
Therefore, unit vector along b  c is given as:
(2  )iˆ  6ˆj  2kˆ (2  )iˆ  6ˆj  2kˆ (2  )iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ
 
(2  )2  62  (2)2 4  4   2  36  4  2  4  44
Scalar product of (a) with this unit vector is 1.
ˆ ˆ ˆ
  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ . (2  )i  6 j  2k  1
  2  4  44
(2  )  6  2
  1
 2  4  44
  2  4  44 =  + 6
  2 + 4 + 44 = ( + 6)2
  2 + 4 + 44 = 2 + 12 + 36
  8 = 8
   = 1
Hence, the value of  is 1.

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18. If a , b , c are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the vector a  b  c
is equally inclined to a , b and c . [Misc.Ex., Q.14]
Sol. Since a, b and c are mutually perpendicular vectors, we have
a.b  b.c  c.a  0
It is given that: a  b  c
Let vector a  b  c be inclined to a , b and c at angles 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
Then, we have:

cos1 =
 

a  b  c ·a a ·a  b·a  c·a
=
a
2

 b·a  c·a  0 
abc a a b c a abc a
a
=
abc

 a  b  c  ·b  a ·b  b·b  c·b =
2
b
cos2 = a ·b  c·b  0 
abc b a b c b abc b
b
=
abc

cos3 =
 a  b  c  ·c  a ·c  b·c  c·c = c
2

a ·c  b·c  0 
abc c a b c c abc c
c
=
abc
Now, as a  b  c , cos1 = cos2 = cos3.
 1 = 2 = 3
 
Hence, the vector a  b  c is equally inclined to a, b and c .
19. If  is the angle between two vectors a and b , then a  b  0 only when [Misc.Ex., Q.16]
 
(A) 0    (B) 0    (C) 0 <  <  (D) 0    
2 2
Sol. Let  be the angle between two vectors a and b .
Then, without loss of generality, a and b are non-zero vectors so that a and b are positive.
It is known that a·b  a b cos  .
 a ·b  0
 a b cos   0  cos   0 [ a and b are positive]

 0
2

Hence, a ·b  0 when 0    .
2
The correct answer is B.

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20. Let a and b be two unit vectors and  is the angle between them. Then a  b is a unit vector
if [Misc.Ex., Q.17]
   2
(A)   (B)    (C)   (D)   
4 3 2 3
Sol. Let a and b be two unit vectors and  be the angle between them.
Then, a  b  1 .

Now, a  b is a unit vector if a  b = 1.

 | a  b |  1
2
  2

   a  b  · a  b   1 [ a ·a  | a |2 ]

  a ·a  a ·b  b·a  b·b  1
2 2
  a  2a ·b  b  1

  12  2 a b cos   12  1
1
  cos = –
2
2
  
3
2
Hence, a  b is a unit vector if   .
3
The correct answer is D.
21. If  is the angle between any two vectors a and b , then | a  b | = | a  b | when  is equal to
[Misc.Ex., Q.19]
 
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 
4 2
Sol. Let  be the angle between two vectors a and b .
Then, without loss of generality, a and b are non-zero vectors, so that a and b are positive.

a ·b  a  b (given)

  a b cos   a b sin  [ a and b are positive]

 cos  = sin 
  tan  = 1

   =
4

Hence, a ·b  a  b when  is equal to .
4
The correct answer is B.

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22. Let a, b and c be three vectors such that a  3, b  4, c  5 and each one of them being

perpendicular to the sum of the other two, find a  b  c . [Example 28]

Sol. Given a ·(b  c)  0 , b ·(c  a)  0 , c ·(a  b)  0

2
Now, a  b  c  (a  b  c) ·(a  b  c) [ | a |2  a ·a]
= a ·a  a ·(b  c)  b · b  b ·(a  c)  c ·(a  b)  c ·c
2 2 2
= a b c
= 9 + 16 + 25 = 50
Therefore;
abc = 50 = 5 2

23. Three vectors a, b and c satisfy the condition a  b  c  0 . Evaluate the quantity
  a  b  b  c  c  a, if a  1, b = 4 and | c | = 2. [Example 29]

Sol. Since, a  b  c  0 , we have

a ·(a  b  c)  0
or a ·a  a · b  a ·c  0
2
Therefore a · b  a ·c   a  1 …..(1)
Again, b ·(a  b  c)  0
2
or a · b  b ·c   b  16 …..(2)

Similarly, a ·c  b ·c   4 ….(3)
Adding (1), (2) and (3), we have
2(a · b  b ·c  a ·c)  21
21
or 2  21 i.e.  
2
24. If with reference to the right handed system of mutually perpendicular unit vectors ˆi, ˆj and kˆ
and   3i  j ,   2i  ˆj  3kˆ , then express  in the form   1 2 ,where 1 is parallel to 
and 2 is perpendicular to  . [Example 30]
Sol. Let 1   , is a scalar, i.e. 1  3ˆi  ˆj
Now; 2   1  (2  3)iˆ  (1  )ˆj  3kˆ
Since 2 is to be perpendicular to  , we should have  · 2  0 . i.e.
3(2 – 3) – (1 + ) = 0
1
or 
2
3 1 1 3
Therefore, 1  ˆi  ˆj and 2  ˆi  ˆj  3kˆ
2 2 2 2

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CHAPTER-11 : THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Find the distance between the lines l1 and l2 given by [Example 10]
r  ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ  (2iˆ  3ˆj  6k)
ˆ and r  3iˆ  3ˆj  5kˆ  (2iˆ  3ˆj  6k)
ˆ
Sol. The two lines are parallel. We have
a1  ˆi  2jˆ  4kˆ , a2  3iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ and b  2iˆ  3ˆj  6kˆ
Therefore, the distance between the lines is given by
ˆi ˆj kˆ
2 3 6
b  (a 2  a1 ) 2 1 1
d =
b 4  9  36

9iˆ  14ˆj  4kˆ 293 293

or = =
49 49 7
1  x 7y  14 z  3 7  7x y  5 6  z
2. Find the values of p so that the lines   and   are at right
3 2p 2 3p 1 5
angles [Ex.11.2, Q.10]
Sol. The given equations can be written in the standard form as
x 1 y  2 z  3 x 1 y  5 z  6
  and  
3 2p 2 3p 1 5
7 7
2p 3p
The direction ratios of the lines are – 3, , 2 and ,1, 5 respectively.
7 7
Two lines with direction ratios, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2,, c2, are perpendicular to each other, if
a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
 3p   2p  9p 2p
 (3).      .(1)  2(5)  0    10
 7   7  7 7
70
  11p = 70  P 
11
70
Thus, the value of p is
11
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 3 y 5 z 7
3. Find the shortest distance between the lines   and  
7 6 1 1 2 1
[Ex.11.2, Q.13]
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 3 y 5 z 7
Sol. The given lines are   and  
7 6 1 1 2 1
First, we convert Cartesian form in vector form
r  (x ˆi  y ˆj  z k)
1 1 1
ˆ  (a ˆi  b ˆj  c k)
1 1
ˆ  a  b
1 1 1 1

and r2  (x2 ˆi  y2 ˆj  z2 k)
ˆ  (a ˆi  b ˆj  c k)
2 2 2
ˆ  a  b
2 2

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Here a1  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , b1  7iˆ  6jˆ  kˆ
and a2  3iˆ  5jˆ  7kˆ , b2  ˆi  2jˆ  kˆ
Now, shortest distance between the lines
(b1  b2 ) ·(a 2  a1 )
d
| b1  b2 |
ˆi ˆj kˆ
Now, b1  b2  7 6 1 = ˆi(6  2)  ˆj(7  1)  k(
ˆ 14  6) = 4iˆ  6ˆj  8kˆ
1 2 1

b1  b2  16  36  64  116

and a2  a1  4iˆ  6ˆj  8kˆ

Now, d 
 4iˆ  6ˆj  8kˆ 
· 4iˆ  6 ˆj  8kˆ 
=
| 16  36  64 |
=
116
= 116 = 2 29
116 116 116

4. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are [Ex.11.2, Q.15]
r = (1 – t) î + (t – 2) ĵ + (3 – 2 t) k̂ and r = (s +1) î + (2s – 1) ĵ – (2s + 1) k̂
Sol. The given lines are
  r  (1  t)iˆ  (t  2) ˆj  (3  2t)kˆ
 r  (iˆ  2ˆj  3k)
ˆ  t(ˆi  ˆj  2k)
ˆ …..(1)
r  (s  1)iˆ  (2s  1)ˆj  (2s  1)kˆ
 r  (iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ  s(iˆ  2 ˆj  2k)
ˆ …..(2)
It is known that the shortest distance between the lines, r  a1  b1 and r  a2  b2 is given by

(b1  b2 ).(a 2  a1 )
d …..(3)
b1  b2

For the given equations,

a1  ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ , b1  ˆi  ˆj  2kˆ
a2  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , b2  ˆi  2jˆ  2kˆ

   
a 2  a1  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ  ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ  ˆj  4kˆ

ˆi ˆj kˆ
b1  b2  1 1 2  (2  4)iˆ  (2  2)ˆj  (2  1)kˆ  2iˆ  4 ˆj  3kˆ
1 2 2

 b1  b2  (2)2  (4)2  (3) 2  4  16  9  29

 (b1  b2 ).(a2  a1 )  (2iˆ  4jˆ  3k).(

ˆ ˆj  4k)
ˆ  4  12  8

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Substituting all the values in equation (3), we obtain
8 8
d 
29 29
8
Therefore, the shortest distance between the lines is units.
29
x 1 y  2 z – 3 x 1 y 1 z – 6
5. If the lines   and   are perpendicular, find the value of k.
3 2k 2 3k 1 5
[Misc.Ex., Q.3]
x 1 y  2 z  3 x 1 y 1 z  6
Sol. The direction ratios of the lines,   and   , are – 3, 2k, 2 and
3 2k 2 3k 1 5
3k, 1, –5 respectively
It is known that two lines with direction ratios, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2, are perpendicular if
a1a 2  b1b2  c1c 2  0
 3(3k)  2k 1  2(5)  0
 9k  2k  10  0  
  7k  10  
10
  k 
7
10
Therefore, for k   , the given lines are perpendicular to each other.
7
6. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, – 4) and perpendicular to the
x  8 y  19 z  10 x  15 y  29 z  5
two lines:   and   . [Misc.Ex., Q.5]
3 16 7 3 8 5
Sol. Let the required line be parallel to the vector b given by, b  b1ˆi  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ

The position vector of the point (1, 2, –4) is a  ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ

The equation of the line passing through (1, 2, –4) and parallel to vector b is
r  a  b
   
r  ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ   b1ˆi  b 2 ˆj  b3 kˆ  …..(1)

The equations of the lines are

x  8 y  19 z  10
  …..(2)
3 16 7
x  15 y  29 z  5
and   …..(3)
3 8 5
Lines (1) and line (2) are perpendicular to each other
3b1  16b2  7b3  0 …..(4)

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Also, lines (1) and line (3) are perpendicular to each other.
3b1  8b2  5b3  0 …..(5)
From equations (4) and (5), we obtain
b1 b2 b3
 
(16)(5)  8  7 7  3  3(5) 3  8  3(16)
b1 b2 b3 b b b
    1 2  3
24 36 72 2 3 6
  Direction ratios of b are 2, 3, and 6.
 b  2iˆ  3ˆj  6kˆ
Substituting b  2iˆ  3ˆj  6kˆ in equation (1), we obtain

  
r  ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ   2iˆ  3ˆj  6kˆ 
This is the equation of the required line.

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CHAPTER-12 : LINEAR PROGRAMMING
NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Maximise Z = 5x + 3y subject to 3x + 5y  15, 5x + 2y  10, x  0, y  0. [Ex.12.1, Q.3]
Sol. Maximize Z  5x  3y
Subject to constraints 3x  5y  15 , 5x  2y  10 , x  0 , y  0
Firstly, draw the graph of the line, 3x  5y  15
x 0 5
y 3 0
Putting (0, 0) in the inequality 3x  5y  15 , we have 3  0  5  0  15  0  15 (Which is true)
So, the half plane is towards the origin. Since, x, y  0
So, the feasible region lies in the first quadrant.
Secondly, draw the graph of the line, 5x  2y  10
x 0 2
y 5 0
Putting (0, 0) in the inequality 5x  2y  10 we have 5  0  2  0  10
 0  10 (Which is true)
So, the half plane is towards the origin.
20 45
On solving equations 3x  5y  15 and 5x  2y  10 , we get x  and y 
19 19
 20 45 
Coordinates point B is  , 
 19 19 
 Feasible region is OABCO
 20 45 
The corner points of the feasible region are O  0,0  , A  2,0  , B  ,  and C  0,3 .
 19 19 
The values of Z at these points are as follows:
Corner Points Z = 5x + 3y
Y
O  0,0  0 Scale :
On X-axis 1cm = 1 unit
A  2,0  10
6 On Y-axis 1cm = 1 unit
 20 45  235 5
B ,  
 19 19  19 4
Maximum 3 B (20/19, 45/19)
C  0,3 9 2
Therefore, the maximum value of Z is 1
A(2, 0) X
235  20 45  X'
at the point B  ,  . O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
19  19 19  (0, 0)
5x + 2y = 10
Y'

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2. Minimise Z = 3x + 5y such that x + 3y  3, x + y  2, x, y  0. [Ex.12.1, Q.4]
Sol. Minimize Z  3x  5y
Subject to constraints x  3y  3 , x  y  2 , x  0 , y  0
Firstly, draw the graph of the line, x  3y  3
x 0 3
y 1 0
Putting (0, 0) in the inequality x  3y  3 , we have 0  3  0  3  0  3
(Which is false)
So, the half plane is away from the origin. Since, x, y  0
So, the feasible region lies in the first quadrant.
Secondly, draw the graph of the line, x  y  2
x 0 2
y 2 0
Putting (0, 0) in the inequality x  y  2 we have 0  0  2
02 (Which is false)
So, the half plane is away from the origin.
It can be seen that the feasible region is unbounded.
3 1
On solving equations x  y  2 and x  3y  3 , we get x  and y 
2 2
3 1
Intersection point B  , 
2 2

3 1
The corner points of the feasible region are A  3,0  , B  ,  and C  0,2  .
2 2
The values of Z at these points are as follows:
Corner Z = 3x + Y Scale :
Points 5y On X-axis 1cm = 1 unit
On Y-axis 1cm = 1 unit
A  3,0  9
6
3 1 7
B ,  5
2 2 Minimum
4
C  0,2  10
3
As the feasible region is 2
unbounded therefore, 7 1
may or may not be the A(3, 0) X
X'
minimum value of Z. O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(0,0)
x + 3y = 3
Y' x + y = 2 3x + 5y = 7

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For this, we draw the graph of the inequality, 3x  5y  7 and check whether the resulting half
plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.
It can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 3x  5y  7 .
3 1
Therefore, the minimum value of Z is 7 at the point B  ,  .
2 2
3. Minimize Z  x  2y , subject to constraints are 2x  y  3 , x  2y  6 and x, y  0 . Show that the
minimum of Z occurs at more than two points. [Ex.12.1, Q.6]
Sol. Minimize Z  x  2y
Subject to constraints 2x  y  3 , x  2y  6 , x  0 , y  0
Firstly, draw the graph of the line, 2x  y  3
x 0 3/2
y 3 0
Putting (0, 0) in the inequality 2x  y  3 , we have 2  0  0  3  0  3 (Which is false)

So, the half plane is away from the origin. Since, x, y  0

So, the feasible region lies in the first quadrant.
Secondly, draw the graph of the line, x  2y  6
x 0 6
y 3 0
Putting (0, 0) in the inequality x  2y  6 we have 0  2  0  6  0  6 (Which is false)
So, the half plane is away from the origin.
The intersection point of the lines x  2y  6 and 2x  y  3 is B  0,3
The corner points of the feasible region are, A  6,0  , B  0,3 .
The values of Z at these points are as follows:
Corner Z = x + 2y
Scale :
Points Y On X-axis 1cm = 1 unit
A  6,0  6 On Y-axis 1cm = 1 unit
6
B  0,3 6 5

It can be seen that the value of 4

3 B (0, 3)
Z at points A and B is same. If we take any
2
other point such as  2,2  on line x  2y  6
1
, then Z = 6. Thus, the minimum value of Z A(6, 0)
X' X
occurs for more than 2 points. Therefore, O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(0,0)
the value of Z is minimum at every point Y'
on the line, x  2y  6 . 2x + y = 3

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4. Minimise and Maximise Z = 5x + 10 y subject to x + 2y  120, x + y  60, x – 2y  0, x, y  0.
[Ex.12.1, Q.7]
Sol. Minimize and maximize Z  5x  10y
Subject to constraints x  2y  120 , x  y  60 , x  0 , x  2y  0
Firstly, draw the graph of the line, x  2y  120
x 0 120
y 60 0
Putting (0, 0) in the inequality x  2y  120 ,
we have 0  2  0  120  0  120 (Which is true)
So, the half plane is towards the origin.
Secondly, draw the graph of the line, x  y  60
x 0 60
y 60 0
Putting (0, 0) in the inequality x  y  60
we have 0  0  60  0  60 (Which is false)
So, the half plane is away from the origin.
Thirdly, draw to graph of the line x  2y  0
x 0 20
y 0 10
Putting (5, 0) in the inequality x  2y  0 we have 5  2  0  0  5  0 (Which is true)
So, the half plane is towards the X-axis. Since, x, y  0
So, the feasible region lies in the first quadrant.
 Feasible region is ABCDA .
On solving equations x  2y  0 and x  y  60 , we get D  40,20 
And on solving equations x  2y  0 and x  2y  120 , we get C  60,30 
The corner points of the feasible region are, A  60,0  , B120,0  , C  60,30  and D  40,20  .
The values of Z at these points are as follows:

Corner Points Z = 5x + 10y

Y
A  60,0  300  Minimum Scale :
On X-axis 1 cm = 20 units
B120,0  600  Maximum 120 On Y-axis 1 cm = 20 units

100
C  60,30  600  Maximum
80

D  40,20  400 60
40
The minimum value of Z is 300 at A 20
A(60, 0) B (120, 0)
(60,0) and the maximum value of Z is X'
O
X
20 40 60 80 100 120
600 at all the points on the line x + 2y = 120
Y'
x + y = 60
segment joining the points B (120, 0)
and C (60, 30).

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5. Maximise Z = – x + 2y, subject to the constraints: x  3, x + y  5, x + 2y  6, y  0.
[Ex.12.1, Q.9]
Sol. Maximize Z  x  2y
Subject to constraints x  3 , x  y  5 , x  2y  6 , x  0 , y  0
Firstly, draw the graph of the line, x  y  5
x 0 5
y 5 0
Putting (0, 0) in the inequality x  y  5 ,
we have 0  0  5  0  5 (Which is false)
So, the half plane is away from the origin.
Secondly, draw the graph of the line, x  2y  6
x 0 6
y 3 0
Putting (0, 0) in the inequality x  2y  6
we have 0  2  0  6  0  6 (Which is false)
So, the half plane is away from the origin.
Thirdly, draw to graph of the line x  2y  1
x 0 –1
y 1/2 0
Putting (0, 0) in the inequality x  2y  1 , we have 0  2  0  1  0  1 (Which is false)
So, the half plane is away from the origin. Since, x  3, y  0
The points of intersection of lines x  3 and x  2y  1 is C  3,2  and lines x  2y  6 and
x  y  5 is B 4,1 .
It can be seen that the feasible region is unbounded.
The corner points of the feasible region are A  6,0  , B 4,1 and C  3,2  .
The values of Z at these points are as follows:
Corner Points Z =  x + 2y
A  6,0  6 Scale :
On X-axis 1cm = 2 units
B 4,1 2
On Y-axis 1cm = 2 units
C  3,2  1  Maximum Y
As the feasible region is unbounded
therefore, Z = 1 may or may not be the
maximum value. For this, we graph the 8
inequality, x  2y  1 and check whether 6
the resulting half plane has points in 4
common with the feasible region or not. 2
X X
The resulting feasible region has points in O 2 4 6 8
common with the feasible region. (0,0)
x+y=5 x+2y=6
Therefore, x=3
Y
Z = 1, is not the maximum value.
Hence, Z has no maximum value.

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6. Determine graphically the minimum value of the objective function
Z = – 50x + 20y
subject to the constraints:
2x – y  – 5
3x + y  3
2x – 3y  12
x  0, y  0 [Example 4]
Sol. First of all, let us graph the feasible region of the system of inequalities. The feasible region
(shaded) is shown in the Fig. Observe that the feasible region is unbounded.
We now evaluate Z at the corner points.
Corner Point Z = – 50x + 20y
Scale :
A (0, 5) 100 Y On X-axis 1cm = 1 unit
B (0, 3) 60 10
On Y-axis 1cm = 1 unit

C (1, 0) –50 –5x+2y= –30

9
D (6, 0) –300  smallest 8
7 (1,7)
6
5 A(0,5) (8,5)
4
3 B(0,3)
2
(9,2)
1
C(1,0)
X' X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Y' 3x+y=3 D (6,0)

Here we see that the feasible region is unbounded. Therefore, – 300 may or may not be the
minimum value of Z. To decide this issue, we graph the inequality – 50x + 20y < – 300
i.e., – 5x + 2y < – 30
and check whether the resulting open half plane has points in common with feasible region or
not. If it has common points, then –300 will not be the minimum value of Z.
Otherwise, –300 will be the minimum value of Z.
As shown in the figure, it has common points.
Therefore, Z = –50 x + 20 y has no minimum value subject to the given constraints.

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CHAPTER-13 : PROBABILITY
NCERT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. A die is thrown three times, E : 4 appears on the third toss, F : 6 and 5 appears respectively on
E
first two tosses. find P   . [Ex.13.1, Q.8]
F
Sol. If a die is thrown three times, then the number of elements in the sample space will be
6 × 6 × 6 = 216
(1,1, 4), (1, 2, 4),......(1, 6, 4) 
(2,1, 4), (2, 2, 4),......(2, 6, 4) 
 
(3,1, 4), (3, 2, 4),......(3, 6, 4) 
E 
(4,1, 4), (4, 2, 4),......(4, 6, 4) 
(5,1, 4), (5, 2, 4),......(5, 6, 4) 
 
(6,1, 4), (6, 2, 4),......(6, 6, 4) 
F = {(6, 5, 1), (6, 5, 2), (6, 5, 3), (6, 5, 4), (6, 5, 5), (6, 5, 6)}
  E  F = {(6, 5, 4)}
6 1
P(F)  and P(E  F) 
216 216
1
P(E  F) 216 1
  P(E F)   
P(F) 6 6
216
2. Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different. Find the probability of
the event ‘the sum of numbers on the dice is 4’. [Ex.13.1, Q.14]
Sol. When two dice are thrown, number of observations in the sample space = 6 × 6 = 36
Let A be the event that the sum of the numbers on both dice is 4 and B be the event that the two
numbers appearing on throwing the two dice are different.
  A = {(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1)}
(1,2),(1,3),(1, 4),(1,5),(1,6) 
(2,1),(2,3),(2, 4),(2,5),(2,6) 
 
(3,1),(3,2),(3, 4),(3,5),(3,6) 
B=  
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,5),(4,6) 
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5, 4),(5,6) 
 
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6, 4),(6,5) 
A B = {(1, 3), (3, 1)}
30 5 2 1
  P(B)   and P(A  B)  
36 6 36 18
Let P(A B) represent the probability that the sum of the numbers on both dice is 4, given that
the two numbers appearing on throwing the two dice are different.

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1
P(A  B) 18 1
  P(A B)   
P(B) 5 15
6
1
Therefore, the required probability is .
15
3. A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event, ‘the number is
even,’ and B be the event, ‘the number is red’. Are A and B independent? [Ex.13.2, Q.5]
Sol. When a die is thrown, the sample space (S) is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Let A: the number is even = {2, 4, 6}
3 1
 P(A) = 
6 2
B: the number is red = {1, 2, 3}
3 1
 P(B) = 
6 2
 A B = {2}
1
P(A  B) =
6
1 1 1 1
Also, P(A)·P(B)    
2 2 4 6
 P(A)·P(B)  P(A  B)
Therefore, A and B are not independent.
1 1 1
4. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = , P(B) = and P(A  B) = , find P (not A and
4 2 8
not B). [Ex.13.2, Q.9]
1 1
Sol. It is given that P(A) = and P(A B) =
4 8
P(not A and not B) = P(A  B)

P(not A and not B) = P (A  B)   A  B  (A  B)

= 1 – P(A B)
= 1 – [P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)]
1 1 1
=1–    
4 2 8
5
=1–
8
3
=
8

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1 1
5. Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are and respectively. If
2 3
both try to solve the problem independently, find the probability that [Ex.13.2, Q.14]
(i) the problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.
Sol. Let E1 : event that A solves the problem
E2 : event that B solves the problem
1 1
Then P(E1) = and P(E2) =
2 3
1 1 1 2
  P(E1 )  1   and P(E 2 )  1  
2 2 3 3
Clearly, E1 and E2 are independent events :
(i) P(the problem is solved) = P(atleast one of A and B solves the problem)
= P(E1 E2)
= P(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1 E2)
= P(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1) . P(E2)
1 1 1 1 2
=   . 
2 3  2 3  3
(ii) P(exactly one of them solves the problem)
= P  E1  E 2    E1  E 2  

= P  E1  E 2   P  E1  E 2 

= P(E1) . P(E 2 ) + P(E1 ).P(E 2 )

1 2 1 1 1
=      =
 2 3  2 3 2
6. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the answer or guesses.
3 1
Let be the probability that he knows the answer and be the probability that he guesses.
4 4
1
Assuming that a student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability . What is
4
the probability that the student knows the answer given that he answered it correctly?
[Ex.13.3, Q.4]
Sol. Let E1 and E2 be the events that the student knows the answer and he guesses the answer
respectively.
Let A be the event that the answer is correct.
3 1
∴ P(E1) = and P(E2) =
4 4
The probability that the student answered correctly, given that he knows the answer, is 1.
∴ P(A E1 )  1

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1
Probability that the student answered correctly, given that he guessed, is .
4
1
∴ P(A|E2) =
4
The probability that the student knows the answer, given that he answered it correctly, is given
by P(E1 A) .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we obtain
3  3 3
 ·1
P(E1 A) 
P(E1)·P(A E1)
  4   4  4 
12
P(E1)·P(A E1)  P(E 2)·P(A E 2)  3   1 1   3 1  13 13
 ·1   ·   4  16  16
4  4 4  
7. There are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having head on both faces), another is a biased
coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is
chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability that it was the two headed
coin ? [Ex.13.3, Q.6]
Sol. Let E1, E2 and E3 be the respective events of choosing a two headed coin, a biased coin and an
unbiased coin.
1
 P(E1) = P(E2) = P(E3) =
3
Let A be the event that the coin shows heads.
A two-headed coin will always show heads.
 P(A E1 ) = P(coin showing heads, given that it is a two-headed coin) = 1
Probability of heads coming up, given that it is a biased coin= 75%
75 3
 P(A E 2 ) = P(coin showing heads, given that it is a biased coin)  
100 4
1
Since the third coin is unbiased, the probability that it shows heads is always .
2
1
 P(A E 3 ) = P(coin showing heads, given that it is a unbiased coin) 
2
The probability that the coin is two-headed, given that it shows heads, is given by P(E1 A) .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we obtain
P(E1)·P(A E1)
P(E1 A) 
P(E1)·P(A E1)  P(E 2)·P(A E 2)  P(E 3 )·P(A E 3 )

1  1
 3 ·1 
    3 
1

4
1  1 3 1 1 1 3 1 9 9
 3 ·1    3 · 4    3 · 2  3 1  4  2  4
       

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8. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes the
number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is
obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with
the die? [Ex.13.3, Q.10]
Sol. Let E1 be the event that the outcome on the die is 5 or 6 and E2 be the event that the outcome on
the die is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
2 1 4 2
 P(E1 )   and P(E 2 )  
6 3 6 3
Let A be the event of getting exactly one head.
3
P(A E1 ) = Probability of getting exactly one head by tossing the coin three times if she gets 5 or 6 
8
1
P(A E 2 ) = Probability of getting exactly one head in a single throw of coin if she gets 1, 2, 3, or 4 
2
The probability that the girl threw 1, 2, 3, or 4 with the die, if she obtained exactly one head, is
given by P(E 2 A) .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we obtain

2 1 1
 · 
P(E 2 A) 
P(E 2 )·P(A E 2 )
  3 2
 3 
1

8
P(E1 )·P(A E1 )  P(E 2 )·P(A E 2 )  1 3   2 1  1  3   11  11
 ·    ·  3  8  1  
3 8  3 2   8
9. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn
and are found to be both diamonds. Find the probability of the lost card being a diamond.
[Ex.13.3, Q.12]
Sol. Let E1 and E2 be the events that lost card is a diamond card and a card which is not diamond
respectively.
Let A be the event that two diamond cards are drawn.
Out of 52 cards, 13 cards are diamond and 39 cards are not diamond.
13 1 39 3
 P(E1 )   and P(E 2 )  
52 4 52 4
When one diamond card is lost, there are 12 diamond cards out of 51 cards.
Two diamond cards can be drawn out of 12 diamond cards in 12C2 ways.
and 2 cards can be drawn out of 51 cards in 51C2 ways. The probability of getting two diamond
cards, when one diamond card is lost, is given by P(A E1 ) .
12
C2 12! 2!  49! 1112 22
P(A E1 )     
51
C2 2! 10! 51! 50  51 425
When the lost card is not a diamond, there are 13 diamond cards out of 51 cards.
Two diamond cards can be drawn out of 13 diamond cards in 13C2 ways whereas 2 cards can be
drawn out of 51 cards in 51C2 ways.

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The probability of getting two diamond cards, when one card is lost which is not diamond, is
given by P(A E 2 ) .
13
C2 13! 2!  49! 12 13 26
P(A E 2 )     
51
C2 2! 11! 51! 50  51 425
The probability that the lost card is diamond if drawn cards are found to be both diamond is
given by P(E1 A) .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we obtain
P(E1 )·P(A E1 )
P(E1 A) 
P(E1 )·P(A E1 )  P(E 2 )·(A E 2 )
 1 22  1  22   11 
 ·      11
  4 425  425  4   2  

 1 22   3 26  1  22 26  3   25  50
 ·  ·    
 4 425   4 425  425  4 4   
10. From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs is drawn at random with
replacement. Find the probability distribution of the number of defective bulbs.
[Ex.13.4, Q.6 (Old NCERT)]
Sol. It is given that out of 30 bulbs, 6 are defective.
  Number of non-defective bulbs = 30 – 6 = 24
4 bulbs are drawn from the lot with replacement.
Let X be the random variable that denotes the number of defective bulbs in the selected bulbs, X
can take the value 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
4 4 4 4 256
  P (X = 0) = P (4 non-defective and 0 defective) = 4 C0 . . . 
5 5 5 5 625
3
 1   4  256
P (X = 1) = P (3 non-defective and 1 defective) = C1.   .   
4

 5   5  625
2 2
1  4 96
P (X = 2) = P (2 non-defective and 2 defective) = 4 C2 .  .  
5  5  625
3
1  4  16
P (X = 3) = P (1 non-defective and 3 defective) = C3 .  
4
.  
5  5  625
4 0
1  4 1
P (X = 4) = P (0 non-defective and 4 defective) = 4 C4 .   .   
 5   5  625
Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1 2 3 4

256 256 96 16 1
P(X)
625 625 625 625 625

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11. A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is tossed twice,
find the probability distribution of number of tails. [Ex.13.4, Q.7 (Old NCERT)]
Sol. Let the probability of getting a tail in tossing one biased coin be x.
  P (T) = x
  P (H) = 3x
Now, P (T) + P (H) = 1
1
  x + 3x = 1  4x = 1  x =
4
1 3
  P (T) = and P (H) =
4 4
When the coin is tossed twice, the sample space is {HH, TT, HT, TH}.
Let X be the random variable representing the number of tails, Here 'X' can be 0, 1 or 2
3 3 9
  P(X = 0) = P (no tail) = P(H) × P (H) =  
4 4 16
3 1 1 3 3
P (X = 1) = P (one tail) = P (HT) + P (TH) =  .    .  =
4 4 4 4 8
1 1 1
P (X = 2) = P (two tails) = P (TT) =  
4 4 16
Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1 2
9 3 1
P(X)
16 8 16

12. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. If X denotes the number of sixes, find the expectation
of X. [Ex.13.4, Q.11 (Old NCERT)]
Sol. Here, X represents the number of sixes obtained when two dice are thrown simultaneously.
Therefore, X can take the value of 0, 1 or 2.
5 5 25
  P(X = 0) = P (not getting six on any of the dice) =  
6 6 36
P(X = 1) = P (six on first die and no six on second die) + P (no six on first die and six on second die)
 1 5  10
= 2   =
 6 6  36
1
P(X = 2) = P (six on both the dice) =
36
Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows.
X 0 1 2
25 10 1
P(X)
36 36 36

 25   10   1  1
Then, expectation of X = E (X) = Xi P(X i ) =  0   + 1  +  2   =
 36   36   36  3
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13. Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive integers.
Let X denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find E(X). [Ex.13.4, Q.12 (Old NCERT)]
Sol. The two positive integers can be selected from the first six positive integers without replacement
in 6 × 5 = 30 ways.
X represents the larger of the two numbers obtained. Therefore, X can take the value of 2, 3, 4, 5
or 6.
For X = 2, the possible observations are (1, 2) and (2, 1).
2 1
  P(X = 2) = 
30 15
For X = 3, the possible observations are (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 1) and (3, 2).
4 2
  P(X = 3) = 
30 15
For X = 4, the possible observations are (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 3), (4, 2) and (4, 1).
6 3
  P(X = 4) = 
30 15
For X = 5, the possible observations are (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 4), (5, 3), (5, 2) and (5, 1).
8 4
  P(X = 5) = 
30 15
For X = 6, the possible observations are (1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 4),
(6, 3), (6, 2) and (6, 1).
10 1
  P(X = 6) = 
30 3
Therefore, the required probability distribution is as follows.
X 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 1
P(X)
15 15 15 15 3

Then, E(X) = Xi P(X i )

 1   2   1  4   1
=  2 ·    3·    4 ·    5·    6 · 
 15   15   5   15   3 
2 2 4 4 70 14
=    2 = =
15 5 5 3 15 3
14. Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is 40%. It is also assumed that a
meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain
drug reduces its chances by 25%. At a time a patient can choose any one of the two options with
equal probabilities. It is given that after going through one of the two options the patient selected
at random suffers a heart attack. Find the probability that the patient followed a course of
meditation and yoga? [Misc.Ex., Q.7]
Sol. Let E 1 and E 2 denote the events that the selected person followed the course of yoga and
meditation, and the person adopted the drug prescription, respectively
1
 P  E1   P  E 2  
2

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Let A be the event that person has a heart attack
 P(A) = 0.40
P  A E1   0.40  0.70  0.28
P  A E2   0.40  0.75  0.30
Probability that the patient suffering a heart attack followed a course of meditation and yoga is
given by P  E1 A .
1 
P  E1  P(A E1 )  2  0.28 
P  E1 A      
14
P  E1  P(A E1 )  P  E2  P(A E2 )  1  1  29
 2  0.28    2  0.30 
   
15. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls. One ball is
transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn from Bag II. The ball so drawn is found
to be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is black. [Misc.Ex., Q.10]
Sol. Let E 1 and E 2 respectively denote the events that a red ball is transferred from bag I to II and a
black ball is transferred from bag I to II.
3 4
P  E1   and P  E 2  
7 7
Let A be the event that the ball drawn is red.
When a red ball is transferred from bag I to II,
5 1
P  A E1   
10 2
When a black ball is transferred from bag I to II,
4 2
P  A E2   
10 5
The probability that the transferred ball is black in colour when ball drawn is red in colour is
given by P  E2 A 
By using Bayes' theorem, we obtain
4 2
P  E2  P  A E2  75
 P  E2 A      
16
P  E1  P  A E1   P  E2  P  A E 2   3 1   4 2  31
 7 2 7 5
   
16. Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then one card is drawn
randomly. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more than 3, what is the probability
that it is an even number? [Example 3]
Sol. Let A be the event ‘the number on the card drawn is even’ and B be the event ‘the number on the
card drawn is greater than 3’. We have to find P(A B) .
Now, the sample space of the experiment is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Then, A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and A B = {4, 6, 8, 10}

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5 7 4
Also, P(A) = , P(B) = and P(A  B) =
10 10 10
 4 
P(A  B)  10  4
Then, P(A B)   
P(B)  7  7
 10 
17. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6. What is the
conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least once? [Example 6]
Sol. Let E be the event that ‘number 4 appears at least once’ and F be the event that ‘the sum of the
numbers appearing is 6’.
Then, E = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4)}
and F = {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)}
11 5
We have, P(E)  and P(F) 
36 36
Also, E  F  {(2, 4),(4,2)}
2
Therefore, P(E  F) 
36
 2 
P(E  F)  36  2
Hence, the required probability P(E F)   
P(F)  5  5
 36 
18. Given three identical boxes I, II and III, each containing two coins. In box I, both coins are gold
coins, in box II, both are silver coins and in the box III, there is one gold and one silver coin. A
person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the coin is of gold, what is the probability
that the other coin in the box is also of gold? [Example 17]
Sol. Let E1, E2 and E3 be the events that boxes I, II and III are chosen, respectively.
1
Then, P(E1) = P(E2) = P(E3) =
3
Also, let A be the event that ‘the coin drawn is of gold’
2
Then, P(A | E1 ) = P(a gold coin from box I)   1
2
P(A | E 2 ) = P(a gold coin from box II) = 0
1
P(A | E3 ) = P(a gold coin from box III) 
2
Now, the probability that the other coin in the box is of gold
= the probability that gold coin is drawn from the box I.
= P(E1 A)
By Bayes' theorem, we know that
1 
P(E1 )P(A E1 )  3 1 2
P(E1 A) = =   
P(E1 )P(A E1 )  P(E 2 )P(A E 2 )  P(E 3 )P(A E 3 )  1   1   1 1  3
 3 1   3  0    3  2 
     

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19. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find
the probability distribution of the number of aces. [Example 24 (Old NCERT)]
Sol. The number of aces is a random variable. Let it be denoted by X. Clearly, X can take the values
0, 1, or 2.
Now, since the draws are done with replacement, therefore, the two draws form independent
experiments.
Therefore, P(X = 0) = P(non-ace and non-ace)
= P(non-ace) × P(non-ace)
 48 48  144
=   
 52 52  169
P(X = 1) = P(ace and non-ace or non-ace and ace)
= P(ace and non-ace) + P(non-ace and ace)
= P(ace). P(non-ace) + P (non-ace) . P(ace)
 4 48   48 4  24
=      
 52 52   52 52  169
and P(X = 2) = P (ace and ace)
 4 4  1
=   
 52 52  169
Thus, the required probability distribution is
X 0 1 2
144 24 1
P(X)
169 169 169
20. Let a pair of dice be thrown and the random variable X be the sum of the numbers that appear on
the two dice. Find the mean or expectation of X. [Example 27 (Old NCERT)]
Sol. The sample space of the experiment consists of 36 elementary events in the form of ordered pairs
(xi , yi), where xi = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and yi = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
The random variable X i.e. the sum of the numbers on the two dice takes the values 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
1
Now, P(X = 2) = P({(1,1)}) 
36
2
P(X = 3) = P({(1, 2),(2,1)}) 
36
3
P(X = 4) = P({(1,3),(2, 2),(3,1)}) 
36
4
P(X = 5) = P({(1, 4),(2,3),(3, 2),(4,1)}) 
36
5
P(X = 6) = P({(1, 5),(2, 4),(3,3),(4, 2),(5,1)}) 
36
6
P(X = 7) = P({(1, 6),(2, 5),(3, 4),(4,3),(5, 2),(6,1)}) 
36

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5
P(X = 8) = P({(2, 6),(3, 5),(4, 4),(5,3),(6, 2)}) 
36
4
P(X = 9) = P({(3, 6),(4, 5),(5, 4),(6,3)}) 
36
3
P(X = 10) = P({(4, 6),(5, 5),(6, 4)}) 
36
2
P(X = 11) = P({(5, 6),(6, 5)}) 
36
1
P(X = 12) = P({(6, 6)}) 
36
The probability distribution of X is given as :
X or xi 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
P(X) or pi
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
n
Therefore,  = E(X) =  x i pi
i 1

 1   2   3   4  5   6   5
=  2     3    4     5    6     7     8 
 36   36   36   36   36   36   36 
 4   3   2   1 
  9     10     11     12  
 36   36   36   36 
2  6  12  20  30  42  40  36  30  22 12
= 7
36
Thus, the mean of the sum of the numbers that appear on throwing two fair dice is 7.
21. A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them gets a ‘6’ and wins the game. Find their
respective probabilities of winning, if A starts first. [Example 36 (Old NCERT)]
Sol. Let S denote the success (getting a ‘6’) and F denote the failure (not getting a ‘6’).
1 5
Thus, P(S) = , P(F) =
6 6
1
P(A wins in the first throw) = P(S) =
6
A gets the third throw, when the first throw by A and second throw by B result into failures.
Therefore, P(A wins in the 3rd throw) = P(FFS) = P(F)P(F)P(S)
2 2
5 5 1 1 1  5 1
=      =   
6 6 6 5 6 6 6
4
5 1
P(A wins in the 5th throw) = P (FFFFS) =    
6 6
2 4
1
1 5 1 5 1 6
Hence, P(A wins) =            ...... = 6 =
6 6 6 6 6 1  25 11
36
6 5
P(B wins) = 1 – P(A wins) = 1  
11 11

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