Click on Subject/Paper under Semester to enter.

Random Process and Electromagnetic

Professional English Linear Algebra -
Professional English - - II - HS3252 Fields - EC3452
MA3355
I - HS3152
C Programming and Networks and
Statistics and
Data Structures - Security - EC3401
Matrices and Calculus Numerical Methods -
CS3353
- MA3151 MA3251
1st Semester

3rd Semester

Linear Integrated

4th Semester
2nd Semester

Signals and Systems - Circuits - EC3451

Engineering Physics - Engineering Graphics
- GE3251 EC3354
PH3151 Digital Signal
Processing - EC3492
Physics for Electronic Devices and
Engineering Chemistry Electronics Engg - Circuits - EC3353
- CY3151 PH3254 Communication
Systems - EC3491
Control Systems -
Basic Electrical & EC3351
Problem Solving and Instru Engg - BE3254 Environmental
Python Programming - Sciences and
GE3151 Digital Systems Design Sustainability -
Circuit Analysis - - EC3352 GE3451
EC3251

Wireless
Communication -
EC3501 Embedded Systems
and IOT Design -
ET3491
VLSI and Chip Design
5th Semester

- EC3552 Human Values and

7th Semester

8th Semester
6th Semester

Artificial Intelligence Ethics - GE3791

and Machine Learning
Transmission Lines and - CS3491
RF Systems - EC3551 Open Elective 2 Project Work /
Intership
Open Elective-1 Open Elective 3
Elective 1
Elective-4
Open Elective 4
Elective 2
Elective-5
Elective 3
Elective-6
 All ECE Engg Subjects - [ B.E., M.E., ] (Click on Subjects to enter)
Circuit Analysis Digital Electronics Communication Theory
Basic Electrical and Electrical Engineering and Principles of Digital
Instrumentation Engineering Instrumentation Signal Processing
Electronic Devices Linear Integrated Circuits Signals and Systems
Electronic Circuits I Electronic Circuits II Digital Communication
Transmission Lines and Wave Control System Engineering Microprocessors and
Guides Microcontrollers
Computer Architecture Computer Networks Operating Systems
RF and Microwave Engineering Medical Electronics VLSI Design
Optical Communication and Embedded and Real Time Cryptography and
Networks Systems Network Security
Probability and Random Transforms and Partial Physics for Electronics
Processes Differential Equations Engineering
Engineering Physics Engineering Chemistry Engineering Graphics
Problem Solving and Python Object Oriented Programming Environmental Science
Programming and Data Structures and Engineering
Principles of Management Technical English Total Quality
Management
Professional Ethics in Engineering Mathematics I Engineering Mathematics
Engineering II
 www.BrainKart.com Page 1 of 8

4931_Grace College of Engineering, Thoothukudi

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

BE- Electronics & Communication

Course/Programme :
Engineering

E
Regulation : 2021
O
CEC345 – Optical Communication
C
Sub. Code & Name :
& Networks
E

Year/Sem
AC

: III Year/V Sem

R

Content Name : 2 Marks & QB

G

Unit- IV Optical Fiber Measurements

Prepared By,

Mr. KRISHNA KUMAR M, AP/ECE

CEC345_OCN

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.annauniversitynotes
 www.BrainKart.com Page 2 of 8

4931_Grace College of Engineering, Thoothukudi

SYLLABUS

 Introduction- Total Fiber Attenuation

Measurement

 Fiber Dispersion Measurements In Time

Domain and Frequency Domain

E
 Fiber Cut off Wavelength Measurements
O
C
 Numerical Aperture Measurements
E
AC

 Fiber Diameter Measurements

R
G

 Reflectance And Optical Return Loss, Field

Measurements

CEC345_OCN

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.annauniversitynotes
 2www.BrainKart.com
Page 3 of 8
Marks Questions and Answers
4931_Grace College of Engineering, Thoothukudi
UNIT - IV - FIBER OPTIC MEASUREMENTS

1. List out the various error sources.

a) Quantum or shot noise
b) Dark current noise
c) Leakage current noise
d) Thermal noise
e) Amplifier noise
f) Inter symbol interference

2. Define quantum noise.

The quantum or shot noise arises from the statistical nature of the production and collection
of photoelectrons when an optical signal is incident on a photodetector.

3. Define dark current noise.

The photodiode dark current is the current that continues to flow through the bias circuit of
the device when no light is incident on the photodiode. This is a combination of bulk and surface
currents.

E
4. Define bulk dark current. O
C
The bulk dark current arises from the electrons and/or holes which are thermally generated
in the PN junction of the photodiode.
E

5. Define surface dark current.

AC

The surface dark is also referred to as a surface leakage current or simply the leakage
current. It is dependent on surface defects, cleanliness, bias voltage and surface area.
R
G

6. What do you mean by thermal noise?

Thermal noise is due to the random motion of electrons in a conductor. Thermal noise
arising from the detector load resistor and from the amplifier electronics tend to dominate in
applications with low signal to noise ratio.

7. What is meant by inter symbol interference (ISI)?

When a pulse is transmitted in a given time slot, most of the pulse energy will arrive in the
corresponding time slot at the receiver. However, because of the pulse spreading induced by the
fiber, some of the transmitted energy will progressively spread into neighboring time slots. The
presence of this energy in adjacent time slots results in an interfering signal. Hence it is called
Inter Symbol Interference.

8. What is meant by excess noise factor?

The ratio of the actual noise generated in an avalanche photodiode to the noise that would
exist if all carrier pairs were multiplied exactly by M is called the excess noise factor F and is

defined by ‹ ›/‹m› = ‹m ›/M

F = m2 2 2 2

CEC345_OCN

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.annauniversitynotes
 www.BrainKart.com
9. What is a preamplifier? Give the classifications of preamplifiers.
Page 4 of 8

4931_Grace College of Engineering, Thoothukudi

The electric current produced by the photodetector is very weak. Hence a front end
amplifier or preamplifier boosts it to a level that can be used by the following devices.
The classifications are
• Low impedence (LZ) preamplifier
• High impedence (HZ) preamplifier
• Transimpedence preamplifier

10. What is meant by bit error rate?

To measure the rate of error occurrences in a digital data stream, a simple approach is to
divide the number ‘Ne’ of errors occurring over a certain time interval ‘t’ by the number ‘Nt’ of
pulses transmitted during this interval. This is called either the error rate or the bit-error rate or
BER
NeNe
Bit error rate, BER = --------- where B= 1/ Tb
NtBt

11. What are the advantages of a trans-impedance amplifier? (Nov 14)

E
1. Wide dynamic range 2. Less susceptible to pick up noise 3. Less sensitivity

O
4. Little or no equalization is required 5. It is very easily controllable and stable
C
12. Define the probability of error.
Probability of error is defined as the probability that a transmitted ‘1’ is misinterpreted as a
E

‘0’ or a transmitted ‘0’ is misinterpreted as a’1’ by the receiver due to the noise interference.
AC

It is a good measure for performance of the detector.

R

13. Define quantum limit.

G

Assuming an ideal photodetector with unity quantum efficiency, quantum limit is the
minimum received optical power required for a specific bit error rate performance in a digital
system.

14. List the standard test methods.

a) Reference test methods (RTM).
It measures a particular characteristic with high degree of accuracy and reproducibility.
b) Alternative test methods (ATM).
It measures with less accuracy but more suitable for practical use.

15. Mention the various optical fiber measurements.

a) Fiber attenuation measurements
b) Fiber dispersion measurements
c) Fiber refractive index profile measurements
d) Fiber cutoff wavelength measurements
e) Fiber numerical aperture measurements
f) Fiber diameter measurements
CEC345_OCN

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.annauniversitynotes
 www.BrainKart.com Page 5 of 8

4931_Grace College of Engineering, Thoothukudi

16. What are the methods for the measurement of attenuation of fiber?
1. Insertion loss method
2. Cut-back method
3. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (OTDR)

17. What are mode scramblers or mode filters?

The devices which simulate mode equilibrium over a short length of fiber are
known as mode scramblers or mode filters.

18. Mention the different techniques used for measurement of fiber refractive
profile.
a) Interferometric method
b) Near Field Scanning Method
c) Refracted Near field Method

19. State the significance of maintaining the fiber outer diameter constant. (Nov 14)
It is essential to maintain the fiber outer diameter constant. Any diameter

E
variation may cause excessive radiation losses and make accurate fiber to fiber
connection difficult. O
C
E
AC
R
G

CEC345_OCN

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.annauniversitynotes
 www.BrainKart.com Page 6 of 8

4931_Grace College of Engineering, Thoothukudi

UNIT IV
PART- B

1. An InGaAs PIN photo diode has the following parameters at a wave length of 1300
nm : Id=4nA, ŋ=0.9, Rl=1000 ohms and the surface leakage current is negligible. The
instant optical power is 300 nw ( -35 dBm ) and the receiver band width is 20 MHZ.
Find the various noise term of the receiver ( April 2005,Dec06)
2. Discuss the eperformance of optical receiver by defining the probability of error
( April 2005 ).
3. What is known as quantum limit ? A digital fiber optic link operating at 850 nm
requires a maximum BER of 10^9. Find the minimum incidental optical power Po to
achieve this BER at a data rate of 10 Mb/s for a simple binary level signaling scheme.
( n=1), [1/t = B/2 ], (June 2007 )
4. Discuss in detail digital receiver performance calculation and sensitivity calculation
in detail. (June 2007 )
5. Discuss the receiver operation with neat block diagram. ( Nov 2004,Dec 2006 )
6. a. Discuss the requirements of optical detector.
b. Explain the principle of avalanche photo diode. ( Nov 2004 )
7. Discuss the principle of operation of APD with a neat circuit diagram. Also discuss
the requirements of photo detector ( Apr 2006,Dec2007 )

E
8. Discuss the fundamentals of receiver operations with a neat block diagram.(April
2006)
O
9. Explain the fundamental receiver operation in optical communication. ( Nov 2006)
C
10. Draw the schematics of PIN diode, APD and explain. ( Jun 2007,May 09 )
11. Derive an expression for internal optical power level generated in LEDs. [Apr 2008]
E

12. The quantum efficiency of a particular silicon RAPD is 80%, for the detectionof
AC

radiation at a wavelength of 0.9 um. When the incident optical power is 0.5uW, the
output current from the device [The avalanche gain] is 11uA. Determine the
multiplication factor of photodiode under these conditions.[6] [Apr 2008]
R

13. a. Draw and explain the different structures used to achieve carrier and optical b.
G

confinement in LASER diodes. [8].

b. Discuss the effect of temperature on the performance of laser diode.
c.Give a brief account on the modulation of LED .(4) (Nov 2008)
14. a) Derive expression for power coupled from the surface emitting LED into step index
and graded index fibre. (10)
b) Explain the mechanical mis-alignments, that can occur between two joint fibres
with necessary fibres. (6) (Nov 2008)
15. When 3 x 10^11, photons each with a wavelength of 0.85 um are incident on a photo
diode, on average 1.2x 10^11 electrons are collected at the terminal of the device.
Determine the quantum efficiency and responsivity of the photodiode at 0.85 um.
16. a) Draw and explain the high impedence of high impedence pre-amplifier designed
based on BJT and FET (8)
b) Write a brief note on trans impedence amplifier. [8] (Nov/Dec 2008)
17. Draw and explain simple model of photodetector receiver and its equivalent circuit
18. Derive photodetector noise of fiber optical system
19. Explain the operation of preamplifier built using FET (Nov 2011)
20. Explain measurement technique used in the case of fiber diameter,fiber cut off
length,refractive index profile, Numerical aperture (Nov 2011)
21. Discuss the disturbances affecting optical detection system (May 2012)
22. Draw and explain the operation of high impedance FET and BJT preamplifiers
CEC345_OCN (May 2012)
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.annauniversitynotes
 www.BrainKart.com Page 7 of 8

4931_Grace College of Engineering, Thoothukudi

23. Explain a) Attenuation measurement using cut back technique

b)Frequency domain measurement of fiber dispersion (May 2012)
24. Considering the probability distributions for received logic 0 and 1 signal pulses,
derive the expressions for BER and error function. (8 marks) (Nov 2012)
24. (i)Explain the types of preamplifiers used in a receiver.
(ii) Define the terms- Quantum limit and probability of Error with respect to a receiver
with typical values. (Nov 2013)
25. (i)Explain the Insertion loss method used for attenuation measurement.
(ii) Explain the technique used in frequency-domain intermodal dispersion
measurement. (Nov 2013)

26. With suitable diagram, explain optical receiver operation and its performance.
(May 2014)
27. Describe the dispersion and numerical aperture measurements of fiber. (May 2014)

E
O
C
E
AC
R
G

CEC345_OCN

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.annauniversitynotes
 Click on Subject/Paper under Semester to enter.
Random Process and Electromagnetic
Professional English Linear Algebra -
Professional English - - II - HS3252 Fields - EC3452
MA3355
I - HS3152
C Programming and Networks and
Statistics and
Data Structures - Security - EC3401
Matrices and Calculus Numerical Methods -
CS3353
- MA3151 MA3251
1st Semester

3rd Semester

Linear Integrated

4th Semester
2nd Semester

Signals and Systems - Circuits - EC3451

Engineering Physics - Engineering Graphics
- GE3251 EC3354
PH3151 Digital Signal
Processing - EC3492
Physics for Electronic Devices and
Engineering Chemistry Electronics Engg - Circuits - EC3353
- CY3151 PH3254 Communication
Systems - EC3491
Control Systems -
Basic Electrical & EC3351
Problem Solving and Instru Engg - BE3254 Environmental
Python Programming - Sciences and
GE3151 Digital Systems Design Sustainability -
Circuit Analysis - - EC3352 GE3451
EC3251

Wireless
Communication -
EC3501 Embedded Systems
and IOT Design -
ET3491
VLSI and Chip Design
5th Semester

- EC3552 Human Values and

7th Semester

8th Semester
6th Semester

Artificial Intelligence Ethics - GE3791

and Machine Learning
Transmission Lines and - CS3491
RF Systems - EC3551 Open Elective 2 Project Work /
Intership
Open Elective-1 Open Elective 3
Elective 1
Elective-4
Open Elective 4
Elective 2
Elective-5
Elective 3
Elective-6
 All ECE Engg Subjects - [ B.E., M.E., ] (Click on Subjects to enter)
Circuit Analysis Digital Electronics Communication Theory
Basic Electrical and Electrical Engineering and Principles of Digital
Instrumentation Engineering Instrumentation Signal Processing
Electronic Devices Linear Integrated Circuits Signals and Systems
Electronic Circuits I Electronic Circuits II Digital Communication
Transmission Lines and Wave Control System Engineering Microprocessors and
Guides Microcontrollers
Computer Architecture Computer Networks Operating Systems
RF and Microwave Engineering Medical Electronics VLSI Design
Optical Communication and Embedded and Real Time Cryptography and
Networks Systems Network Security
Probability and Random Transforms and Partial Physics for Electronics
Processes Differential Equations Engineering
Engineering Physics Engineering Chemistry Engineering Graphics
Problem Solving and Python Object Oriented Programming Environmental Science
Programming and Data Structures and Engineering
Principles of Management Technical English Total Quality
Management
Professional Ethics in Engineering Mathematics I Engineering Mathematics
Engineering II