TYPE Review

PUBLISHED 07 November 2022

DOI 10.3389/fenrg.2022.989474

Analysis, monitoring, and

OPEN ACCESS mitigation of power quality
EDITED BY
Aitor Ciarreta,
University of the Basque Country, Spain
disturbances in a distributed
REVIEWED BY
Palanisamy K.,
generation system
Vellore Institute of Technology, India
Srete Nikolovski,
Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of
T. Ravi and K. Sathish Kumar*
Osijek, Croatia
School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
*CORRESPONDENCE
K. Sathish Kumar,
[email protected]

SPECIALTY SECTION
Despite the numerous benefits of distributed generation (DG), such as reliable
This article was submitted
to Solar Energy, energy supply and environmental friendliness, there are a number of challenges
a section of the journal associated with integrating DG with the grid. In the field of DG, the complication
Frontiers in Energy Research
of power quality (PQ) is a major technical challenge. Custom power devices
RECEIVED 08 July 2022 (CPDs) are used in the distribution system to solve complications. This study
ACCEPTED 03 October 2022
PUBLISHED 07 November 2022 presents different PQ disturbances (PQDs), monitoring techniques, and
CITATION
fundamental standards. Furthermore, with the widespread literature, the
Ravi T and Sathish Kumar K (2022), study critically reviews different PQ mitigation techniques such as
Analysis, monitoring, and mitigation of distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), dynamic voltage restorer
power quality disturbances in a
distributed generation system. (DVR), unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), and uninterruptable power
Front. Energy Res. 10:989474. supply (UPS). The present research work is not only limited to surveying the
doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.989474
existing techniques but also analyzing the performance of UPQC using the
COPYRIGHT ANFIS controller. Overall, this study is intended to provide researchers working
© 2022 Ravi and Sathish Kumar. This is
an open-access article distributed on improving PQ in the distribution system with a valuable resource that will aid
under the terms of the Creative them in enriching their research.
Commons Attribution License (CC BY).
The use, distribution or reproduction in
other forums is permitted, provided the KEYWORDS
original author(s) and the copyright
power quality, distributed generation, custom power devices, unified power quality
owner(s) are credited and that the
conditioner, ANFIS
original publication in this journal is
cited, in accordance with accepted
academic practice. No use, distribution
or reproduction is permitted which does
not comply with these terms.
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and motivation

Conventional electricity generation plants, such as coal-fired, nuclear, and

hydroelectric power plants, experience various problems, including scarcity of fossil
fuels, significant greenhouse gas emissions, and transmission line power loss. Distributed
generation has the potential to address these issues while also assisting in meeting the
ever-increasing load demand (Pepermans et al., 2005). Uncertainty is a significant issue
with distributed energy resources (DER), causing a number of problems in the
distribution systems. 1) It exacerbates the strain on the transmission network. 2) It
establishes complicated supply–demand relationships. 3) This could result in the reversal
of power flow from the distribution system to the transmission system (De Carne et al.,
2018; Zhang et al., 2020).

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FIGURE 1
(A) Results of a survey on the causes of PQ problems conducted by Georgia Power company. (B) Major PQ issues study conducted by
GreenTree Global team.

Distributed generation (DG) or shunt reactive compensators primary sources of PQ issues are switching operations, faults,
are common compensatory methods (SRCs). Four types of DG and lightning on the utility side, whereas nonlinear loads,
units exist: Type 1, which involves injecting only active power inadequate grounding, electromagnetic interference, and
into the network, such as PV and fuel cells; Type 2, which offers static electricity on the end-user side present a variety of
just reactive power, such as no-load synchronous motors; Type 3, technical challenges. Power quality is a significant issue that
which produces both active and reactive power, such as a affects almost all industrial, commercial, and residential
synchronous generator or microturbine, and Type 4, which customers. Figure 1 shows the results of a survey on the
provides active power but consumes reactive power, such as causes of PQ problems conducted by Georgia Power
an induction generator-based wind energy system. SCRs inject Company from the perspective of utility and customers
reactive power into distribution networks. SRCs are shunt (Bhadane et al., 2012). Various PQ issues that the grid
capacitor banks, static VAR compensators, or distribution encounters include voltage sags, swells, harmonics, load
static compensators (DSTATCOM). The DSTATCOM is the shedding, and so on. Some PQ issues have a detrimental
most costly and sophisticatedly regulated device utilized in effect on the protection system, resulting in malfunctioning
higher power applications. Size, cost, and control place the protective devices. These factors also have an effect on the
static VAR compensator (SVC) between the shunt capacitor various measurement instruments and monitoring systems.
(SC) and DSTATCOM. Voltage disturbances are a significant PQ issue that requires
The term “power quality” refers to an electric power regulation. Regulation of voltage is dependent on the generator
system ability to maintain the rated amplitude and excitation system and reactive power compensation (Muljadi and
frequency of noise-free sinusoidal voltage and current. The McKenna, 2001). CPDs are primarily used in DS to reduce PQDs

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and improve PQ (Ghosh and Ledwich, 2002). Figure 1B reactive power at low voltages, improving the voltage profile.
illustrates a market research and an analysis study conducted Additionally, due to the DC capacitor, it has a very low active
by the GreenTree Global team on major issues affecting PQ, power capability. Moreover, it has a faster switching time than a
market sizing, and trends for 2018–21 (Power Quality static VAR compensator (SVC) because of the IGBTs used in
Monitoring: Market Landscape Assessment, 2022). According voltage source converter (VSC)-based STATCOM (Singh et al.,
to this, over 50% of the causes of PQ degradation are voltage dips, 2009; Al-Nimma et al., 2011). Agarwal et al. (2017) developed a
transients, and spikes. leaky least mean fourth (LLMF) control method for a three-phase
single-stage grid integrated solar photovoltaic distributed static
compensator (SPV-DSTATCOM). For the extraction of
1.2 Literature review fundamental active and reactive loss components and load
currents, feed-forward SPV power, extraction of in-phase, and
Since the early 1990s, researchers have integrated DG or SRC quadrature unit templates are used to produce the grid’s
units into distribution networks for various purposes. These reference currents. To determine the terminal voltage
objectives were to reduce power loss by mitigating line amplitude, the LLMF method is necessary.
currents, maximizing voltage stability, and improving power
quality. The researchers used several methodologies and
methods to allocate DG or SRC units in distribution systems. 1.3 Contributions
Reactive power injection reduces source’s reactive current and
the feeder current. Power loss and voltage profile improve. The The primary purpose of the study is to give a
shunt capacitor is the simplest device to inject reactive power. comprehensive analysis of power quality problems and
Shunt capacitor (SC) core issues are fixed reactive power and bus provide possible solutions to these problems. This study
voltage dependence. covers a detailed examination of the power quality in power
In the conventional distribution system, power filters (PFs) systems, including those with DC and renewable sources, and
have been used to mitigate PQDs. Passive power filters (PPFs) are the standards that describe these concerns. The analysis was
used to reduce harmonics in traditional power systems due to carried out by the authors of this study. Methods for
their low cost and simplicity. However, PPFs are extremely evaluating the power quality and possible improvements to
sensitive to parallel resonance due to the capacitors low rating the power quality of power systems are both being thoroughly
(Kashif et al., 2020). However, disadvantages such as large size, researched. In summary, a comprehensive analysis of power
fixed compensation, and susceptibility to resonance can be quality problems together with their monitoring, mitigation,
avoided by utilizing equipment referred to as an active power and control techniques of CPDs as a whole is presented in a
filter (APF). Additionally, APFs filter out both higher- and lower- single body of work.
order harmonics (He et al., 2017). Shunt APFs and series APFs
are two forms of APFs. Both the series and shunt APFs are
designed to lower total harmonic distortion (THD) in the voltage 1.4 Article organizations
and current, respectively. The UPQC is a hybrid of series and
shunt APFs that is designed to simultaneously suppress multiple This article focuses mostly on power quality disturbances.
PQ problems (Nabavi-Niaki and Iravani, 1996; El-Habrouk et al., The following sections discuss various PQ issues that can
2000). An UPS can also be used to mitigate PQ problems. It occur in both alternating current (AC) and direct current
provides emergency power to critical loads in the event of a (DC) systems. Section 2 discusses PQ monitoring systems and
power outage. Generally, UPSs are used to safeguard hardware various PQ mitigation techniques (such as DSTATCOM,
such as computers, telecommunications, and data center DVR, UPQC, and UPS), and the review on various
equipment (Yeh and Manjrekar, 2007; Aamir et al., 2016). controllers of CPDs are presented. PQ standards such as
Any power electronics-based system relies heavily on its IEEE and IEC are presented in Section 3. A proposed PQ
control strategy. The control strategy of a system determines improvement technique has been described in Section 4.
its behavior and desired operation. The control approach Section 5 contains overall review on PQ mitigation
validates the reference current and voltage signals and, thus, techniques, and Section 6 provides the conclusion.
elects the converter switching moments to achieve the desired
performance. The term “flexible alternating current transmission
system” (FACTS) is a commonly used term in AC transmission. 1.5 Typical PQ issues
One or many system parameters can be adjusted to enhance the
systems controllability while simultaneously increasing system’s Various PQ issues that occur in the AC system are classified
capacity for power transmission (Edris et al., 1997). The according to the IEEE 1159 standard and illustrated in Figure 2
STATCOM is a member of the FACTS family that provides using a tree diagram.

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FIGURE 2
Classification of PQ problems.

1.6 PQ issues in AC systems ranging from a few milliseconds to 1 or 2 s (Ma et al.,

2021). This type of issue causes data processing devices to
To highlight the impact of PQDs, we might state that poor malfunction. Distortion of the waveform is a steady-state
PQ results in significant energy and economic waste. It variation from an ideal sine wave of power frequency. DC
burdens both suppliers and consumers financially. Voltage offset harmonics, interharmonics, notching, and noise are the
and frequency fluctuations frequently disrupt the flow of most common kinds of waveform distortion (Gupta et al.,
electricity through transmission lines. “Voltage fluctuation” 2021). “Frequency variation” is the deviation of the
denotes variations in voltage amplitude. A transient is a short- fundamental frequency of a power system from its nominal
lived energy surge (Rönnberg and Bollen, 2016). It is usually value (50 Hz or 60 Hz). Figure 3 illustrates the major PQ
caused by a sudden change of state, such as surges. Voltage, disturbances with waveforms, and the summary of power
current, or both may undergo an abrupt shift in their steady- quality disturbances in AC systems is depicted in Table 1.
state conditions. Voltage sag refers to the decrease in
magnitude of the supplied voltage (Styvaktakis et al., 2000).
The voltage swell phenomenon refers to a transient rise in 1.7 PQ issues in DC systems
voltage that exceeds standard tolerance thresholds. It
normally lasts less than a few seconds and has duration of Power quality challenges in DC systems are distinct from AC
more than one cycle (Ma et al., 2021). Harmonics are voltage PQ issues. A power converter is the main component of a DC
or current waveform distortions generated by nonlinear loads. system. Because PE converters switch, they introduce voltage and
“Long time voltage interruption” is another significant PQD current harmonics into the system. There are four types of PQDs
(Sarangi, 2020). This issue refers to the interruption or in a DC system: fault current, inrush current, harmonic current,
reduction of the voltage or load current for durations and grounding.

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FIGURE 3
Waveforms of various power-quality issues.

1.7.1 Inrush current must pass through DC bus converters or power supplies,
When a power source is turned on, it draws a large initial limiting fault current (Kwasinski and Onwuchekwa, 2011).
current. This is an “inrush current.” In a DC system, inrush Limiting faults reduce system stress by avoiding a transient
currents are associated with the initiation of an IM or voltage spike, whereas reducing available fault current
transformer. By contrast, PE converters connect the DC link increases network voltage disturbance (He and Li, 2011).
to the load (Hoshi et al., 2012). The waveform of an inrush Overcurrent relays are often employed to protect devices.
current is shown in Figure 4A with an electromagnetic Low fault current makes protection settings difficult to
interference (EMI) filter. The EMI filter will use capacitance find. This increases inrush current, which must be
C1 across the input line. The DC–DC converter will have decreased by soft-starting or charging in advance
capacitance C2 and C3 on both sides. Auxiliary capacitance (Giancaterino, 1994).
C4 could be used across the load. Each of these capacitors
needs current to maintain its stable voltage at SS. A surge 1.7.3 Harmonic current
current occurs when the input supply is turned on. This peak As stated previously, systems have no harmonic currents or
current fully charges C1 and C2. The second crest current occurs voltages in DC circuits. Except for the fundamental
when the DC–DC converter is turned on, charging C3 and C4 to frequencies, a DC system has many frequencies that are
SS values (Asakimori et al., 2014). High inrush currents can cause integer multiples of 0 Hz. However, the presence of
system voltage sags, affecting other devices. Transitive oscillations (current, voltage, or both) in a DC system
necessitates the generalization of harmonic analysis to DC
1.7.2 Fault current systems (Zhang et al., 2000). There are filters to decrease
Faults in an AC system usually do not affect voltages due harmonics and voltage oscillations in DC systems. Filters
to impedance. However, DC system faults affect voltage and should be used in HVDC system design to reduce harmonic

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FIGURE 4
(A) Typical DC system with EMI filter and inrush current waveform. (B) TN-S and IT grounding concepts for DC distribution systems.

and circulating currents (Bierhoff and Fuchs, 2008). Resonant 2 Power-quality monitoring and
damage is also a problem in low-DC-voltage systems. Low-DC- mitigation techniques
voltage systems can have undesirable resonant currents, EMI,
and voltage variations; hence, a thorough harmonic analysis is 2.1 Overview of the power quality
required (Liang et al., 2021). monitoring system

1.7.4 Grounding/earthing Figure 5 illustrates a block diagram of a typical PQ

While grounding protects against lightning, it also protects monitoring system. Data acquisition, communication, and
against electrical shocks from exposed metal parts. Figure 4B data visualization are the three main stages of the system.
shows the TN-S and IT earthing ideas for the DC distribution Current transformers (CTs), potential transformers (PTs), and
system. DC system grounding affects PQ and protects greatly during transducers (XD) are used as sensors in the data acquisition stage
fault circumstances. TN-S earthing is used to connect one of the to measure electrical and nonelectrical parameters. Voltage and
poles to protective Earth at low DC voltages. This method restricts current measurements are converted to digital signals using
the voltage on a line-to-ground failure and halves the system voltage digital circuits such as multiplexers (MUX), analog-to-digital
to ground for high DC voltages, such as 380 or 400 V, providing converters (ADCs), and sample and hold (S & H) circuits. To
improved safety over the TN-S method (Wannurzana, 2010). protect against extremely erratic PQ disturbance, data should be

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FIGURE 5
Typical PQ monitoring system.

continuously recorded and processed, increasing memory characterization, which can be accomplished through
requirements. The trigger engine determines which and how measurements or data collection to ascertain the causes,
much data to save in the database (DB) (Divyalakshmi and characteristics, and impact of equipment. After defining the
Subramaniam, 2017). Real-time data are time synchronized to problem, it is necessary to revisit the equipment design or
the required level of accuracy for the application. There are specifications, end-user customer interface, end-user customer
multiple time synchronization techniques, including the use of system, utility transmission, and distribution system in order to
GPS, Inter-Range Instrumentation Group (IRIG), and Network determine the range of possible solutions. The following step is to
Time Protocol (NTP) RFC-5905 (Bingham, 2001). evaluate the solutions. In this section, modeling or analysis
Data are transferred between communication centers in the procedures are used to evaluate technical alternatives. The
second stage. IEEE standard 1159.3-2009 (Cookson and Stirk, final step is to evaluate the economics of the best solution.
2019) standardizes PQ data transmission based on the EPRI
(Electric Power Research Institute) (IEEE std 1159.3, 2004). 2.1.1 PQ monitoring and analysis tools
Finally, the PQ monitoring system visualizes data as time As previously stated, harmonics hinder the electric networks
plots. Nowadays, a variety of software applications are used to PQ and harm equipment’s safety. Enhancing PQ is the primary
analyze and visualize large amount of data. Remote visualization goal of harmonic signal compensation. Numerous harmonic
can usually happen via web browsers. This method of analysis tools exist to improve the quality of power, including
visualization has alleviated some issues with running the fast Fourier transform (FFT), singular value decomposition
proprietary software on user’s PCs, including conflicts and (SVD), and artificial neural network (ANN), among others.
upgrades. When using the FFT for a harmonic analysis of power
The process of evaluating PQ is depicted in Figure 6. The systems, the method of synchronized sampling and integral
evaluation process begins by classifying the problems. The first period truncation has some issues. Frequency, phase, and
stage includes transients, harmonics, flicker, voltage unbalance, amplitude have all been found and corrected with FFT several
and voltage interruption. The second stage is problem times, including using window functions and interpolation

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FIGURE 6
The process of evaluating the power quality.

TABLE 1 Summary of power quality disturbances in the AC system.

Power quality disturbance Causes Effects Severity

Transients Oscillatory transient Line and facility load switching, cable switching, and back-to-back Disruption in electrical equipment Catastrophic
capacitor switching
Impulsive transients Lightning Catastrophic

Short-time voltage Voltage sag System malfunctions, source voltage fluctuation, starting of heavy Over loading issues, intermittent lock- Moderate
variations loads, inadequate wiring, and inrush currents up, grabbled data
Voltage swell Source voltage fluctuation, stop of heavy loads, inadequate wiring, Equipment damage, data loss, Mild
and inrush currents intermittent lock-up, grabbled data

Long-time voltage Under voltage Load switching Flickering of lightning, chance of severe
variations Over voltage Transformers taps are set incorrectly, large loads are switched off, damage equipments severe
or a large capacitor bank is energized
Sustained voltage Protection device failure, insulation failure, or control Equipment failures in the data Moderate
Interruption malfunction processing system

Waveform DC offset Switching of transformer Adversely affect the performance of Moderate

Distortion relays
Harmonics Nonlinear loads and switching operation of PE devices Electrical equipment losses, motor/ Moderate
transformer overheating
Noise Electromagnetic interference and improper grounding Data loss, disturbances in sensitive Mild
equipments

Power frequency variation Heavy loads Mainly effects sensitive equipments and Mild
motors

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TABLE 2 Overall comparison of various DSTATCOM.

Mitigation Additional tool/ Capability Remarks

equipment method
Voltage Voltage Loss Cost
sag swell reduction minimization

DSTATCOM MOPSO ✓ ✓ ✓ — DTATCOM positioning whenever DGs are

already present
Fuzzy-ACO ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ —
methodology
PEM ✓ ✓ ✓ — Load uncertainty has been modeled and
considered
QL index ✓ ✓ ✓ — Only wing generation is considered
IA ✓ ✓ ✓ — DGs are not considered
HSA ✓ ✓ ✓ — —
PSO algorithm ✓ ✓ — Only rooftop PV generation is considered
SSO algorithm ✓ ✓ — —
PSOA ✓ ✓ ✓ — Positioning of both the DG and
DSTACOM
Nelder–Mead ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ When DGs are already present, deployment
algorithm of DTATCOM done
DEA ✓ ✓ ✓ — Reconfiguration of the network and
assignment of D-STATCOM
NSGA ✓ ✓ ✓ — The uncertainty associated with the load
was taken into account
Firefly algorithm ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ As a case study, a source of harmonics was
chosen
Modified CSO ✓ ✓ ✓ — Both D-STACOM and DG have been
allocated
Hybrid GA and ACO ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ —
BGSA ✓ — ✓ — Analyses of short circuits and reliability
evaluations have been conducted

algorithms. To address several flaws in existing correction (Lobos et al., 2006). LabVIEW, a monitoring and analysis tool, was
methods, Dugan et al. (2017) proposed an improved also developed. To predict the harmonics of a power system, we use
algorithm. The SVD technique is a highly reliable and the “ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Neuron)” neural network.
computationally stable mathematical technique for solving ADALINE has three sequences: input, output, and a desired
rectangular over determined systems of equations. response sequence. Additionally, it has an adjustable parameter
Additionally, the method can be used to calculate the called the weight vector. To create the Fourier coefficients of the
fundamental frequency of highly distorted periodic signals. ADALINE signal, the signals’ weight vector is adjusted nonlinearly
However, the SVD computation is significantly more complex based on a stable difference error equation (Dash, 1996). Wavelet
than the FFT computation and requires additional numerical transform (WT) is one of most powerful approaches for extracting
manipulations (Hossain et al., 2018). Zeng et al. (2011) proposed features because it incorporates a multiresolution analysis (MRA)
a novel method for measuring power harmonics based on an approach. WT is superior to FT in numerous ways (Moravej et al.,
artificial neural network (ANN). It analyzes and calculates the 2010). Using the estimated and detailed WT coefficients, numerous
three-phase current for the current and previous sample times statistical parameters of PQD signals, such as amplitude, mean,
using a multilayer feed-forward neural network (MLFNN) and median, energy, standard deviation, and entropy, can be computed.
then extracts the harmonic components of the three-phase Over the last 2 decades, numerous researchers have extensively used
current. The NN structure is discussed, as is the learning three variants of WT to recognize PQ disturbances: continuous WT
algorithm used to train it. (CWT), discrete WT (DWT), and wavelet packet transform (WPT)
Monitoring is necessitous not exclusively for reliability indices (Nath et al., 2012).
and power flows but also for the nonsinusoidality of the supply The Hilbert transform (HT) operator is a linear one and
voltage waveform. The usage of phasor measurement units (PMUs) used to trace the signals’ amplitude envelope. When applied to
can significantly enhance the observability of electric power systems real data, the HT will turn a sequence of these actual numbers

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into an analytical signal with two separate components: one depending on the transformer used to ensure total isolation
component with the original numbers and another is an between the VSC and the supply, as well as neutral current
imaginary component containing the Hilbert transform. An compensation. Typical transformer topologies include star-delta,
imaginary version of the original sequence is created by a 90° zigzag, T-connected, and star-hexagon. In this section, some PQ
phase shifting. In order to identify the instantaneous mitigation techniques such as STATCOM, UPQC, and UPS are
attributes of a time series, specifically the amplitude and addressed (Sao et al., 2002; Milanović and Zhang, 2010; Madhana
frequency, the Hilbert transform is useful. Hilbert and Mani, 2022).
transform works a lot faster than wavelet transform
because it does not require an exhaustive testing of all 2.2.1 Distribution static compensator
possible wavelet families (Jayasree et al., 2010). To enhance PQ, DSTATCOM (shunt-connected CPD) is
commonly utilized in DS (Yusuf, 2004). It has propensity to
inject and observe reactive power at a faster rate due to
2.2 PQ mitigation techniques presence of high switching frequency IGBT, which supports
PF correction, improving voltage profile and voltage. Also, it
Power quality disturbance mitigation is required to guarantee can provide harmonic filtering and reduce fluctuations caused
the efficient and secure functioning of sensitive equipment, by the PV system, which increases PV installation (Chen et al.,
particularly for distributed generating networks connected to 2013). Figure 7 shows the DSTATCOM system connected to
the grid. The daily increment of nonlinear loads (NLs) in these PCC (DSTATCOM system configured with a coupling
networks aids utilities in reducing electrical consumption by transformer, inverter, and battery energy storage system). A
removing inefficient, large loads. These NLs are more productive DSTATCOM generates an adjustable AC voltage source from
because of their electronic front ends, but they considerably a DC capacitor (energy storage device) and a voltage source
increase the harmonic injection into the distribution network. In inverter (VSI) (Latran et al., 2015). The AC voltage source
general, CPDs are used in the distribution system to mitigate appears behind a transformer leakage reactance. Voltage
different PQ issues, whereas FACTS devices are utilized in differential across reactance causes active and reactive
transmission networks to address the problem of low PQ. power transfer between feeders and DSTATCOM. The
DSTATCOM, DVR, and UPQC may be designed with a DSTATCOM is connected to electric networks where the
variety of topologies, which are primarily categorized by the voltage-quality challenge is a concern. All voltages and
following: 1. distribution system (3P3W and 3P4W), 2. currents are monitored and supplied to the controller for
arrangement of the power electronic switching devices, and 3. comparison with directives. The controller provides a
type of converter employed. In addition, the 3P3W and 3P4W feedback control and produces switching signals to operate
devices are separated into isolated and nonisolated systems the primary semiconductor switches (IGBTs) of the power

TABLE 3 Overall comparison of various DVRs.

Mitigation Based on Capability Finding

equipment concept
Voltage Voltage
sag swell

DVR Measuring RMS ✓ × Alleviate customers’ sagging voltage problems at single and three-phase outputs
voltage
It is unable to determine the swell, fundamental frequency and harmonics
RMS voltage ✓ ✓ It is unable to determine the fundamental frequency and harmonics
WT ✓ ✓ Requires accurate WT-prototype selection and, possibly, a delay associated with
WT-prototypes
Vpeak ✓ ✓ Sensing sags/swells with a quarter-cycle lag
SRF ✓ ✓ 3-Ø power systems (not suitable for 1-Ø)with very small duration detection can
use this device
PLL ✓ ✓ Considered that the problem occurred in the system of wind farms
CFFFB ✓ × DFIG-based wind turbines with improved FRT capabilities
WT ✓ ✓ In addition to PQDs detection, harmonics are mitigated
DSP-based control ✓ ✓ DGs are not considered
KF ✓ ✓ Offers excellent results with linear systems, but the KF needs to be enhanced for
nonlinear ones

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FIGURE 7
System configuration of DSTATCOM.

TABLE 4 Overall comparison of various UPQCs.

S.No Type Capability References

1 UPQC- By delivering series voltage in quadrature or phase, it compensates voltage sag with minimal VA Kolhatkar et al. (2005) and Kolhatkar and Das
VAmin loading (2006)
2 UPQC-P It compensates for voltage sags by regulating real power Lee et al. (2009)
3 UPQC-Q By managing reactive power, it compensates for voltage sags Hirofumi et al. (1984) and Basu et al. (2008)
4 UPQC-S It prevents voltage sags by managing real and reactive power Hannan and Mohamed (2005) and França
et al. (2015)
5 UPQC-L It is used to prevent the shunt inverter and passive filter from interfering with one other Prieto et al. (2002)
6 UPQC-R In addition to compensating for current harmonics and reactive current, it also corrects for any Graovac et al. (2000)
unbalance
7 UPQC-I It is used to control the voltage. It also mitigates current harmonics, unbalanced loads, and voltage Jindal et al. (2006)
harmonics
8 UPQC-MC For enhancing system performance, it is employed Mohammadi et al. (2009)
9 UPQC-MD It is used at medium voltage levels to increase power output Pal et al. (2012)
10 UPQC-D It is used in the utility to supply a three-phase four-wire system with 3P3W.It is also used to Khadkikar and Chandra (2009)
compensate transformer neutral current
11 UPQC-DG To control DG power and provide electricity to loads linked to the PCC. Harmonics in voltage and Mazumder et al. (2013)
current are compensated by this device
12 UPQC-ML It is thought of as an alternative way to get more power Khadkikar (2011)

Note: UPQC-VAmin, minimum VA loading UPQC; UPQC-P, active power control UPQC; UPQC-Q, reactive power control UPQC; UPQC-S, simultaneous active and reactive power
control UPQC; UPQC-L, left shunt UPQC; UPQC-R, right shunt UPQC; UPQC-I, interline UPQC; UPQC-MC, multiconverter UPQC; and UPQC-MD, modular UPQC, UPQC-DG.

converter (Sirjani and Rezaee Jordehi, 2017). The classification b. Two leg voltage source converters with split capacitor
of D-STATCOM topologies are as follows: B. Isolated
a. Three single-phase VSC topology
1. Three-phase three wire (3P3W) b. Isolated three leg system
A. Nonisolated c. Isolated two leg system
a. Three leg voltage source converters. 2. Three-phase four wire (3P4W)

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A. Without transformer search algorithm (PSOA). Reducing active power losses and
a. Four leg VSC improving the voltage stability index were done using hybrid
b. Three leg VSC of imperialistic competition and the Nelder–Mead algorithm
B. With transformer nonisolated (Chabok and Ashouri, 2016) to resolve allocation of the
a. Three leg VSC D-STATCOM problem. In Jazebi et al. (2011), allocation of
b. Two leg VSC D-STATCOM and reconfiguration were held out to retain the
C. With transformer isolated voltage profile and reduce power loss, employing a differential
a. Three leg VSC evolution algorithm (DE). The results testify the outperformance
b. Two leg VSC of proposed DE with respect to conventional PSO. In 2018,
c. Three single-phase VSC Shahryari et al. (2018) employed Monte Carlo simulation (MCS)
and the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) for
2.2.1.1 Survey on optimal allocation of distribution static D-STATCOM allocation considering load uncertainty. Voltage
compensator and control strategies stability, power loss, and voltage deviation are objectives.
Rezaeian Marjani et al. (2019) proposed a multiobjective Farhoodnea M et al. applied the firefly algorithm for optimal
optimization algorithm based on particle swarm optimization placement of D-STATCOM, and the main aim of this study was
(MOPSO). The voltage profile index, load-ability index, and maintaining a fair voltage profile and alleviate harmonics. Here,
active power loss are esteemed as objectives in optimization four D-STATCOM were employed, and the final findings are
practice. In the suggested strategy for identifying the final compared with GA and PSO. Bagheri Tolabi et al. (2015)
solution, technique for order performance by similarity to proposed modified cat swarm optimization (CSO) for optimal
ideal solution (TOPSIS) was utilized. Objective functions in placement of D-STATCOM and DG. The functional objective of
Hussain and Subbaramiah (2013) consisted of power loss and this work is improving the voltage profile and minimizing the
voltage profile. An analytical method was developed and tested in copper losses. The proposed ICSO method overcomes drawbacks
a 33-bus radial system. Also, the result of proposed method was of CSO such as less accuracy and a low convergence rate. Fuzzy-
compared with a genetic algorithm (GA). In Bagheri Tolabi et al. based ant colony optimization is applied for optimal placement
(2015), ant colony optimization (ACO) has been utilized for of the PV array and D-STATCOM. The idea of fuzzy helped in
appropriate placement of DSTATCOM in the combination of PV dealing multiple PQ issues. Objectives of this work are
array in an attempt to minimize true power losses, optimize minimizing losses and improving feeder load balancing and
voltage profile, and establish load balancing on feeders. In 2014, voltage profiles. The proposed fuzzy-ACO shows its
Akbari-Zadeh et al. (2014) employed bat swarm optimization outperformance over fuzzy-GA and fuzzy-PSO (Bagheri
algorithm to find location of D-STATCOM for load uncertainty. Tolabi et al., 2015). In Akbari-Zadeh et al. (2014),
The effect of uncertainty loads can be modeled using a new D-STATCOM placement was considered to decrease active
stochastic structure for D-STATCOM allocation and sizing power losses and voltage deviation using the point estimate
difficulties. The presented design was validated on IEEE 69- method (PEM) for uncertainty loads. Hybrid GA and ACO
bus DS. Roy et al. (2013) examined the impact of D-STATCOM were proposed in Bagherinasab et al. (2013), where three
in reactive power management with wind generation to improve D-STATCOM are utilized for the IEEE 30-bus network. The
voltage stability. Taher and Afsari (2014) presented the immune objective of this study is reducing energy losses. ACO is used to
algorithm (IA) to decide the best allocation of D-STATCOM find a suitable place for locating three D-STATCOM, and the
with the following objective functions: 1) reduce power loss and reactive power delivered or absorbed by DSTATCOM was
2) improve voltage and current profile in DS. Allocation and calculated using GA. Similar to Bagheri Tolabi et al., in Kamel
sizing of D-STATCOM were performed using the harmony et al. (2019), optimal placement of DG and D-STATCOM can
search (HS) algorithm, in which copper loss minimization is done using the method of clustering. In Salman et al. (2012), the
considered as an objective. The described methodology has been author used the binary gravitational search algorithm (BGSA) for
tested on IEEE 33-bus DS. The results show the outperformance D-STATCOM placement in order to improve reliability and
of the proffered HS algorithm with respect to IA (Yuvaraj et al., minimize number of sags propagated through DS. Table 2
2015). The PSO algorithm was introduced in Pezeshki et al. summarizes the full review of DSTATCOM and its capabilities.
(2018) to maintain voltage magnitude and unbalancing within
the probabilistic limit by considering cost of compensation in DS. 2.2.2 Dynamic Voltage Restorer
Abbasi et al. (2015) present D-STATCOM allocation considering DVR is the high-performing and most economical
active and reactive uncertainty loads. Scenario generation is used solution to compensate upstream voltage complications in
to model the effect of uncertainty; for optimization, a social DS. DVR may be taken into consideration as a variable or a
spider optimization (SSO) algorithm is employed. In order to controllable voltage source connected in series between PCC
reduce power loss and improve voltage profile, Prabu and and load (Cárdenas et al., 2015). It has energy storage and a
Muthuveerapan (2007) proposed a penguin optimization series converter. It is connected to the system in series.

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Whenever the system is subjected to an abnormality or low 2.2.2.1 Survey on dynamic voltage restorer control
voltage, the series voltage is injected using a converter. The strategies
injected voltage will adjust for the voltage of the system. Using the cascade H-bridge DVR, Al-Hadidi et al. (2008a)
Consequently, the DVR continually checks the supply line developed a new configuration to mitigate the sever and long
voltage and compares it to the reference AC supply; it then duration sagged voltages at customer loads. Moreover, it is
provides the appropriate voltage to correct for voltage suitable for both single- and three-phase sag compensation. Al-
variations. It supports to control and maintain a load Hadidi et al. (2008b) proposed a new technique to alleviate sag by
voltage profile by exchanging reactive power between DVR utilizing energy storage capability a cascaded inverter–type DVR.
and DS. Figure 8 gives the power circuit of DVR with energy The injected active and reactive power is calculated analytically
storage, DC link, converter, filter, injection transformer, under different situations of load magnitude and PF. The start/end-
bypass, and disconnection equipment as basic elements point voltage sag and swell in DS can be effectively detected and
(Yue et al., 2007). The different topologies of DVR are as alleviated in Ali et al. (2018); the authors used RMS detection
follows: strategy. Nielsen et al. (2004) presented topologies without DC-link
energy storage for three-phase DVRs. The schemes are based upon
1. Energy storages direct converters so that three independent three-phase to single-
A. Without energy storage phase direct converters are used. In 2016, Messiha, M.A. et al.
a. DVR with no energy storage utilized wavelet transform technique to detect PQD and voltage sag
B. With energy storage is stabilized effectively (Baraket, 2018). Capacitor-supported
a. Constant DC link voltage interline DVR is addressed in Abdollahzadeh et al. (2014) to
b. Variable DC link voltage mitigate voltage disturbances in DS. In Remya et al. (2018), a
2. Inverter topology (multilevel inverters) PI-based DVR is proposed to mitigate PQ issues successfully in
a. Diode clamped distribution PT DSS power plant. In DVR, with a traditional
b. Cascaded H-bridge controller, the application of DVR is limited to low operating
c. Flying capacitor level only. To extend application of DVR for varying operating
3. 3-Phase inverters conditions in a higher distribution level artificial intelligence-based
a. Three-phase four-line half bridge controllers such as space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM),
b. Three-phase four -line bridge artificial neural network, and fuzzy logic are reported in literature.
c. Three-phase H bridge Generally, ANN has an ability to mimic the decision-making
d. Three-phase DVR with a split capacitor capability of a human or a complex system. The ANN
e. Three-phase push pull inverter controller-based DVR is reported in Sundarabalan and Selvi

FIGURE 8
Power circuit of DVR.

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(2015), where ANN is capable of constitute the nonlinear 2.2.3 Unified power quality conditioner
correlation among input and output, but the performance Because of nonlinear loads present in power system
depends on a neural network structure and number of training induces PQ complications, such as harmonics, voltage dips,
data considered. Unlike ANN, the fuzzy logic controller has definite and spikes in the system. UPQC is employed to enhance the
decision-making based on imprecise or ambiguous data. In Mani PQ at distribution level. UPQS is a combination of series and
and Siddappa Naidu (2015), the authors presented the impact of shunt active power filter connected back-to-back through a
fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in application of DVR. FLC effectively common DC-link capacitor (Fujita and Akagi, 1998). Figure 9
reduces the transient overshoot of VSI. Ding et al. (2002) utilized a illustrates the basic schematic diagram of UPQC with series
SVPWM-based DVR to mitigate PQ issues under an unbalanced and shunt active power filter. It consists of DC link capacitor
system condition. In addition, it reduces the effect of load voltage in between the series and shunt controller. The series
negative sequence component on the performance of DVR. In Rini controller can be used for series compensation and the
Ann Jerin et al. (2017), a feed-forward vector control algorithm is shunt controller for current compensation. During
used to mitigate voltage disturbances. Using this algorithm, DVR compensation, the DC capacitor rating for both controllers
generates firing signal for the VSI to inject appropriate should be the same. The shunt active filter improves PF,
compensation voltages. A PV-based DVR is reported in the mitigates harmonics in load current and load unbalance
study by Divyalakshmi and Subramaniam (2017) to mitigate PQ whereas the series active filter can alleviate supply
problems. The function of PV is that it not supplies power only to side disturbances such as harmonics, voltage dips/spikes,
the load but also to the DC-link of DVR. Here, a wavelet flicker, and voltage unbalance in a network-like distribution
transform based controller is employed to transform the PV (Faranda and Valadè, 2002). The topologies of UPQC are as
system role into DVR and to identify PQ event. In 2017, Rini follows:
Ann Jerin et al. (2016) introduced a feed-forward and feed-
back control of DVR for the improvement of fault ride- 1. Converter topology
through (FRT) capability in the doubly fed induction a. Current source topology
generator-based wind turbine. In Li et al. (2018), a DVR- b. Voltage source topology
based strategy is proposed for the mitigation of voltage sag in 2. Three-phase four-wire system
DS through DVR for improving power system quality. Table 3 c. Three-phase four-wire four-leg topology
contains the findings of the in-depth investigation on DVRs d. Three-phase four-wire neutral clamped topology
capabilities. e. Three-phase four-wire capacitor-connected shunt VSI

FIGURE 9
Basic schematic diagram of UPQC with series and shunt active power filter.

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TABLE 5 Important power-quality standards and their guidelines.

Power quality standard Guidelines

IEEE standard 519-2014 Limits voltage harmonics up to 1 kV and current harmonic orders 35th to 50th
IEEE standard 141-1993 property preservation, simplicity, personal safety, care and maintenance, voltage regulation with in the tolerance limit as well as
reliability and flexibility
IEEE standard 1159 Definition of power quality terms, effects of poor power quality on utility and customer equipment, monitoring of power quality,
and measuring electromagnetic phenomena
IEC 61000-3-2 (1995-03) To limit the harmonic currents for equipments with input currents of 16 A or less
IEEE standard 1250-1995 Momentary voltage changes in an AC system, how they affect new, sensitive user equipment, and how to reduce these effects to
limit harmonic distortion
IEC/TS 61000-3-4 (1998-10) To limit the harmonic currents for equipments with input currents of 16 A or more
IEEE standard P1409 Developing guidance for custom power devices to deal with power quality issues
IEC standard 61000-4-15 Flicker meter-functional and design specifications
IEEE standard P1547 Integrating distributed generation to the electrical grid
IEEE standard 1547a-2014 Allows the equipment to withstand voltage sag with greater stability

TABLE 6 Comparison of all PQ mitigation techniques with its capabilities.

s.no Mitigation Capability

equipment
Voltage Voltage Transient Harmonic Frequency Interruption Flicker Noise
Sag Swell distortion deviation

1 Passive filter (PF) × × × ✓ × × × ×

2 Active filters (AF) × × × ✓ × × × ×
3 Static VAR ✓ ✓ ✓ × ✓ × × ×
compensator (SVC)
4 Static synchronous ✓ ✓ ✓ × ✓ × × ×
compensator
(STATCOM)
5 DVR ✓ ✓ × × × × × ×
6 UPQC ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
7 UPS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

TABLE 7 DC Link voltage comparison of MF-IUPQC with different controllers.

Parameters With PI controller With fuzzy controller With ANFIS controller

Rise time (ms) 36.033 10.826 1.358

Slew rate (/μs) 0.291 1.049 8.279
Overshoot 0.258 0.192 0.041
Settling time(ms) >5τ 15.473 1.967
RMS 12.89 KV 14.41 KV 14.56 KV
Peak value 15 KV 16.2 KV 16.5 KV
Peak time (sec) 0.199 0.18 0.187

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TABLE 8 THD during current harmonics.

Controller THD of current from load to source

Over feeder 1 Over feeder 2

Load side Source side Load side Source side

PI 28.02 3.75 28.02 3.63

FUZZY 20.56 2.67 21.32 2.47
ANFIS 8.46 1.32 7.69 1.56

2.2.3.1 Survey on unified power quality conditioner various kinds of UPQCs and their associated applications.
control strategies For PQDs such as voltage drop, swell, imbalance, and
For the very first time, Fujita and Akagi (1998) suggested a harmonics and for load current problems such as
back-to-back topology of series and shunt APFs that could unbalance, neutral current, and reactive current, the
compensate for voltage flicker/imbalance, reactive power, literature shows that UPQC is effective.
negative-sequence current, and harmonics; tested it with an
experimental setup; and titled it “unified power quality 2.2.4 Uninterruptable power supply
conditioner” (UPQC). Similar to the unified power flow When the utility mains are unavailable, an uninterruptible
controller (UPFC) used in the transmission system, UPQC is power supply (UPS) system provides safe, conditioned, and
employed in the distribution system (Faranda and Valadè, 2002). uninterruptible power to critical loads such as data centers,
Based on topology, in Hingorani (2007) UPQC are classified into airline computers, medical support systems in hospitals,
two types: 1) voltage source inverter (VSI)-based UPQC and 2) communication networks, and many others. The offline UPS
current source inverter (CSI)-based UPQC. The switching action consists of a rectifier, DC filter, battery bank, an inverter, an AC
is accomplished by the use of a pulse width modulation (PWM) filter, and a static bypass switch, as depicted in Figure 10.
technology (Fabula et al., 2021). In CSI-based UPQC the voltage Generally, it is installed between commercial utility mains and
blocking diode is connected in series with IGBT. Comparing critical loads. When there is a power outage or other abnormality,
these two configurations shows how VSI benefits our operation. the UPS effectively switches from mains power to its own power
The VSI design is capable of multilevel processing, but is also less source almost instantaneously (Guerrero et al., 2007). The output
expensive than the CSI design (Graovac et al., 2000). The of the UPS system should usually be controlled sinusoidally with
classification of UPQC is further subdivided into single-phase a low THD regardless of changes in the connected system voltage
and three-phase supply systems, depending on the supply and load. UPS systems can be broadly classified into two types:
system. Additionally, single-phase and three-phase systems static UPS systems and rotary UPS systems. Static UPS systems
can be classified as single-phase two-wire, three-phase three are suitable for small loads and rely on power electronics
wire, or three-phase four wire. For single-phase and three- converters and inverters to process, store, and deliver power
phase systems, voltage sag and swell concerns are common, in the event of grid failure, whereas rotary UPS systems are
however voltage unbalancing in three-phase systems is suitable for large loads and rely on motors and generators
beneficial. Current harmonics and load reactive current are (Blondel and Monney, 2009; Lu et al., 2019).
serious issues in a single-phase system (Corrêa et al., 2003).
Also, with a three-phase four wire design, an additional, unbiased 2.2.4.1 Survey on uninterruptable power supply
current compensation ring is required. In Chakraborty et al. According to UPS operation and configuration, UPS systems
(2007) utilized p-q theory-based active filtering named universal are classified into three types. Online, offline, and line-interactive
active power line conditioner (Aredes et al., 1998) and unified are the three categories (Karve, 2000). However, among these
PQ conditioner to solve power flow and PQ issues, topologies, the line-interactive UPS system (Bukhari et al., 2013)
respectively. Further Distributed intelligent energy has always been preferred by industrial consumers due to its high
management system (DIEMS) is used to optimize efficiency and power-compensating capabilities in comparison to
operating cost. Without proper forecasting, DIEMS cannot the offline and online UPS topologies (Bukhari et al., 2017). It is
function. Fuzzy ARTMAP neural networks are utilized to further subdivided into two distinct topologies for the line-
anticipate daily schedules. A novel optimization approach is interactive UPS system. The first topology connects the
developed, using linear programming and heuristics. On the inductors in parallel with the critical load and utility grid. In
basis of peer-reviewed publications. Table 4 summarizes the another topology, a bilateral converter is connected parallel to the

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FIGURE 10
Basic block diagram of off-line UPS.

utility and operates differently during regular and irregular A. PI controller

power obligations. When connected to a regular power source, B. Phase shift control
it acts as a battery charger (Kawabata et al., 1989; Yeh and C. Hysteresis controller
Manjrekar, 2007). However, when abnormalities occur, it acts as D. Sliding mode controller
an inverter, providing backup power to the load. The primary E. One cycle control
objective of this topology is to suppress the harmonics of the
input current (Jou and Wu, 1995). However, a negligible amount 2.3.1 PI controller
of reactive power compensation will be required (Nakata, 2019; Commonly, the PI controller is utilized to provide a
Zhao et al., 2019). The addition of a triport transformer between regulated gating signal for the voltage source converters
the load and utility for isolation increases the size of the system. functioning. The PI controller compares the observed bus
In Sivamani et al. (2021), a novel improved single-phase line- voltage to the reference voltage and then creates an error
interactive UPS has been proposed for low-power applications. signal. Figure 11A shows the schematic representation of PI
When input power is present, the UPS functions as an output controller.
voltage regulator, an active power filter, and a battery charger.
In the event of a power failure at the input, the UPS supplies a vde(n)  vpdc(n) − vdc (1)
regulated sinusoidal voltage to the load, drawing energy from
where vde(n) , vpdc(n) , vdc(n) represent the dc error voltage,
the battery. In another research study, Kwon et al. (2001)
reference dc voltage, and dc bus voltage during the nth time
propose a transformer-less line-interactive uninterruptible
interval, respectively.
power supply (UPS) with low ground leakage current. A
high-efficiency bidirectional inverter with low ground v0(n)  v0(n−1) + Kp
vde(n) − vde(n−1)  + ki vde(n) (2)
leakage current is suggested for performing line-interactive
UPS functions. The parasitic capacitance between the inverter The subscripts n and n-1 denote past and current states,
and the AC voltage ground is clamped to zero voltage during respectively. Also, a and b represent the proportional and integral
a positive line cycle and to the AC voltage during a negative gains of the PI controller, respectively. c is the magnitude of the
line cycle as the inverter operates. Using a mix of reference supply current, I. From the source reference current,
supercapacitors and liquid nitrogen (LN2), the first the remaining three-phase reference currents are derived. After
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) was presented in Choi producing the reference current, the PI controller produces the
and Yang (2018), which can replace traditional UPS systems precise switching signals needed for the functioning of the six
such as fuel-burning engines or batteries with this highly VSC switches (Patel and Sahu, 2016).
viable option.
2.3.2 Hysteresis control
The primary function of the control scheme is to produce
2.3 Review on controllers used in CPDs gating signals for the inverter with minimal current error.
Identifying the difference between the actual and source
The widely used controller in CPDs are as follows: currents, the controller provides the error signal. The

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erroneous signal is then compared to the hysteresis band, 2.3.3 Phase shift controller
which typically yields 1%–5% of the current value. The Utilizing a phase shift control approach, DSTATCOM’s
following is the logic employed by the hysteresis controller voltage regulation is attained. In this method, as seen in
(Latran et al., 2015). Figure 11C, the RMS voltage of the load is measured and
IF isa < i*sa− hb : the lower switch of VCS is ON. ELSE the compared to the reference voltage, and an error signal is
upper switch is ON. produced (Masand et al., 2006). The error signal is then
Here, isa , i*sa and hb represent the source and reference sent to the PI controller as an input. The output angle of
currents and the hysteresis band, respectively. The value of the PI controller corresponds to the angle between the VSC
the hysteresis band hb is variable. This controller operates well output voltage and the AC supply terminal voltage. The signal
and quickly when the hysteresis band is narrow. As it expands, necessary to activate the PWM generator is then produced by
the system becomes increasingly unstable. The hysteresis adding the output of the PI controller to the phase angle of the
controller is seen schematically in Figure 11B (Srikanthan and balanced supply voltages. The primary benefit of this
Mishra, 2010). technology is its practical applicability. However, it cannot

FIGURE 11
(A) Schematic diagram of PT controller. (B) Schematic diagram of Hysteresis controller. (C) Block diagram of phase shift control.

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perform harmonic reduction for nonlinear loads (Kumar et al., the Pennsylvania–New Jersey–Maryland (PJM) area, and
2013). the California Public Utility Commission (CPUC) have
been collaborating. Table 5 depicts the fundamental
2.3.4 Sliding mode controller underlying principles of the various power quality
This approach applies a discrete input signal to a system whose standards. The important IEEE and IEC PQ standards are
outcome is not proportional to the change in input. The signal discussed in the following subsections.
modifies the system’s dynamics and causes it to slide along the cross
section of its typical performance. The controller’s model is based on
the state variable values X1, X2, which are described as (Singh et al., 3.1 IEEE standard 519-2014
2008):
The IEEE standard 519-2014 is the revision of IEEE std
vde(n)  vpdc(n)
− vdc  X1 (3) 519-1992, which specifies voltage harmonics limits up to
vde(n−1) 1 kV and current harmonic orders 35th to 50th, and was
vde(n) −  X2 (4) recently issued. In addition, two new measurement methods
Tx
have been introduced: very short-time measurements for
where vde(n) , vpdc(n) and vdc(n) represent dc error, reference dc, 1 day with a time interval of 3 s and short-time
and dc bus voltages at the nth time period, respectively, and Tx measurements for 1 week with a time interval of 10 min.
represents the sampling interval. The state variables are used to IEEE 519 discusses allowable nonfundamental frequency
calculate the switching functions y1 and y2. waveform distortion when it connects from the source to
Here, Z is the switching plane function, and its expression is the load at a location known as the “point of common
as follows: coupling (PCC).” As specified in IEEE 519-2014, the
Z  C1 X1 + C2 X2 (5) limits specified in this standard are applicable only for
steady-state operation at PCC. These limits may be
Using the following equation, we get the value of the exceeded during transient conditions (Committee et al.,
reference supply current Isref . 2014).
Isref  C3 X1 Y1 + C4 X2 Y2 (6)

The values of three-phase reference current are derived from 3.2 IEEE standard 141-1993
the supply of reference current. The information is then provided
as input to the controller, which generates gate pulses for the IEEE standard 141-1993 (Recommended practice for
instrument. The optimal performance is achieved by fine-tuning industrial plant electric power distribution) is a revision of
the gain constants C1, C2, C3, and C4. ANSI/IEEE standard 141-1986, and this guide provides an in-
depth analysis of fundamental electrical power system
2.3.5 One cycle control considerations. This standard establishes guidelines for
In this strategy, there is no need to determine the reference property preservation, simplicity, personal safety, care and
voltages or currents. This will have two circuits, a three-phase maintenance, as well as reliability and flexibility. Furthermore,
bridge and an N-half-phase bridge. The benefit of the neutral line IEEE std 141 specifies voltage regulation within the tolerance
compensation bridge is that it eliminates the harmonic current limit under all load conditions (IEEE std 141, 1993).
existing in the line at different frequencies (Jayachandran and
Murali Sachithanandam, 2016). The control circuit comprises
the OCC core, the current selection, the feedback circuit, the 3.3 IEEE standard 1159
integrator, and reset. This control circuit will aid the operation of
the vector. IEEE standard 1159 (Recommended practice for monitoring
electric power quality) describes how to monitor the PQ of AC
systems. Monitoring of PQ can be improved by interpreting
3 PQ standards results obtained from appropriate monitoring locations and
systematic studies. To obtain useful and accurate voltage and
The problems associated with PQ necessitate the creation current data, it is necessary to use proper and safe measurement
of appropriate standards. Standards are primarily designed to techniques. This standard specifies methods for measuring
improve the reliability, safety, and efficiency of products. In electromagnetic phenomena and the impact of poor PQ on
order to better study for and respond to future challenges, utility and customer equipment. Figure 2 illustrates the IEEE
researchers and organizations such as the Electric Power 1159 classification of PQ issues. This recommended practice
Research Institute (EPRI), the IEEE 1159 working group, defines nominal conditions and deviations from these nominal

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conditions that may originate in the source of supply or load 3.8 IEC standard 61000-4-15
equipment or from interaction between source and load (IEEE
Std, 1995). IEC standard 61000-4-15 describe functional and layout
specifications for flicker measuring equipments supposed to
signify the precise perception level of flicker for all realistic
3.4 IEC 61000-3-2 (1995-03) voltage fluctuation waveforms. The output of flicker-meters
functioning in accordance with this standard is being used to
It provides current harmonic limitations for felicitous determine the degree of flicker (International Standard
electrical and electronic devices with an input phase current International Standard, 2003).
of less than or equal to 16 A and is intended for connection to a
low voltage DS. Type tests are used to ensure compliance with
this standard. Bounds have not yet been considered for systems 3.9 IEEE standard P1547
with a line to neutral voltage of less than 220 V.
This standard specifies criteria and requirements
for interconnecting DG with the electric power system
3.5 IEEE standard 1250 (EPS). IEEE P1547 specifies performance, testing,
operating, safety, and maintenance criteria for
IEEE standard 1250 (guide for service to equipment interconnections.
susceptible to momentary voltage disturbances) is a technical
guide for momentary voltage disturbances in AC distribution
and utilization systems. Computers and other electronic devices 3.10 IEEE standard 1547a
that use solid state electric power conversion are not resistant to
abnormal conditions, such as faults and surges. Also, this IEEE standard 1547a-2014 address new guidelines related to
equipment is more vulnerable to temporary voltage voltage dip. It consists of new settings that would typically permit
disturbances. This standard establishes upper and lower the equipment to tolerate the voltage dip with increased stability
bounds on the effect of harmonic distortion. Additionally, (IEEE Std, 1995).
IEEE 1250 specifies procedures for mitigating these effects
(IEEE std 1250, 2011).
4 Proposed power quality mitigation
technique
3.6 IEC/TS 61000-3-4 (1998-10)
Detailed review on PQ mitigation techniques shows that the
IEC/TS 61000-3-4 specifies harmonic current emission UPQC connected between the multiple feeders gives better
limits for low-voltage power distribution equipment rated performance. Commonly used PQ mitigation techniques with
over 16 amps. Equipment with a rated input current more its capabilities are compared shown in Table 6. Moreover, control
than 16 A per phase, intended to be connected to one of the scheme is responsible for increasing the performance. Using
following public low-voltage alternating current distribution nonlinear loads and integrating RES into the grid causes
systems: 240 V single phase, two or three wires; 600 V power quality disturbances (PQDs). This section describes
three phase, three or four wires. To establish whether using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in an
or not equipment is suitable for connection, the MF-IUPQC to address PQDs such voltage/current fluctuations
guidelines define the information a supplier authority and harmonic distortions. MF-IUPQC has four diode-clamped
must offer. inverters on three legs. Switching is accomplished through the
use of space vector pulse width/duration modulation (SVPWM).
MATLAB/Simulink is utilized to implement the proposed
3.7 IEEE standard P1409 control method. The effectiveness of the developed ANFIS
controller is evaluated by comparison with the fuzzy logic
Custom power devices are advantageous for mitigating (FL) and standard proportional-integral (PI) controllers. As
voltage drops and outages. IEEE standard P1409 is a demonstrates in Figure 12, the MF-IUPQC is formed by
technical guide that provides guidance and performance connecting two series VSCs and two shunt VSCs back-to-back
expectations for the use of CPDs in electricity via a common DC-link capacitor. Here, each VSC is separately
companies’ DSs to improve power quality. It provides controlled. Controllability and the generation of reference
comprehensive information on CPDs as a possible currents are the two primary considerations when operating
solution to PQ problems. the MF-IUPQC system. The most frequently utilized control

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schemes in MF-IUPQC system control are synchronous 4.1.1 Series compensation control
reference frame (SRF) and PQ-theory. The SRF theory is used to control series VSC for each
The following are the major intuitions of this manuscript: feeder, as illustrated in Figure 13A. Here, a three-phase source
voltage is transformed to a rotating reference frame using
1. Based on ANFIs MF-IUPQC was developed in this article. Park’s transformation. This is described in Eq. 7.
2. Enhances dynamic performance and provides smooth DC- 2π 2π
⎢ sin ωt sin ωt − sin ωt + ⎤⎥⎥⎥ Vsa
link voltage. V 2⎡
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢ 3 3 ⎥⎥⎥⎡ ⎢
⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥
 sd   ⎢ ⎢
3. THD is reduced below the IEEE 519-1992 permissible limit of 5%. Vsq ⎢
3⎢
⎣ 2π 2π ⎥⎦⎥⎣ Vsb ⎦ (7)
cos ωt cos ωt − cos ωt + Vsc
3 3

4.1 Control strategy The d-q frame reference voltage values are re-transformed
into the abc frame using the inverse transformation procedure as
This design utilizes two VSC controls. Shunt voltage source described in Eqs 8, 9.
converters (VSCs) regulate capacitor voltage and compensate for
reactive and harmonic loads. Series VSCs minimize sag/swell, Vpdq  Vdqref − Vdq (8)
harmonics, and interruptions.

FIGURE 12
Schematic diagram of MF-IUPQC.

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Ravi and Sathish Kumar 10.3389/fenrg.2022.989474

cos ωt sin ωt 1 The instantaneous real and reactive components could be

⎢
⎡
⎢
⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥
VpLa ⎢
⎢ 2π 2π ⎥ p
⎢
⎡ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ cos ωt − sin ωt − 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ Vd estimated using the above equations.
⎣ VpLb ⎤⎥⎥⎦ 
⎢ 2⎢
⎢ ⎢
⎢ 3 3 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ Vp  (9)
3⎢
⎢
⎢
VpLc ⎢
⎢
⎣ 2π 2π ⎥⎥⎥⎦ q
cos ωt + sin ωt + 1 p V VLβ I
3 3     Lα  Lα  (12)
q −VLβ VLα ILβ
The switching pulses are obtained by comparing the
reference (VpLabc ) and load (VLabc ) voltages and then passing
them via the SVPWM controller.
4.2 ANFIS controller
4.1.2 Shunt compensation control
The PQ-theory is used to control shunt VSC for each feeder, ANFIS is a hybrid system that combines neural networks
as illustrated in Figure 13B. Here, the three-phase load voltages (NNs) and fuzzy inference techniques. Thus, it takes advantage of
and currents are transformed to ά–β coordinates. This is depicted the fuzzy system’s ability to make inferences and the ability of
in Eqs 10, 11. neural networks to learn (Pavan Kumar and Kartheek, 2016).
The ANFIS requires a collection of input–output data and maps
1 1
 ⎡⎢ 1 − − ⎤⎥⎥ VLa the input data to the output using a set of membership functions
2 ⎢⎢⎢⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢⎢ √ √ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎡⎢⎢⎢⎣ VLb ⎤⎥⎥⎥⎦
VLα 2
  (10)
3 ⎢⎢⎣
(MFs). Ideally, the chosen MF should have as small an error as
VLβ 3 3 ⎥⎦ V
0 − Lc possible when comparing the actual output to the ANFIS-
2 2
sketched results. To train the NN, we use a combination of
1 1
 ⎡⎢ 1 − − ⎤⎥⎥ ILa the Gaussian MF and fuzzy input. The fuzzy inference system
2 ⎢⎢⎢⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢⎢ √ √ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎡⎢⎢⎣⎢ ILb ⎤⎥⎥⎦⎥
ILα 2
  (11)
ILβ 3 ⎢⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦ I
(FIS) is linked to a rule base in the NN block. The simulation
0 − Lc parameters are shown below.
2 2

FIGURE 13
(A) Schematic diagram of series control. (B) Schematic diagram of shunt control. (C) Flowchart for training ANFIS.

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Ravi and Sathish Kumar 10.3389/fenrg.2022.989474

TABLE 9 THD during voltage harmonics.

Controller THD during voltage harmonics

Over feeder 1 Over feeder 2

Source side Load side Source side Load side

PI 30.17 5.21 28.26 4.83

FUZZY 30.4 3.71 27.28 3.60
ANFIS 30.35 2.73 28.14 2.08

From the waveforms, during voltage sag, the system

Parameter Value voltage reduces by 0.2 p.u. magnitude while voltage swell
increases it by 0.2 p.u. magnitude. Simultaneously, current
Supply voltage of feeder 1 and feeder 2 11000 V
increases in magnitude during the voltage sag period and falls
Supply frequency 50 Hz
in magnitude during the voltage swell period. To compensate
DC link capacitor 2500 µF
for these effects, the series VSCs inject the compensating
DC link voltage 1000 V
voltage and the shunt VSCs inject compensation current
Battery capacity 58.5 Ah
into the system. In other words, during low voltage, the
BESS nominal voltage 576 V
reactive power from the DC-link capacitor is injected into
PI controller gain Kp = 8; Ki = 120
the system.
Fuzzy membership functions 7
From the DC link capacitor voltage waveform,
Fuzzy rules 49
demonstrating the system excellent dynamic response. A
Type of MF in fuzzy Triangular
comparative analysis of response variables such as 1) rise
Plot points 101
time, 2) slew rate, 3) overshoot 4) settling time, 5) RMS
Number of Epoch 1000
voltage, 6) peak value, and 7) peak time values was conducted
ANFIS membership functions 3
and is presented in Table 7.
ANFIS rules 9
Type of MF in fuzzy Gaussmf
Case 2: Performance of the system under current harmonics
conditions.
A nonlinear load is created by diode bridge rectifier. In order
The FIS is being trained by BPA. The BP algorithm is utilized to introduce nonlinearities into the load, the diode bridge rectifier
to train FFNN. Mamdani and Sugeno are the two most popular supplies the resistive loads of 100 Ω and 200 ohms on feeders
FIS (Kisi, 2013). Takagi Sugeno FIS is implemented in this case 1 and 2, respectively. The load, compensated, and source current
using ANFIS. Details of ANFIS training flowchart are depicted in waveforms of both feeders with ANFIS controllers are shown in
Figure 13C. Figure 15.
The load current of feeder 1 and feeder 2 is distorted (not
4.2.1 Simulation results and discussion pure sinusoidal) due to the presence of nonfundamental
The performance of the MF-IUPQC is examined under harmonics in the system. During current harmonics in the
voltage swell, sag, and harmonic conditions using ANFIS system, the shunt VSCs of IUPQC inject the compensating
controlled MF-IUPQC. A nonlinear load is created by diode current into the system and the current harmonics get
bridge rectifier; Third- and fifth-order harmonics are created mitigated so that the waveform of the source current of both
deliberately in the two feeders; a voltage sag of 20% and a swell of feeders is almost sinusoidal in nature.
20% is introduced using a programmable voltage source. The load current waveform contains harmonics due to the
nonlinear load, whereas the source current is sinusoidal,
Case 1: Performance of the system under voltage sag and swell resulting in a decrease in THD from load to source are
conditions. tabulated in Table 8. From load current to source current
Voltage sag and swell are applied to the MF-IUPQC system the THD of first feeder is reduced from 8.46 to 1.32 percent
over periods of 0.1–0.2 s and 0.3s–0.4 s, respectively. In Figure 14 and that of second feeder reduced from 7.69 to 1.56 percent.
the source voltages, injected voltages, and currents of both The DC link voltage demonstrates that the ANFIS controller
feeders using ANFIS controllers are presented. performs well with current harmonics in the system.

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Ravi and Sathish Kumar 10.3389/fenrg.2022.989474

FIGURE 14
Waveforms of feeder 1 and feeder 2 under sag and swell.

Case 3: Performance of the system under voltage harmonics harmonics, whereas the load voltage is sinusoidal due to
conditions. compensation voltage by the series VSCs of IUPQC, resulting
In order to take into account, the voltage irregularities, in a decrease in THD from source to load. These results are
harmonics of the third and fifth orders are purposefully tabulated in Table 9.
generated inside the two feeds. To supply the loads, starting at Compensated voltages are applied to the load side of both
t = 0.05 s, the first feeder voltage is considered to have 15 percent feeders in order to correct distorted voltages on the source
third and 20 percent fifth-order harmonics, and the second side. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of Feeder 1 has
feeder voltage is considered to have 15 percent third and decreased to 2.73 percent from 30.35 percent while the THD
15 percent fifth-order harmonics. of Feeder 2 has decreased from 28.14 percent to 2.08 percent.
The source, compensated, and load voltage waveforms of The DC link voltage waveform demonstrates that the ANFIS
both feeders with ANFIS controllers are shown in Figure 16. The controller performs well with voltage harmonics in the
source voltage waveform of feeder 1 and feeder 2 contains system.

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Ravi and Sathish Kumar 10.3389/fenrg.2022.989474

FIGURE 15
Waveforms of feeder 1 and feeder 2 under current harmonics.

5 Overall review of PQ mitigation and artificial neural network (ANN) are mostly used to
techniques analyze harmonics.
➢ In PQ monitoring system, current transformers (CTs),
Reviewing the literature, we can come to the following potential transformers (PTs), and transducers (XD) are
inferences and make recommendations for further studies: used as sensors for collecting data and analyzed the data
using data visualization methods in the form of graphs.
➢ From PQ analysis tools we found that Fast Fourier They can help in predicting the power quality. Artificial
transform (FFT), singular value decomposition (SVD), intelligence (AI) techniques are seldom used by

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Ravi and Sathish Kumar 10.3389/fenrg.2022.989474

FIGURE 16
Waveforms of feeder 1 and feeder 2 under voltage harmonics.

researchers; they are the future solutions to analyzing and reliability, simultaneous compensation of deep/long voltage
predicting more accurately. sags/swells, and harmonics. The main focus has been on DVR
➢ It can be observed that efforts to D-STATCOM placement and distributed generation integration. Future work should
and sizing optimization have made little growth over the consider DVR, smart grids, and microgrids.
last decade. It can also be inferred that most studies ➢ This study briefly discusses the various configurations of UPQC.
employed a single D-STATCOM to minimize power The UPQC scheme may be advantageous for concurrently
loss and did not investigate multiple D-STATCOMs in resolving current and voltage-related power-quality issues.
radial distribution networks. It is also determined that ➢ More changes will be made to power converters to increase
efficient D-STATCOM allocation for unbalanced power quality. Improved control strategies will be one among
distribution networks has not been done, and further the enhancements. Using these control systems will allow for
research is suggested. the production of more power with higher quality.
➢ By incorporating improved power converters into DVR, we ➢ Advanced microcontrollers and faster switching devices have
may enhance its performance in terms of cost, efficiency, led to more powerful, efficient, and affordable UPS systems

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Ravi and Sathish Kumar 10.3389/fenrg.2022.989474

with and without transformers. New approaches are being Author contributions
developed to assure fast transient and dynamic response,
reduced THD, effective voltage regulation, and load stability. Conceptualization, writing—original draft preparation,
➢ If UPS technology improves, then fuel cells may replace and editing: TR; conceptualization, review, editing, and
batteries, and low-power applications will be beneficial. Fuel supervision: KS. All authors have read and agreed to the
cells and supercapacitor UPS systems have not been much published version of the manuscript.
researched. Taking into account the pros of the hybrid system,
we can expect an UPS system that is more advanced, has more
features, and works better. Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the management of Vellore Institute
6 Conclusion of Technology, VIT-Vellore. Also, this work is carried out in the
Digital Simulation Lab (DSL) from the school of electrical
In this study, an attempt has been made to discuss a engineering (SELECT), VIT-Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
variety of PQ disturbances (PQDs) in AC and DC systems,
PQ monitoring techniques, fundamental standards, and PQ
mitigation approaches. Custom power devices such as Conflict of interest
DSTATCOM, DVR, UPQC, and UPS are the most recent
evolution of interface devices designed to mitigate voltage/ The authors declare that the research was conducted in the
current disruptions and improve power quality by absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could
compensating for reactive and harmonic power generated be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
or absorbed by the load. Finally, the use of an ANFIS in MF- The reviewer PK declared a shared affiliation with the
IUPQC to address PQDs such as voltage/current fluctuations authors at the time of the review.
and harmonic distortions is described. To improve MF-
IUPQC system performance, ANFIS was implemented and
compared against PI and fuzzy. The presented system Publisher’s note
improves load voltage regulation and provides smooth
DC-link voltage and harmonics compensation. The All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the
proposed systems’ THD values for both the feeders are authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated
low when compared to those of competing controllers. organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the
The investigation found that the suggested MF-IUPQC reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or
system with ANFIS has better voltage profiles and claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or
harmonic reduction abilities. endorsed by the publisher.

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Nomenclature IGBT insulated gate bipolar transistor

EMI electromagnetic interference
DG distributed generation
CT current transformers
PQ power quality
PT potential transformers
CPD custom power devices
XD transducers
PQDs PQ disturbances
MUX multiplexers
SRCs shunt reactive compensators
ADCs analog-to-digital converters
SC shunt capacitors
S&H sample and hold circuits
DSTATCOM distribution static compensator
FFT fast fourier transform
DVR dynamic voltage restorer
SVD singular value decomposition
UPQC unified power quality conditioner
ANN artificial neural network
UPS uninterruptable power supply
MLFFNN multilayer feed-forward neural network
PPF passive power filters
ADALINE adaptive linear neural network
APF active power filter
WT wavelet transform
THD total harmonic distortion
MRA multiresolution analysis
FACTS flexible alternating current transmission system
HT Hilbert transform
SVC static VAR compensator

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