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MYANMAR MARINE ENGINEERS ASSOCIATION

TRAINING CENTRE

Class I & II Combined Course

NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
QUESTIONS
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Chapter 1 Hydrostatics
1. A rectangular bulkhead 4 m wide and 6 m deep loaded to its top edge with sea water. Find
the total load on the bulkhead and the position of the centre of pressure. If there is a 3 m head of
water above the bulkhead, find the total load on the bulkhead and the position of the centre of
pressure.
2. A rectangular watertight bulkhead 9 m high and 14.5 m wide has sea water on both sides,
the height of water on one side being four times that on the other side. The resultant centre of
pressure is 7 m from the top of the bulkhead. Calculate: (a) the depth of water (b) the
resultant load on the bulkhead. March/23, Nov/23
3. A bulkhead is in the form of trapezoid 13 m wide at the deck, 10 m wide at the tank top
and 7.5 m deep.
Calculate the load on the bulkhead and the position of the centre of pressure if it is flooded
to a depth of 5 m with sea water on one side only.
4. A dock gate 6 m wide and 5 m deep has fresh water on one side to a depth of 3 m and sea
water on the other side to a depth of 4 m. Calculate the resultant load and position of the centre of
pressure.
5. The end bulkhead of an oil fuel bunker is in the form of a rectangle 10 m wide and 12 m
high. Find the total load and the position of centre of pressure relative to the top of the bulkhead
if the tank is filled with oil (rd 0.9):
(a) to the top of the edge
(b) with 3 m head to the top edge.
6. A triangular bulkhead is 7 m wide at the top and has a vertical depth of 8 m. Calcula te
the load on the bulkhead and the position of the centre of pressure if the bulkhead is flooded to
its top edge with sea water. Determine:
(a) to the top edge
(b) with 4 m head to the top edge.
Useful formulae
Pressure on bulkhead = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
Load on bulkhead = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝐻
1
H = 2 D (for triangular)
1
H = 3 D from bottom (for triangular) H = Centroid

Distance of C of P from top edge = depending on shape

2
= 3 D (for retangular)
1
= 2 D (for triangular)
5
= D (for circular)
8

𝑁𝐴 𝐼
Distance of C of P from surface = 𝐴𝐻 +𝐻
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Chapter 2 Displacement, TPC and Coefficient of Form

1. A vessel of constant triangular cross-section floats apex down at a draught of 4 m, the
width of the waterplane being 8 m, when its keel just touches a layer of mud having relative
density twice that of the water. The tide now falls 2 m. Calculate the depth to which the vessel
sinks in the mud. July/23
2. A box barge 200 m long is divided into five equal compartments. The weight is
uniformly distributed along the vessel's length. 500 tonne of cargo are added to each of the end
compartments. Sketch the shearing force and bending moment diagrams and state their
maximum values.

Chapter 3 First and second moment

1. A ship 140 m long and 18 m beam floats at a draugt of 9 m. The immersed cross-sectional
area at equal intervals are 5, 60, 116, 145, 152, 153, 153, 151, 142, 85 and 0 m2 respectively.
Calculate: (a) displacement; (b) block coefficient; (c) midship section area coefficient; (d)
prismatic coefficient.
2. The TPC values of a ship at 1.5 m intervals of draught commencing at the keel, are 4.0,
6.1, 7.8, 9.1, 10.3, 11.4 and 12.0 respectively. Calculate at a draught of 9 m: (a) displacment; (b)
KB.
3. The half breadths of the load waterplane of a ship 150 m long, commencing from aft, are
0.3, 3.8, 6.0, 7.7, 8.3, 9.0, 8.4, 7.8, 6.9, 4.7 and 0 m respectively. Calculate: (a) area of waterplane;
(b) distance of centroid from midships; (c) second moment of area about a trancverse axis through
the centroid.
4. The displacement of a ship at draughts of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 m are 0, 189, 430, 692 and 977
tonne. Calculate the distance of the centre of buoyancy above the keel when floating at a draught
of 4 m, given:
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑉𝐶𝐵 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
5. A ship 160 m long has ½ ordinates of waterplane of 1.6, 5.7, 8.8, 10.2, 10.5, 10.5, 10.5,
10.0, 8.0 5.0 and 0 m respectively. Calculate the second moment of area of the waterplane about
the centreline.
6. The cross-sectional areas of a ship 120 m long, commencing from aft, are 2, 40, 79, 100,
103, 104, 104, 103, 97, 58 and 0 m2. Calculate: (a) displacement (b) longitudinal position of the
centre of buoyancy.

7. A forward deep tank 12m long extends from a longitudinal bulkhead to the ship s side. The
widths of the tank surface measured from the longitudinal bulkhead at regular intervals are 10, 9,
7, 4 and 1 m. Calculate the second moment of area of the tank surface about a longitudinal axis
passing through its centroid.

8. The widths of a deep tank bulkhead at equal intervals of 1.2 m commencing at the top, are
8.0, 7.5, 6.5, 5.7, 4.7, 3.8 and 3.0 m. Calculate the load on the bulkhead and the position of the
centre of pressure, if the bulkhead is flooded to the top edge with sea water on one side only.

9. The ½ breadths of the load waterplane of a ship 150 m long, commencing from aft, are
0.3, 3.8, 6.0, 7.7, 8.3, 9.0, 8.4, 7.8, 6.9, 4.7 and 0 m respectively. Calculate
(a) area of waterplane
(b) distance of centroid from midships
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(c) second moment of area about a transverse axis through the centroid

10. The half ordinates of a waterplane 180 m long are as follows

Section AP ½ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 91/2 FP
1/2 ord 0 5.0 8.0 10.5 12.5 13.5 13.5 12.5 11.0 7.5 3.0 1.0 0m
Calculate
(a) area of waterplane, (b) distance of centroid from midships, (c) second moment of area
of waterplane about a transverse axis through the centroid.

11. A vessel, when floating at a draught at 3.6 m has a displacement of 8172 tonne, KB 1.91
m and LCB 0.15 m aft of midships. From the following information, calculate the displacement,
KB and position of the LCB for the vessel when floating at a draught of 1.2 m .

Draught (m) TPC LCF from midships

1.2 23. 0 1.37 F
2.4 24.2 0.76 A
3.6 25.0 0.92 A

12. The following data are available from the hydrostatic curves of a vessel.
Draught(m) KB(m) KM(m) I(m4)
4.9 2.49 10.73 65250
5.2 2.61 10.79 68860
Calculate the TPC at a draught of 5.05 m.

Useful formulae
1
WPA = 3 × ℎ × ∑ 𝐴
ℎ(∑ 𝑀𝐴 +∑ 𝑀𝐹 )
Distance of centroid from midship(y) = ∑𝐴

𝐼𝑌𝑌 = 𝐼𝑋𝑋 + 𝐴ℎ2

ℎ2
Load on bulkhead = 𝜌 × 𝑔 × 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝜌 × 𝑔 × × ∑𝑀
3

𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑝 ℎ∑𝐼

C of P from top = = ∑𝑀
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑝

Chapter 4 Centre of Gravity

1. A ship arrives in port with displacement 6000 tonnes and KG 6 m. She then discharges
and loads the following quantities:
Discharge 1250 tonnes of cargo KG 4.5 m
675 tonnes of cargo KG 3.5 m
420 tonnes of cargo KG 9.0 m
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Load 980 tonnes of cargo KG 4.25 m

550 tonnes of cargo KG 6.0 m
700 tonnes of bunker KG 1.0 m
79 tonnes of Freash Water KG 12.0 m
During the stay in port 30 tonnes of oil (KG 1 m) are consumed. If the final KM is 6.8 m, find the
GM on departure.
2. A ship’s displacement is 4500 tonnes and KG 5 m. The following cargo is loaded:
450 tonnes KG 7.5 m
120 tonnes KG 6.0 m
650 tonnes KG 3.0 m
Find the amount of cargo to load in a tween deck (KG 6.0 m) so that the ship sails with a GM of
0.6 m. (The load KM is 5.6 m)
3. A ship is partly loaded and has a displacement of 9000 tonnes, KG 6 m, and KM 7.3 m.
She is to make a 19-day passage consuming 26 tonnes of oil per day(KG 0.5 m). Find how much
deck cargo she may load (KG 10 m) if the GM on arrival at the distination is to be not less than
0.3 m.
4. An oil tanker of 17000 tonne displacement has it centre of gravity 1 m aft of midships
and has 250 tonne of oil fuel in its forward deep tank 75 m from midships.This fuel transferred
to the after oil fuel bunker whose centre is 50 m from midships.200 tonne of fuel from the after
bunker is now burned.
Calculate the new position of the centre of gravity: (a) After the oil has been transferred
(b) After the oil has been used.
5. A ship arrives in port with drafts 6.8 m forward and 7.2 m aft. 500 tonnes of cargo is
then discharged from each of 4 holds.
The centre of gravity of No.1 hold is 40 m forward of amidships,
The centre of gravity of No.2 hold is 25 m forward of amidships,
The centre of gravity of No.3 hold is 20 m aft of amidships,
The centre of gravity of No.4 hold is 50 m aft of amidships,
Also 50 tonnes of cargo is loaded in a position whose centre of gravity is 15 m aft of amidships
and 135 tonnes of cargo centre of gravity 40 m forward of amidsips. TPC = 15 tonnes, MCT 1
cm = 400 tonnes.m. The centre of floatation is amidships. Find the final drafts.
6. A ship is floating at drafts 5.5 m forward and 6.0 m aft. The following cargo is then
loaded:
97 tonnes centre of gravity 8 m forward of amidships
20 tonnes centre of gravity 40 m aft of amidships
28 tonnes centre of gravity 20 m aft of amidships
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The draught is now 5.6 m forward and 6.1 m aft. Find the position of floatation relative to
amidships.

Chapter 5 Transverse Stability

1. The KN values of a vessel at a certain displacement are as follows:
Heel (𝜃 ° ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
KN (m) 0 0.78 1.53 2.19 2.72 3.05 3.25 3.37 3.36
KM = 4.5 m, KG = 3.5 m
(a) Plot the GZ curve on the graph paper.
(b) Calculate the area under the curve between 0 and 40 using Simson’s rules.
(c) Show that the stability curve satisfies the intact stability criteria.

2. A ship of 5000 tonne displacement has a rectangular double bottom tank 9 m wide and 12
m long, half full of sea water. Calculate vitual reduction in metacentric height due to free surface.
3. A ship of 8000 tonne displacement has its centre of gravity 4.5 m above the keel and
transverse metacentre 5.0 m above the keel when a rectangular tank 7.5 m long and 15 m wide
contains sea water. A mass of 10 tonnes is moved 12 m across the deck.
Calculate the angle of heel:
(a) if there is no free surface of water,
(b) if the water does not completely fill the tank.

4. A ship of 6000 tonne displacement has its centre of gravity 5.9 m above the keel and
transverse metacentre 6.8 m above the keel. A rectangular double bottom tank 10.5 m long, 12 m
wide and 1.2 m deep is half filled with sea water. Calculate the metacentric height.

5. An oil tanker 24 m wide displaces 25,000 tonne when loaded in nine equal tanks, each 10
m long with oil rd 0.8. Calculate the total free surface effect with:
(a) no longitudinal division
(b) a longitudinal centre line bulkhead,
(c) twin longitudinal bulkheads forming three equal tanks,
(d) twin longitudinal bulkheads, the centre compartment having a width of 12 m.

6. The righting levers of a ship, for an assumed KG of 3.5 m are 0, 0.25, 0.46, 0.51, 0.39,
0.10 and -0.38 m at angles of heel of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90° respectively. When the
ship is loaded to the same displacement the centre of gravity is 3.0 m above the keel and the
metacentric height 1.25 m. Draw the amended curve of statical stability.

7. A ship of 12500 tonne displacement and 15 m beam has a metacentric height 1.10 m. A
mass of 80 tonne is lifted from its position in the centre of lower hold by one of the ship’s derricks,
and placed on a quay 2 m from the ship’s side. The ship heels to a maximum angle of 3.5 when
the mass is being moved.
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(a) Does the GM alter during the operation?

(b) Calculate the height of the derrick head above the original centre of gravity of the mass.

8. (a) Why is an inclining experiment carried out? Write a short account of the method
adopted.
(b) An inclining experiment was carried out on a ship of 8000 tonne displacement. The
inclining ballast was moved transversely through 12 m and the deflections of a pendulum 5.5 m
long, measured from the centreline, were as follows:
3 tonne port to starboard 64 mm S
3 tonne port to starboard 116 mm S
Ballast restored 3 mm S
3 tonne starboard to port 54 mm P
3 tonne starboard to port 113 mm P
Calculate the metacentric height of the vessel.

9. An inclining experiment was carried out on a ship of 8000 tonne displacement. A mass of
10 tonne was moved 14 m across the deck causing a pendulum 8.5 m long to deflect 110 mm. The
transverse metacentric height was 7.15 m above the keel. Calculate the metacentric height and the
height of the centre of gravity above the keel.

10. A ship of 5000 tonne displacement has a KM of 6.4 m. When 5 tonne are moved 15 m
across the ship a pendulum 6 m long has a deflection of 12 cm. A double bottom tank 7.5 m long,
9 m wide and 1.2 m deep is half-full of sea water.
Calculate the KG of the light ship.

11. A ship of 10,000 tonne displacement has KM 8 m and GM 0.6 m. A rectangular double
bottom tank is 1.5 m deep, 18 m long and 15 m wide. Assuming that KM remains constant,
determine the new GM remains constant, determine the new GM when the tank is now:
(a) filled with sea water
(b) half-filled with sea water. Mar/23

12. A ship of 15,000 tonne displacement has righting levers of 0, 0.38, 1.0, 1.41 and 1.2 mat
angles of heel of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45° and 60° respectively and an assumed KG of 7.0 m. The vessel
is loaded to this displacement but the KG is found to be 6.8 m and GM 1.50 m.
(a) Draw the amended stability curve
(b) Estimate the dynamical stability at 60°.

13. A ship of 18,000 tonne displacement has KB 5.25 m, KG 9.24 m and second moment of
area about the centreline of 82 x 103 m4.
Using the wall-sided formula calculate the righting levers at intervals of 5° heel up to 20° and
sketch the stability curve up to this angle.

Useful formulae
GZ = KN – KG Sin 𝜃
GZ = GM Sin 𝜃
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Stability criteria
The area (Dynamic arm) 0° to 30° should not less than 0.055 m-rad;
the area (Dynamic arm) 0° to 40° or 𝜃𝑓 should not less than 0.09m-rad; if flooding angle is less
than 40 degrees,
the area from 30° to 40°, or from 30° to 𝜃𝑓 should not less than 0.03 m-rad.
GZ should not less than 0.20 m at the heeling angle to be equal to or more than 30 degrees.
The maximum GZ should be better located in the range above 30 degrees, at least should not
below 25 degrees.
The metacentric height GM with the correction for free surface effect should not less than 0.15 m.

For large angle of heel (Wall-sided formula)

𝑖
𝐵𝑀 =
∇
Inclining experiment
𝑚×𝑑 𝑥
𝐺𝑀 = ∆ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 tan 𝜃 = 𝑙
𝑚×𝑑×𝑙
𝐺𝑀 = 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚
∆×𝑥

𝑥 = 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Free surface moment = 𝜌𝑖 𝜌 = density of liquid in tank
𝜌𝑖
Free surface effect = 𝑖 = second moment of area of free surface
∆

𝑙𝐵3
𝐺𝐺2 = 12∇ (Single compartment)

1 𝑙𝐵3
𝐺𝐺2 = 4 × (Two compartments with centre longitudinal bulkhead)
12

1 𝑙𝐵3
𝐺𝐺2 = 9 × (Three compartments with two longitudinal bulkheads)
12

Dynamical stability = Dynamic arm (m-rad) x g x ∆ kJ

Chapter 6 Trim and bilging

1. A ship, floating at drafts of 7.7 m forward and 7.9 m aft. A sustain damage in end-on
collision and has to lift the bow to reduce the draft forward to 6.7 m. The ship is about to enter a
port in which maximum permissible draft is 8.3 m. To do this it is decided to discharge cargo from
No.1 hold (center of gravity 75 m forward of amidships) and No.4 hold (centre of gravity 45 m
aft of amidships). MCT 1 cm is 200 tonnes-m, TPC 15 tonnes, centre of floatation is amidships.
Find the minimum amount of cargo to discharge from each hold.
2. A ship 150 m long arrives at the mouth of the river with drafts 5.5 m forward and 6.3 m
aft. MCTC 200 tonnes-m TPC 15 tonnes. Centre of floatation is 1.5 m aft of amidships. The ship
 8

has then to proceed up the river where the maximum draft permissible is 6.2 m. It is decided that
SW ballast will be run into the forepeak tank to reduce the draft to 6.2 m. If the centre of gravity
of the forepeak tank is 60 m forward of the centre of floatation, find the minimum amount of water
which must be run in and also find the final draft forward.
3. A ship 120 m long has draughts of 6.6 m forward and 6.9 m aft. The TPC is 20, MCT 1
cm 101 tonne m and the centre of floatation 3.5 m aft of midships. Calculate the maximum
position aft at which 240 tonne may be added so that after draught does not exceed 7.2 m.
4. A ship of 8000 tonne displacement, 110 m long, floats in sea water of 1.024 t/m3 at
draughts of 6 m forwarded 6.3 m aft. The TPC is 16, LCB 0.6 m aft of midships, LCF 3 m aft of
midships and MCT 1cm 65 tonne m. The vessel now moves into fresh water of 1.000 t/m3.
Calculate the distance a mass of 50 tonne must be moved to bring the vessel to an even keel and
determine the final draught. Mar/23
5. A ship of 14000 tonne displacement is 125 m long and floats at a draughts of 7.9 m
forward and 8.5 m aft. The TPC is 19, GML 120 m and LCF 3 m forward of midships. It is
required to bring the vessel to an even keel draught of 8.5 m. Calculate the mass which should
be added and the distance of the centre of the mass from midships. July/23
6. A ship 120 m long displaces 8000 tonne, GML is 102 m, TPC 17.5 and LCF 2 m aft of
midships. It arrives in port with draughts 6.3 m forward and 6.6 m aft.
During the voyage the following changes in loading have taken place:
Fuel used 200 tonne 18 m forward of midships
Water used 100 tonne 3 m aft of midships
Stores used 10 tonne 9 m aft of midships
Ballast added 300 tonne 24 m forward of midships
Calculate the original draughts.
7. A ship 85 m long displaces 8100 tonne when floating in sea water at draughts of 5.25 m
forward and 5.55 m aft. TPC 9.0, GML 96 m, LCF 2 m aft of midships. It is decided to
introduce water ballast to completely submerge the propeller and a draught aft of 5.85 m is
required. A ballast tank 33 m aft of midships is available. Find the least amount of water
required and the final draught forward.
8. A ship 90 m long displaces 5200 tonne and floats at draughts of 4.95 m forward and 5.35
m aft when a sea water of 1023 kg/m3. The waterplane area is 1100 m2, GML 95 m, LCB 0.6 m
forward of midships and LCF 2.2 m aft of midships.
Calculate the new draughts when the vessel moves into fresh water of 1002 kg/m3.
8. A vessel of constant rectangular cross-section is 100 m long and floats at a draught of 5
m. It has a mid-length compartment 10 m long extending right across the vessel, but sub-divided
by a horizontal watertight flat 3 m above the keel. GM is 0.8 m. Calculate the new draught and
metacentric height if the compartment is bilged below the flat.
9. A box barge 100 m long, 12 m beam and 4 m draught has a compartment at the extreme
fore end 8 m long, sub-divided by a horizontal watertight flat 2 m above the keel. The centre of
gravity is 3 m above the keel.
Calculate the end draughts if the compartment is bilged,
(a) at the flat, water flowing into both compartments
 9

(b) below the flat

(c) above the flat.
10. A box shaped vessel has a length of 80 m and a beam of 15 m, with a draft before bilging
is 3 m and floats on an even keel before bilging. The vessel has a 15 m long compartment,
running between bulkheads 55 m forward of aft perpendicular and 70 m forward of aft
perpendicular. There is a watertight flat 2 m above the keel. The compartment is then bilged
below the watertight flat. Determine GML, MCTC and the trim and final drafts forward and aft
after bilging. The compartment permeability is 75% and KG is 4 m.
Useful formulae
GM = KB + BM – KG
GML = KB + BML – KG
𝐿𝐵3
TPC=1.025A/100 𝐵𝑀𝐿 = 12∇
∆𝐺𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝐶𝑇𝐶 = 100𝐿
(𝐿𝐶𝐵−𝐿𝐶𝐺)∆ ∆𝐵𝐵
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 𝑀𝐶𝑇𝐶1
𝑀𝐶𝑇𝐶

𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚 =
𝑀𝐶𝑇𝐶
Change of draft aft (cm) = l/L x Change in trim (cm)
l = Distance between CoF (centre of floatation) and aft perpendicular
Change of draft forward (cm) = Change of trim – change of draft aft (cm)
Change of trim due to change of density
∆𝐹𝐵 𝜌𝑆 −𝜌𝑅
Sea water to River water 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 𝑀𝐶𝑇𝐶 ( ) by the head
𝜌𝑆

∆𝐹𝐵 𝜌𝑆 −𝜌𝑅
River water to Sea water 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 𝑀𝐶𝑇𝐶 ( ) by the stern
𝜌𝑅

Chapter 7 Stability during dry-docking and grounding

1. A ship of 6000 tonnes displacement enters a drydock trimmed 0.3 m by the stern. KM =
7.5 m. KG = 6 m. MCTC = 90 tonnes m. The centre of flotation is 45 m from aft. Find the
effective metacentric height at the critical instant before the ship takes the blocks overall.
Note. Assume that the trim at the critical instant is zero.

Chapter 8 Resistance and fuel consumption

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1. The frictional resistance of a ship in freshwater at 3 m/s is 11 N/m2. The ship has a wetted
surface area of 2500 m2 and the frictional resistance is 72% of the total resistance and varies as
speed 1.92 If the effective power is 1100 kW calculate the speed of the ship.
2. A 6 m model of a ship has a wetted surface area of 7 m2 .When towed at a speed of 3 knots
in fresh water the total resistance is found to be 35N.
If the ship is 130 m long, calculate the effective power at the corresponding speed.
Take n = 1.825 and calculate f from the formula. SCF 1.15
3. A ship 150 m long and 19 m beam floats at a draught of 8 m and has a block coefficient of
0.68.
(a) If the Admiralty Coefficient is 600, calculate the shaft power required at 18 knots.
(b) If the speed is now increased to 21 knots, and within this speed range resistance varies as
speed3, find the new shaft power.
4. The speed of a ship is increased to 18% above normal for 7.5 hours, then reduced to 9%
below for 10 hours. The speed is then reduced for the remainder of the day so that the
consumption for the day is the normal amount. Find the percentage difference between the
distance travelled in that day and the normal distance travelled per day.
5. A ship travels 2000 nautical miles at 16 knots and returns with the same displacement at
14 knots. Find the saving in fuel on the return voyage if the consumption per day at 16 knots is
28 tonne.
6. The daily consumption of a ship at 17 knots is 42 tonne. Calculate the speed of the ship if
the consumption is reduced to 28 tonne per day, and the specific consumption at the reduced
speed is 18% more than at 17 knots.
7. When a ship is 800 nautical miles from port, its speed is reduced by 20%, thereby
reducing the daily fuel consumption by 42 tonne and arriving in port with 50 tonne on board. If
the fuel consumption is in t/h is given by the expression (0.136 + 0.001𝑉 3 ) where V is the
speed in knots, estimate:
(a) the reduced consumption per day
(b) the amount of fuel on board when the speed is reduced
(c) the percentage decrease in consumption for the latter part of the voyage
(d) the percentage increase in time for this latter period.
8. (a) If resistance ∝ 𝑆𝑉 2 and 𝑆 ∝ ∆2/3, derive the Admiralty Coefficient formula.
(b) A ship 160 m long, 22 m beam and 9.2 m draught has a block coefficient of
0.765. The pitch of the propeller is 4 m and when it turns at 96 rev/min the true slip is 33%, the
wake fraction 0.335 and shaft power 2900 kW. Calculate the Admiralty Coefficient and the shaft
power at 15 knots. Nov/23
9. A ship model 6 m long has a total resistance of 40 N when towed at 3.6 knots in ftresh
water.
The ship itself is 180 m long and displaces 20,400 tonne. The wetted surface area may be
calculated from the formula 𝑆 = 2.57√∆𝐿.
Calculate 𝑒𝑝𝑛 for the ship at its corresponding speed in sea water. 𝑓(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙)𝐹𝑊 = 0.492;
𝑓(𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝)𝑆𝑊 = 0.421; 𝑛 = 1.825.
 11

Useful formulae for resistance calculation

𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝑟

𝑅𝑓 = 𝑓𝑠𝑣 𝑛

0.773
𝑓 = 0.417 +
𝐿 + 2.862

𝑅𝑟 ∝ 𝐿3

𝑠 ∝ 𝐿2

𝑣 ∝ ඥ𝐿

𝑒𝑝 = 𝑅𝑡 × 𝑣
𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 𝑒𝑝𝑛 × 𝑆𝐶𝐹

𝟐⁄
∆ 𝟑× 𝑽𝟑
𝑪𝑨 =
𝒔𝒑

𝒔𝒑 = 𝑹𝒕 × 𝑽

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∝ 𝑽𝟐
(Voyage consumption)

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏/𝒉𝒓 ∝ 𝑽𝟑
(Consumption/day)

Chapter 9 Propeller and power

1. A ship travelling at 15.5 knots has a propeller of 5.5 m pitch turning at 95 rev/min. The
thrust of the propeller is 380 kN and the delivered power 3540 kW. If the real slip is 20% and the
thrust deduction factor 0.198. Calculate the QPC and the wake fraction.
2. Ship 120 m long displaces 10500 tonne and has a wetted surface area of 3000 m2. At 15
knots the shaft power is 4100 kW, propulsive coefficient 0.6 and 55% of the thrust is available to
overcome frictional resistance.
Calculate the shaft power required for a similar ship 140 m long at the corresponding speed
ƒ = 0.42 and n = 1.825

3. A ship of 15000 tonne displacement has an admirality coefficient based on shaft power
of 420. The mechanical efficiency of the machinery is 83%, shaft losses 6%, propeller efficiency
65% and QPC 0.71%. At a particular speed, the thrust power is 2000 kW. Calculate (a) indicated
power (b) effective power and (c) ship speed.
 12

4. A propeller of 5.5 m diameter has a pitch ratio of 0.8. When turning at 120 rev/min, the
wake fraction is found to be 0.32 and the real slip 35%.
Calculate the speed, speed of advance and apparent slip.
5. When a propeller of 4.8 m pitch turns 110 rpm, the apparent slip is found to be -s% and
the real slip +1.5s%. If the wake speed is 25% of the ship speed, calculate the ship speed, the
apparent slip and the real slip. July/23
6. The following data are available for a twin screw vessel:
V (knots) 15 16 17 18
𝑒𝑝𝑛 (kW) 3000 3750 4700 5650
QPC 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.71
Calculate the service speed if the brake power for each engine is 3500 kW. The transmission
efficiency is 3% and the allowances for weather and appendages 30%.
7. The mean pressure referred to the LP cylinder is 2.3 bar at 80 rev/min. Calculate the
mean pressure and rev/min if the power is increased by 33.1%.

Usefule formulae

𝑉𝑡 −𝑉
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑃 × 𝑁 𝑆𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡

𝑉𝑡 −𝑉𝑎
𝑆𝑅 = 𝑉𝑡

𝑉−𝑉𝑎
𝑤= 𝑉

𝑡𝑃 = 𝑇 × 𝑉𝑎
𝑒𝑃
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑠𝑃
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑇(1 − 𝑡)
 13

𝑖𝑃
𝜇𝑀 =
𝑠𝑃
𝑑𝑃
𝜇𝑇 =
𝑠𝑃
𝑡𝑃
𝜇𝑃 =
𝑑𝑃
𝑒𝑃
𝜇𝐻 =
𝑡𝑃
𝑒𝑃
𝑄𝑃𝐶 =
𝑑𝑃

Chapter 10 Rudders

1. A ship, whose maximum speed is 18 knots, has a rudder of area 25 m2. The distance from
the centre of stock to the centre of effort of the rudder is 1.2 m and the maximum rudder angle
35°. If the maximum, allowable stress in the stock is 85 MN/m2, calculate the diameter of the
stock.
2. The service speed of a ship is 14 knots and the rudder, 13 m2 in area, has its centre of effort
1.1 m from the centre of stock. Calculate the torque on the stock at 10° intervals of rudder angle
up to 40° and estimate the work done in turning the rudder from the centre line to 40°.
3. A ship 150 m long and 8.5 m draught has a rudder whose area is one sixtieth of the middle-
line plane and diameter of stock 320 mm. Calculate the maximum speed at which the vessel may
travel if the maximum allowable stress is 70 MN/m2, the centre of stock 0.9 m from the centre of
effort and the maximum rudder angle is 35°.
4. A ship displaces 5000 tonne and has a rudder of area 12 m2. The distance between the
centre of lateral resistance and the centre of the rudder is 1.6 m and the metacentric height 0.24
m. Calculate the initial angle of heel if the rudder is put over to 35° when travelling at 16 knots.
5. The force acting normal to the plane of a rudder at angle ⍺ is given by Fn = 577Av 2 sin⍺
Where A = area of rudder = 22 m2
V = water speed in m/s
When the rudder is turned to 35o, the centre of effort is 1.1 m from the centerline of stock.
Allowing 20% for race effect, calculate the diameter of the stock if the maximum ship speed is
15 knots and the maximum allowable stress is 70 MN/m2.
If the effective diameter is reduced by corrosion and wear to 330 mm, calculate the speed
at which the vessel must travel so that the above stress is not exceeded.
6. A ship of 12000 tonne displacement has a rudder 15 m2 in area, whose centre is 5 m
below the waterline. The metacentric height of the ship is 0.3 m and the centre of buoyancy is
3.3 m below the waterline. When travelling at 20 knots the rudder is turned through 30o. Find the
initial angle of heel if the force Fn perpendicular to the plane of the rudder is given by:
Fn = 577Av 2 sinα N
20% for the race effect.
 14

Useful formulae
𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝑘𝐴𝑣 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼
T (Torque) = 𝐹𝑛 × 𝑏 = 𝑘𝐴𝑣 2 𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼 kN
𝑇 𝑞
= 𝑞 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐽 𝑟
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
𝜋𝑑4 𝜋𝑟 4
𝐽 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚4 = =
32 2

𝐹𝑡 = 𝐹𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 𝐹 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 𝑘𝐴𝑣 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼

𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐹𝑡 × 𝑁𝐿 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃op
𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑔∆ × 𝐺𝑍 = 𝑔∆ × 𝐺𝑀 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝐹𝑡 ×𝑁𝐿
tan θ = (Angle of heel due to force on rudder)
∆𝑔×𝐺𝑀

∆𝑣 2
Centrifufal force (CF) = kN
𝜌

∆𝑣 2
𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶𝐹 × 𝐿𝐺 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = × 𝐿𝐺 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝜌
𝑣 2 ×𝐿𝐺
tan 𝜃 = (Angle of heel due to turning)
𝑔×𝜌×𝐺𝑀