Geographical location of Greece

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Greece. Geographical location. Greek

civilization arose in the eastern part of the
Mediterranean Sea. It extended over three
fundamental areas: the Balkan peninsula, the
numerous islands of the Ionian and Aegean
seas, and the western coasts of Asia Minor
(in present-day Turkey).

Olympus or Mount Olympus is the highest

mountain in Greece and the second highest
of the Balkan mountains, at 2,919 m above
sea level. Located between the Greek
regions of Thessaly and Macedonia, it has
been a Greek nature reserve since 1938 and
a natural heritage site of the European
Union since 1981, in its category of
biosphere reserve.

Historical Chronology of Ancient Greece

The Mycenaean Period: developed in

The Homeric Period: 11th-8th centuries BC of C. This period is best known the pre-Hellenic period of the recent
for the two great poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. It is the period known as Helladic, that is, at the end of the
the Greek Middle Ages or Dark Ages. Bronze Age, between 1600-1200 BC.
The period to which the great migrations of the Greek tribes correspond is also C. It represents the first advanced
linked to the appearance of notable epics created by the ancient Greeks: the civilization of continental Greece with
Iliad and the Odyssey. The Greeks themselves, as is known, attributed the its palace states, urban organization,
appearance of these two poetic works to the creation of an old blind rhapsodist, works of art and writing system.
Homer. Archaeological discoveries have shed light on the content of the Among the centers of power that
poems. emerged within it were Pylos, Troy
(stratum VI of Troy), Tiryns and Midea
in the Peloponnese; Orchomenus,
Thebes and Athens in Central Greece
and Iolcus in Thessaly.
Archaic Period: 8th-6th centuries BC. of C. It is the time when the Greeks began
a vast movement of expansion throughout the Mediterranean world and when The Mycenaean Greeks introduced a
intellectual civilization was established (the poet Hesiod, the pre-Socratic number of innovations in engineering,
philosophers) and the legal organization of the city was established. The Greek architecture and military infrastructure,
city-states or polis were developed and even expanded throughout the while trading across vast areas of the
Mediterranean through colonization. Despite their great political fragmentation, Mediterranean was a core part of their
the Greeks were building a common identity with respect to other ancient economy.
peoples, of which they acquired a vigorous awareness, evidenced in their cultural
and artistic manifestations and in a peculiar worldview that has been interpreted
as a tension between the Apollonian and the Dionysian.
Hellenistic Period: 4th-1st centuries
Classic Period: 5th-4th centuries BC. of C. It is theHistory
great Greek era, marked
of Culture I by the
BC. of C. Historical stage of
predominance of Thebes, Sparta and finally,
Supported Athens,Ortiz
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Antiquity whose chronological
intellectual capital of the Mediterranean world. This was a historical period in which
limits are marked by two important
the power of the Greek polis and the cultural manifestations that developed there
political events: the death of
reached their peak.
Alexander the Great (323 BC. C.)
and the suicide of the last It is the period of Greek history between the revolt of Ionia (499 BC) and the C., when
Hellenistic sovereign, Cleopatra VII the Archaic Period ends) and the reign of Alexander the Great (336 BC). C.-323 BC C.,
of Egypt, and her lover Mark when the Hellenistic Period begins), or more generally, the 5th and 4th centuries BC.
Antony, after their defeat at the Within this period we can mention other great events such as: Medical Wars and
Battle of Actium (31 BC). C.). It is Peloponnesian War.
the heritage of the Hellenic culture
of classical Greece that the Greek
world received through the
hegemony and supremacy of Police
Macedonia. It is considered a
transitional period between the
decline of the Greek classical era
and the rise of Roman power.

Polis is the name given to the city-

states or independent cities of
ancient Greece, which emerged in
the Dark Ages through a process of
aggregation of population groups
and nuclei called synoecism.

POLITICAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF ATHENS AND

SPARTA

Athens: The city of Athens is the symbol of classical Greek Sparta: Between the mountains of Lacedaemon and next
culture. There, like in no other city, the arts, sciences and to the Eurotas river, the Dorians founded a city (900 BC)
philosophy flourished, and it was also the place where the system of and gave it the name Sparta. This polis was not very
government that today governs the majority of the nations of the different from the others: it had its artists, its scholars and
world was born and became strong: democracy, established by its athletes. In their social organization we find: the
Cleisthenes in 580 BC. of C. From a social point of view, we can Spartans or equals, a minority descended from the first
highlight some aspects such as: Athenian society was made up of conquerors, were the only citizens with political rights,
citizens, slaves and metics, all citizens participated in the they held public and military positions, they lived in
government of the polis, slaves were very numerous and did all villages according to their own traditions, they organized
kinds of work. In the political sphere we could mention, an frequent uprisings that forced the Spartans to always live
important reform plan was implemented to resolve the crisis, all on guard. The perioeci were considered lower-class
debts were cancelled, all peasants who were enslaved were rescued, citizens. As for political organization, when a child was
slavery was prohibited forever, society was divided into classes, born in Sparta, the State evaluated whether he was strong
grouping citizens according to their wealth. and healthy enough to be a good soldier or mother of
good soldiers.
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GREEK ART

The period of greatest splendor of Greek art was the so-called Century Architectural orders of Greece:
of Pericles. The Greeks considered the arts an important driving force in
their lives, especially music, poetry, theatre, dance and crafts. Just as
temples and philosophers proliferated, so did theaters, poets and
musicians. They worshipped an important god, Apollo, patron of the
Fine Arts, to whom they dedicated a large number of temples, Delphi
being one of the most important. For the first time in history, music was
shaped and theorized. They were the ones who introduced the concepts
of polyphony, establishing studies of scales, with choirs of men and
women (mixed), using string instruments (zithers, harps, lyres, and
bandurrias), wind instruments (the aulos, a double flute), and percussion
instruments (drums and bronze cymbals).

Ionic Order: Its origin is found on the banks of the rivers

Doric order: It is the most sober in terms of shapes and
of Asia Minor. It is usually associated with the feminine,
proportions. Its decoration is characterized by preserving the
therefore, it is used in the temples of the goddesses. The
greatest possible austerity. It is usually associated with male
pedestal is the same as the Doric one. The column starts
deities. The base is formed by a three-step staircase, the two
from a base formed by a scotia and two bulls. The
lower ones are called stereobates and the upper one a
column has 20 to 24 vertical grooves separated by flat
stylobate. Column: It has no base. The stem has 16 to 20
surfaces; it lacks entasis. The capital is crowned with an
known longitudinal grooves that are sharp edges. It has a
abacus. The architrave is made up of three horizontal
widening in its center, known as entasis. The capital consists
bands.
of a collar of a main core in the shape of a plate known as an
echinus and a quadrangular prism called an abacus. The frieze is a beam decorated with reliefs, while the
cornice is decorated at the bottom with denticles.
 Corinthian Order: It is a variation of the Ionic order from which it
Greek ideal of balance and beauty: The canon of beauty History of Culture I
differs in the capital and in a greater richness in the
of Ancient Greece was based primarily on harmony and Supported by: Tiffany Ortiz (2018-0060)
ornamentation. The capital is formed by acanthus leaves, and by
mathematics. In fact, for the ancient Greeks symmetry
small volutes in the upper angles. There is also talk of a cariatic
was the symbol of beauty and perfection.
order, so called because of the use of female figures (caryatids)
It was precisely on the basis of mathematics that the who usually carry a basket on their heads, replacing the columns.
sculptor Polykleitos (famous for his sculptures of
athletes) developed the ideal of beauty known as the
“divine proportion.” This rule stated that the body had to
be seven times the size of the head to have perfect Sculpture
proportions.

The sculpture of Ancient Greece reached the ideal

of artistic beauty as far as human ingenuity could
go on its own. Although Greece flourished in all the
Fine Arts, none distinguished it as much as
sculpture.

Major Sculptors

Phidias was the most famous of the sculptors of Ancient

Greece. He lived during the time of Pericles, who was his main
protector and entrusted him with the direction of his great
project of rebuilding the Acropolis of Athens. It is part of the
period known as early Greek classicism.

Polykleitos, called "the Elder" to differentiate

Myron was a sculptor and bronzesmith from the mid-5th him from Polykleitos the Younger, was a
century BC. C. and one of the best-known authors of Greek art, Greek bronze sculptor of the 5th century BC.
whose sculptural contributions marked the transition to the C. born in Argos or Sicyon. Along with the
classical period. famous Phidias, Myron and Cresilas, he is the
most important sculptor of classical antiquity.
Praxiteles of Athens, son of Cephisodotus the Elder,
was the most renowned Attic classical sculptor of the
4th century BC. C. With the work of Praxiteles, Greek GREEK PAINTING
sculpture evolved from classicism towards a kind of
anticipated mannerism, by emphasizing sensualism.

Ancient Greek painting is the set of artistic works produced by

artists of the Hellenic world. It was an important chapter in Greek
art. We know the names of many famous painters of their time
and we also have references to many of their works. We can
appreciate some of their characteristics in the painting of ceramic
vases.
 Ceramics
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We find in it a large number of forms and decorative motifs:

heroic legends, historical themes, athletic games, scenes from
everyday life. Proof of their importance and prestige is the fact
that they are signed by both the ceramist and the painter.

Geometric Style (10th to 8th centuries BC) Geometric

decorative motifs in horizontal bands are the main theme.
FEATURES OF THE GREEK MENTALITY
In the center there are usually scenes with the following
characteristics: The main theme is a funeral ceremony;
schematism and stylization; flat painting, without
During the period of Greek thought there was a melting pot of
perspective or proportion.
philosophical, scientific and religious questions, whose
Corinthian style (until the 6th century BC) Decoration thinking revolved around beliefs about myths. The majority
of animals, real and fantastic, in horizontal stripes on a of the Greek population based their claims on superstitions,
white background. rituals, heroic legends of supernatural power. However,
religious life, of a polytheistic nature, had a deep-rooted
Orientalizing style (until the 6th century BC) Influenced weight in their daily lives. The common Greek vibrated in
by oriental motifs, with human figures as protagonists, tune with the works of Hesiod and
also in horizontal bands. Homerhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerohttp://es.wikipedia
.org/wiki/Hes%C3%ADodo, and in that sense he took them
"Black-figure" potteryFrom the 6th century BC The
to the zenith of their deepest thoughts, to direct their most
narrative displaces the geometric and the bands, a unique
intimate sphere towards the myth. Behind every Greek myth
theme on the belly of the glass, disappear definitively.
there is a metaphysical message, a cosmic message that
Example Odysseus and Ajax playing dice at Exequias.
obviously did not reach the entire Greek community, but
"Red-figure" pottery It appears at the end of the 6th rather a privileged sector of spiritual knowledge, a source of
century BC, but its peak is in the 5th century BC. The wisdom that has emanated from other civilizations, such as
scenes gain in naturalism and expressiveness, perspective the Egyptian, and also influenced by Eastern currents. The
effects and a sense of spatial reality are achieved. depth of this thought has reached us today through culture,
art, music, even in our popular slang there are countless
references to Greek culture that is very distinctive in our
society.
PHILOSOPHY In Greek culture there was a split in the 5th and 6th centuries
BC. with questions about nature, man, destiny, the universe,
death, among the most prominent themes, which should be
The word philosophy was first used by Pythagoras in the 6th evaluated by a more rational knowledge. An intellectual
century BC. C., who long before later philosophers, had a environment was created whose main aim was to clear away
complex dedicated to research and knowledge, known today the pagan membrane that surrounded Greek society. Without
as the Pythagorean Brotherhood. The mathematical offending sensibilities and with the utmost respect for the
foundations used today were established there, studies were people, the pre-Socratic philosophers were the pioneers in
carried out on astronomy, and any science that required a opening a gap between myth and philosophy.
foundation or opening. Greek philosophy focused on the role
of reason and inquiry. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle also
stand out.
Presocratic philosophy is the period in the history of Greek
philosophy that extends from its beginning, with Thales of History of Culture I
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Miletus, to the last manifestations of Greek thought not
influenced by the thought of Socrates, even though they are
Parmenides of Elea was a Greek philosopher. He was
chronologically later than it.
born between 530 BC. C. and 515 BC. C. in the city of
Elea, a Greek colony of Magna Grecia. Parmenides
wrote a single work: a philosophical poem in epic
verse of which only a few fragments preserved in
Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher and mathematician quotations from other authors have survived.
considered the first pure mathematician. He contributed
significantly to the advancement of Hellenic mathematics,
Thales of Miletus was a Greek philosopher,
geometry, arithmetic, derived particularly from numerical
mathematician, geometer, physicist and legislator.
relations, and applied, for example, to the theory of weights and
He lived and died in Miletus, a Greek polis on the
measures, to the theory of music or to astronomy. He is the
Ionian coast. Aristotle considered him to be the
founder of the Pythagorean School, a society that, although
founder of the Miletus school, to which
predominantly religious in nature, was also interested in
Anaximander (his disciple) and Anaximenes (a
medicine, cosmology, philosophy, ethics and politics, among
disciple of the former) also belonged. In ancient
other disciplines. Pythagoreanism formulated principles that
times he was considered one of the Seven Sages of
influenced both Plato and Aristotle.
Greece. No text of his survives and it is likely that
he left no writings after his death. Since the 5th
century BC. C., he is credited with important
contributions in the fields of philosophy,
mathematics, astronomy, physics, etc.
Anaximander was a philosopher and geographer of Ancient
Greece. A disciple and follower of Thales, as well as a
companion and teacher of Anaximenes, he considered that the
Anaximenes was a Greek philosopher, a disciple of
beginning of all things was the apeiron. He is credited with only
Thales and Anaximander. He agreed with
one book, known by the title On Nature. The book has been lost
Anaximander that the beginning of all things (and
and its words have come down to us through doxographic
also the substratum that remains invariable in the
comments by other authors. He is also credited with creating a
face of all changes and the end, or telos to which
terrestrial chart, measuring the solstices and equinoxes using a
everything returns) is infinite; although, unlike his
gnomon, working to determine the distance and size of the stars,
mentor's apeiron, he speaks of a specific element: air.
and stating that the Earth is cylindrical and occupies the centre of
This substance, he claimed, is transformed into other
the universe.
things through rarefaction and condensation.
Rarefaction creates fire, while condensation creates
SOCRATES, PLATO AND ARISTOTLE wind, clouds, water, earth and stones; from these
substances, everything else is created.

Socrates (Athens, Ancient Greece, 470 BC) C. - Dialectic: He was the true initiator of philosophy in that he gave it its
ib., 399 BC. C.)1234 was a classical Greek primary objective of being the science that searches within the human
philosopher considered one of the greatest, both in being. Socrates' method was dialectical: after putting forward a
Western and universal philosophy. He was the proposition, he analyzed the questions and answers it raised.
teacher of Plato, who had Aristotle as a disciple,
these three being the fundamental representatives Maieutics: He favored a method, which he called (probably evoking his
of the philosophy of Ancient Greece. midwife mother) maieutics, that is, getting the interlocutor to discover
his own truths. Maieutics was his greatest merit, an inductive method
that allowed him to lead his students to the resolution of the problems
that were posed by means of skillful questions whose logic illuminated
understanding.
 Plato (Athens or Aegina, c. 427-347 BC. C.)31 was a
Greek philosopher, follower of Socrates and teacher of Work: Socrates did not write any work because he
History of Culture I
Aristotle.4 In 387 he founded the Academy of Athens, an believed that
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institution that would continue for more than nine hundred ideas." We know part of his ideas from the
years. and to which Aristotle would go from Stagira to study testimonies of his disciples: Plato, Xenophon,
philosophy around 367, sharing some twenty years of
Aristippus and Antisthenes, above all.
friendship and work with his teacher.
Although Socrates influenced Plato directly as related in the
dialogues, the influence of Pythagoras on Plato, or more Work: The Banquet or The Symposium is a Platonic
broadly the Pythagoreans such as Archytas, also appears to dialogue written by Plato around the years 385–370
have been significant. Aristotle claimed that Plato's BC. C., and is one of the most elaborate dialogues,
philosophy closely followed the teachings of the appreciated both for its philosophical content and for its
Pythagoreans and Cicero echoes this claim. Pythagoras held literary content. It is about love. In the case of The
that all things are numbers, and the cosmos arises from Banquet, it recalls a dinner where a group of "dinners"
numerical principles. He introduced the concept of form as have gathered to have a frank discourse5 about love and
something distinct from matter, and that the physical world Eros, where they are accompanied by music, drinks,
is an imitation of an eternal mathematical world. dancing and recitals.
204b - Who then, Diotima, - I said - are the lovers of
wisdom, if they are neither the wise nor the ignorant?
Aristotle: was a philosopher, polymath and scientist born in It is clear that they are the ones who are in the middle
the city of Stagira, north of Ancient Greece. He is between these two things, and between them is Love.
considered, along with Plato, the father of Western For wisdom is something supremely beautiful, and
philosophy. His ideas have exerted an enormous influence Love is the love of beauty, so it is necessary that Love
on the intellectual history of the West for more than two be a lover of wisdom, and, being a lover of wisdom, be
millennia. He was a disciple of Plato and other thinkers, an intermediary between the wise and the ignorant.
such as Eudoxus of Cnidus, during the twenty years he was And this is the reason for his birth; for he was born to a
at the Academy of Athens. Shortly after Plato's death, wise and resourceful father, and to a mother who was
Aristotle left Athens to become Alexander the Great's ignorant and without resources. Such is its nature, dear
teacher in the Kingdom of Macedonia for almost 5 years. Socrates."
Aristotle wrote nearly 200 works (of which only a few have
survived, none of them intended for publication) on a huge Work: Metaphysics is one of Aristotle's most studied
variety of subjects, including logic, metaphysics, philosophy works. The name is post-Aristotelian, generated by
of science, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, rhetoric, Andronicus of Rhodes to name a set of dispersed and
physics, astronomy, and biology. Aristotle transformed in certain ways also dissimilar treatises.
many, if not all, of the areas of knowledge he addressed.
«Some things are said to exist because they are
entities, others because they are affections of the
entity, others because they are a process towards the
entity, or corruptions or deprivations or qualities or
THE GREEK THEATRE productive agents or generating agents either of the
entity or of those things that are said in relation to the
entity, or because they are negations either of one of
these things or of the entity» Metaphysics, IV.

The theatre is a synthesis of the other two literary genres, epic

and lyric; from the epic it mainly took the themes, the stories
and the characters and from the lyric it took the music, to a
certain extent also the dance of the chorus and the metric
variety. The Theater in Ancient Greece. In the 5th century
BC. C., there was a great development of the dramatic genre in
the city of Athens. At that time, the theatre separated itself
from its religious origin and became a State institution that was
necessary for the education and teaching of the people.
 Greek theatre was a spectacle in which the whole people were
GREEK TRAGEDY; Greek tragedy is a History of Culture I
dramatic genre created in Ancient Greece, whose involved. To find something comparable, one would have to
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plots revolve around the fatality of destiny marked go, for example, to the later Moors and Christians festivals, in
by the gods. In this sense, it is born from classical which a large part of the citizens participate in one way or
mythology. another. Some figures will corroborate this statement: the
population of free citizens in Athens at that time must have
According to Aristotle's Poetics, Greek tragedy is been about 40,000, and the Theatre of Dionysus had a capacity
based on two principles of dramatic art: mimesis of about 17,000 people, which was more than full. But there is
and catharsis. Mimesis refers to the imitation of more: at the festivals, between the tragedy choruses, the
nature, in this case, the imitation of a noble action.
Catharsis refers to personal purification. comedy choruses, the extras, props, decorators and other
various participants, around 1,500 people collaborated each
Origin of Greek tragedy: year in the theatrical performances. Theatrical production was
also quite impressive: in the 5th century there were around two
It is believed that the tragedy may have originated thousand plays, at a rate of twenty per year, but only a small
in the 6th century BC. It may have been related to part of this enormous production has survived.
sacrificial rituals for agriculture and hunting, in
which an animal, usually a goat, was sacrificed.

Indeed, the etymological origin of the word tragedy,

a loan from the Latin tragoedia, seems to come AUTHORS AND WORKS
from two Greek terms: trágos, which means 'goat',
and ádein, which means 'to sing'. From there comes
its use as a song or heroic drama.
Euripides (ca. 484 - 406 BC C.): Euripides completes
It is also thought that the tragedy could have to do the triad of the great playwrights of Classical Greece.
with the dithyramb, a type of poetic composition Unlike his predecessors, he did not always focus on
that was performed at festivals in honor of the god mythical figures, but gave way to truly human dramas.
Dionysus. Among his works we can mention the following:
 Medea
 The Trojan Women
 Andromache
 Orestes
 The Bacchae

Sophocles (496 - 406 BC) C.): Sophocles gained fame

after defeating his predecessor, Aeschylus, as a playwright.
He was a prolific author, winner of numerous awards and
Aeschylus (ca. 525 - ca. 455 BC C.): Aeschylus is recognitions, and a close friend of Pericles. Today, only
considered the first great Greek playwright. He participated seven titles of his work remain. Namely:
in the victory of the Greeks against the Persians, which is
why his work The Persians quickly earned him fame. He  Antigone
wrote nearly a hundred tragedies, but only a few have  Oedipus Rex
survived. Among them we can count:  Electra
 Oedipus at Colonus
 The Persians  Ajax
 The Supplicants  The trachiniae
 The Seven Against Thebes  Philoctetes
 The Oresteia trilogy: Agamemnon; The Libation
Bearers and The Eumenides
 Prometheus Bound
 Greek Democracy and Cleisthenes
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In the 6th century BC, Athens was going through a delicate institutional Political Reorganization: Before the
moment. Several decades after Solon's democratic reforms, the polis was reforms, Athens was organized into four
ruled by the populist tyrant Pisistratus. In an attempt to create a tribes united by blood ties. Cleisthenes
hereditary monarchy, Pisistratus left his son Hippias in power. restructured it into 10 tribes, each with
members from the three geographical
regions of Attica (city, mountain, coast). The
But Hippias was not as skilled or charismatic a ruler as his father. It polis was subdivided into about 150 small
became oppressive and began to be resisted by the Athenians. This is political units called demes.
how Cleisthenes, a member of a family with a long tradition in the polis,
bursts into history. Cleisthenes led a popular rebellion. With the help of
the army of neighboring Sparta, they managed to overthrow Hippias. The aim of this transversal cut was to make
the Athenians begin to conceive of
themselves as citizens of the polis and not as
Cleisthenes' aim was not to replace the tyranny of one family with that of members of families and regions. The
another. Between 508 and 507 BC, he implemented a package of political citizens added their mother's name to their
reforms that curtailed the power of the aristocracy and expanded that of father's surname. Socrates' full name was:
the people. Thus was born the first democracy in history (although, “Socrates, son of Sophroniscus, of the deme
strictly speaking, Cleisthenes did not call it demokratia, government of of Alopece.”
the people, but isonomia, equality before the law).

The Council of 500 and the Assembly: During

the tyranny of Pisistratus and Hippias, Athens
had a corrupt and clientelistic government.

Cleisthenes introduced drawing lots for

appointment to public office. Each year, 50
members of each tribe were drawn by lottery
called a kleroterion to form part of the Council
of 500 (boule), which was in charge of the day-
to-day management of the government. Every
citizen was expected to serve on the Council at
least once in his or her life. The Council
proposed laws to the Assembly, which met
every ten days. All citizens participated.
 Religion in Greece History of Culture I
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The Pantheon of the Gods

In the religion of ancient Greece, the Olympian gods were the main
gods of the https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeidadGreek
pantheonhttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pante%C3%B3n_(mitolog
%C3%ADa), who lived on Mount Olympus (the highest mountain in
Greece). Temples, civic festivals, artistic and sporting activities were
dedicated to them, and they were considered the most important within
the wide range of deities in Greek mythology. The first cults date back
approximately 5000-6000 years, around 3500 BC. C. The cult of the
deities of Ancient Greece remains in force in Hellenism.
The concept of "twelve gods" is older than any of the earliest Greek
sources. The word "God" (Greek: Διος) was already attributed to Zeus,
while "Theo" (Greek: θεο) referred to the rest. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioses_ol
%C3%ADmpicos - cite_note-Stoll-4
There were, at different times, fourteen different
gods recognized as Olympians, although never more than twelve at a
time. From this concept they are referred to as the twelve Olympians,
also known as Dodekatheon (in Greek, Δωδεκάθεον <
δώδεκα,https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioses_ol%C3%ADmpicos - cite_note-55 dōdeka, "twelve" +
θεοί, theoi, "gods").
 Apollo and Dionysus: In the context of the storiesHistory of Culture
of Greek I
mythology, the god
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Zeus had two sons: Apollo and Dionysus. As is known, Apollo is the god of the
Sun, of light, clarity, order and harmony, as opposed to Dionysus who is the god
of wine, ecstasy and intoxication, disorder and perversion. The German
philosopher, poet and philologist Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), considered
one of the most influential thinkers of the 19th century, proposed, through his
extensive work, to make present the figures of Apollo and Dionysus as axes of the
interpretation of good and moral evil.

From a rigorous analysis of Greek texts, he carried out an exhaustive critique of

Western culture, based on the observation of people's moral attitudes, linking
those who propose a virtuous, exemplary and luminous moral behavior to the
Apollonian vision, as opposed to other Dionysians who make darkness, vice,
slander and corruption another form of culture and understanding of the world.

When Friedrich was 27, he wrote The Birth of Tragedy, a work that profoundly
influenced philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and playwrights, setting the
agenda for the most celebrated intellectuals of the 19th and 20th centuries,
including Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze
and Gianni Vattimo.

His fierce criticism of the established values of the society of his time, seeking to
unmask hypocrisy and false human respect, earned him in most cases
misunderstanding and rejection, as well as admiration and great influence. The
eternal struggle that he warns about between good and evil, between Apollonius
and Dionysus, are constants in human history, and from his perspective that
struggle is not resolved, neither in favor of Apollonius, nor in favor of Dionysus.

The Games: The competition owes its name to the place, which was
called Pito, either because of the questions (punthanesthai) that visitors
to the oracle asked, or because the animal that died there was rotting
(punthesthai).
Like the other great games, they were originally funeral games
(https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%B3n_(palabra)agon epitaphios).
There are different traditions about their mythical origin: The most
widespread one tells that they were implanted by Apollo
himselfhttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo, after having killed Python
and having placed his bones in a cauldron inside his temple. A variant
of this tradition states that Apollo was sent by Zeus to the valley of
Tempe (Thessaly) to be purified for this death and returned to Delphi to
seize the oracle with a laurel crown from Tempe and a branch in his
right hand. That is why the winners of the Pythian Games were awarded
a laurel wreath.https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(ge
%C3%B3grafo)https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juegos_P%C3%ADticos - cite_note-CLA-44 Pausanias,
on the other hand, related the laurel award to the mythical story of
Apollo and Daphne.
An alternative tradition said that they had been founded by Diomedes in
honour of Apollo6https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juegos_P%C3%ADticos - cite_note-6 and another