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Exnrupm 4.1 A three-phase, 6-pole induction rnotor is suppliedfrom a 50 Hz,
400 V supply. Calculate (a) the synchronous speed, and (b) the speed of the rotor
when the slip is 4 per cent.

Solution
l20f - 120:50
Synchronous speed, Nr= = 1000
po
Percentage slip, S = x 1oo
+
to99^J'
In this case, 4 = x 100 . Therefore,N, = 960 rpm
1000
 4
Exarupu 4.2 Two three-phase induction rnotors when connected
across a
400 v, 50 Hz supply are running at 1440
and 940 rpm respectivery. Determine which
of the two motors is running at higher sltp.

solution synchronous speeds for motors fed frorn 50

Hz suppry system are
I tarr .. En
when P = 2, Ir, =
"
ryA 2
vvvval/urrpm
= 3000

when P = 4, 120 x 50
/v' =
--4- = 15o0rpm

when P = 6, 120 x 50
,r, =
--d- = 1000 rpm

when P = 8, 120 x 50
N, 750 rpm
8
A three-phase induction motorruns at a speed slightly
lower than the synchronous
speed.
By observing the synchronous speeds calculated above,
it is concluded that the
number of poles of the motor running at 1440
rpm should be 4 and synchronous
speed of the stator rotating field shouli U,
1SOO ,p*.

Slip of the motor, s,,N

= H- x 1oo

_
1500 -1440
x 100 = 4percent
1500
Number of poles of the motor running at 940 rpm
should be 6 and synchronous
speed of the stator rotaring fleld should
b; 1000 rp;.
The slip of the motor, s,_= llgq I 940
x 100 = 6 per cent
1000-
Thus the slip of the motor running atg4orpm
is higher than the slip of the motor
running at 1440 rpm.
 s
Exnupu 4.3 A l}-pole, 3-phase alternator is coupled to an engine running
at 600 rpm. It supplies an induction motor which has a full-load speed of 1440
revolutions per minute. Calculate the percentage slip and the number of poles of the
motor,

Solution Frequency of voltage generated by the alternator,

I

f='*N
t20-10I600
120
=5oHz

Synchronous speed, *, = ry

when P =2, N, _ f _ 120x 50 = 3000 rpm

L20x
P2
when P = 4, ,.,P4 / 120l< 5o = 15oo rpm
= "oJ -
Induction motor speed is somewhat less than the synchronous speed. In this case
induction motor speed, N, is 1440 rpm.

Percentage slip, s = x 1oo

ry
1500 - 1440
= 47o
1500
Thus, slip is 4Vo and number of poles of the motor is 4.
 6-
ROTOR FREqUENCY, ROTOR INDUCED EMF, ROTOR
CURRENT AND POWER FACTOR
Rotor Frequency
The relqationship between synchronous speed, stator supply frequency and the stator
number pf poles is given ol

r-= +no @s)

When the rotor rotates at a speed N,, the rotor conductors cut the rotating fleld at a
- At. The frequency of the rotor induced emf f,can be expressed as
speed, ry,

f, = P(N'.---
Nr)
JI $.4)
DO
S/rp is deflned as the difference between the synchronous speed N, and the rotor
speed N,. Value of slip is expressed in per unit or in percentage of N".
Per unit slip is the ratio of slip in rpm and the synchronous speed in rpm.
Thus per unit s1ip,
- Nr -N,
,)=- or, (Nr-Nr) = SN, (4.s)
N"
From Eqs (4.4) and (4.6),
P,s-!
,G=
t20 =5(fI-,)
t20
@.6)

Substituting the value of from Eq. (4.3),

f,= Sf (4.7)
Alternatively, when the rotor is at standstill condition, the emf induced in the rotor
due to stator rotating field will have the same frequency as the frequency of stator
supply voltage. When the rotor rotates at N, speed, emf is induced in the rotor due to
relative velocity of N" - N,. Thus,
when N, is the relative velocity rotor frequency,fr- f.
when N, - N, is the relative velocity rotor frequenc!,fr= f (N, -N) = JJf
N,
fr= sf
Thus, frequency of the rotor induced emf (i.e. rotor frequency) when the rotor
rotates at a speed N, is equal to the product of rotor slip and stator supply frequency.
At standstill, i.e., when the rotor is not rotating, the rotor frequency is the same as the
stator frequency, because the slip at rotor standstill is unity.
The magnetic field produced by the polyphase stator currents rotates at a speed
N, with respect to the stator. The rotor rotates at a speed N, with respect to the stator.
The rotor currents due to rotor emf produced a rotating magnetic fleld which rotates
at a speed N, - AL with respect to the rotor. Therefore, the speed of the rotor field
relative to the stator is
f. + lf, - N, - N, rpm
Thus, the rotor magnetic field and the stator magnetic field rotates at a speed N"
with respect to the stator and hence they are stationary with respect to each other.
 -+

A polyphase induction motor can, therefore, the assumed as a polyphase transformer

having the primary and secondary windings separated by an air-gap. Because of
the presence of the air-gap, an induction motor takes higher magnetising current as
comparedto atransformerofthe samerating. Duetothe occurrence ofrotationallosses,
the efficiency of an induction motor is less than that of an equivalent transformer.

Exarupm 4.4 The rotor of a three-phase induction motor rotates at 1440

rpm when a 50 Hz supply is connected, across the stator terminals. Calculate the
frequency of the rotor induced emf.
Solution
Af = 1440 rpm
lz?f
We know, ttr =
"P
The number of poles ..* b" 2, 4, 6,8, etc.
120]< 5o
when P =2, 1r'=
"2 = 3ooo rpm

when p = 4, = l29P = 1500 rpm

lf.o4

when P=6, 4=14+

o
=looorpm
120]<50
whenP=8, , og- =75orpm
Thus at 50 Hz supply, the possible synchronous speeds of the rotating field are
3000, 1500, 1000, 750, etc.
The rotor of an induction motor rotates at a speed slightly less than the synchronous
speed. For the rotor speed of 1440 rpm, the synchronous speed should be 1500 rpm
and the motor must have been wound for four poles.
N, = 1500 rPm, Nr= 1440tpm
N, -N,
.f, = s./= 50 x
N,
1500 - 1440
or r'f-=Jur( 1500
5ox6o
or ,-
r'I 1500
=2Hz
Rotor frequency f, = 2Hz -
 8
Exnrupm 4.5 rf the electromotive force in the stator of an 8-pole induction
rnotor a of 50 Hz, and that in the rotor l% Hz, at what speed is the
motor running and what is the slip?

Solution
StatorfrFquency, f=50H2

Rotor frequencY, f, = 1.5 Hz

fr= S xf
.r=!, = 1'5 =0.03
Slip,
fs0
t20x f l20x 50
-r.., rpm
Synchronous sPeed, /v;
P8
o- Nr-N,
Again, o.-
N,
- N-
l

750
of 0.03 = -
-r*-
or 1g = 750 - 0'03 x750 =728 tpm
Thus,themotorisrunningatT}Srpmandtheslipis3percent.
400 V'
Exnrupm 4.6 A6pole,3-Phase induction motor is connected across a
magnetic field produced'
0 Hz supply source' Calculate the sPeed of the rotating
Also calculate the frequency
What would. be the speed of the rotor when stip is 0.04.
of rotor current at standstill and at a slip of 0'03'

Solution
120f 120 *lq
trl=;L=_ 6
= 1000 rpm

- -N,
o=_{_
N"

or, SNr=Nr-N,
or, Nr=(l -s)N,
Substituting values,
Rotor speed, N, = (1 - 0.04) 1000 = 960 rpm
Rotor frequency, f, = sf
substituting values, fr=0'03 x 50 = 1'5 Hz'
f at standstill will be calculated byx putting s = 1'
Thus, f,= sf = 1 50 =SOHz
 1*
Rotor lnduced Emf
The rotating magnetic field produced by the stator ampere-turns will induce emf
in both stator and the rotor windings. The induced emf will depend upon the
magnitude of the rotating flux and the speed at which this flux cuts the stator and
rotor corlductors. When the rotor is stationary (i.e., at standstill) the stator flux cuts
the rotor conductors at a speed N' Let E2sbe the induced emf in the rotor winding
when the rotor is not rotating. When the rotor starts rotating at a speed N., the rotating
field cuts the rotor conductors at a speed (N, - Nr) rpm, i.e., at S{ rpm. Since at N,
speed of flux cutting, induced emf in the rotor is E2s, at SN, speed of flux cutting

induced emf in the rotor will be SE2s.Let E2be the induced emf in the rotor winding
when the rotor is rotating.
Rotor induced emf, E2 = SEzo (4'8)

At the instant of starting, slip is equal to one. Therefore at start, Ez= Ezo(maximum
emf is induced in the rotor). As the motor picks up speed, its slip decreases, and,
therefore, the rotor induied emf decreases. When the rotor approaches synchronous
speed, its slip reduces to a very small value and hence rotor induced emf becomes
viry small. The rotor cannot attain synchronous speed because at synchronous speed
no emf will be induced in the rotor and no torque will be produced. Rotor will,
therefore, always rotate at a lower speed than synchronous speed.

Exnrupu 4.8 A 4-pole induction motor is energised from a 50 Hz supply

systern. machine rltns on full-load. at
j per cent slip, determine the running
speed and the frequency of the rotor currents'

Solution SynchronoussPeed
y. = t2of _ 120 x 5o = 15oo rpm
'P4
Percentage slip S = x 1oo
#
3-
1500 -N x 100
or
1500

or N, = 1455 rpm
Rotor frequency f,=Sf=0.03x50=1.5H2
 4o
ExRruplr 4.9
A 6-pole induction motor is suppliedfrom
50-Hz supply system. The a 400 V, three-phase,
frequency of the rotor induced emf is 2 Hz.
(a) the percentage slip, (b)the Calculate
rotor speed.
Solution Rotor frequency
f'=Sf
orJ 2=^Sx50
or c_ 2
=0.04=4percent
'= r,
N"_Ir,
._= -3-JX100
,J
lYr

or 4_ 1000_l/
or
ffx100
N, = 960 rpm

Exnrvlpu 4.1 0
A l2-pole, 50 Hz three-phase induction
What will motor runs at 4g5 rpm.
the frequericy of the rotor
current?
Solution Synchronous speed

1Z0f 120x50
^r
"' = -7- = --12- = 5oo rpm

Slip rJE-rr, - N, _ 5oo - 4g5

s,=
N'---soo =o'03
Rotor frequency f, = sf =0.03 x 50 1.5 Hz
=

.€t?cfterc /01 o70re 5

There are dozens of
types of electric machines.
netic energy conversion However, all are electromag
machines, and as such,
they can operate in
two modes:
ffi A generator, converting
energy from mechanical
ffi A motor, converting to electrical form
energy from electrical
to mechanical form
When we focus on the
latter mode, we refer
We wiII consider three to the machine as a ,,motor.,,
types of motors:
w Three-phase synchronous
motors
w Three-phase inductirn
.otoru
ffi Single-phase motors
 F //
-

consider Newton's Second Law of Motion

appried to the motor shaft (cr

Tour-Tr-To=J.*.

Tow = Electromagnetic developed torque,

Nm
Tr =Load torque, Nm

TRL - Kru.o, = Rotational loss torque, Nm

"/ = Mass polar moment of inertia of all rotating pffis, kg-*,
0l, = shaft speed, radls

The sI unit for angulal velocity is

radls. However, the use of revolutions
minute (rpm) is common in motor work.2 per
To convert:

60(r:adls)
{Pm =
2n

AC Source

tl
ll
Torv Tnt
Mechanical
AC Motor
load

(a) Source-motor-load interconnections

T 7DEl, ' = Tt.+ Tnr_

L

I \
1
oo = Running speed
I \
(r,,
0)o \
I

(b) Torque-speed characteristics

\
 -41- -
Example
Convert 188.5 rad/s to rpm.

, - 6o(rad/s) =
qHP = 18oo rpm
2n

A basic fact:

Thus, to determine the speed, we need

ffi The motor torque-speed characteristic (Truv_ o.)

s The load torque-speed characteristic (Il _ o,)