Unit 13 Grammar @ Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Form —— @ All modals (wil, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must) and the semi-modal ‘ought to have only one form. @ Modals are followed by the bare infinitive (simple or continuous) or the bare perfect infinitive 9 Toby should be very fitby now. Toby should have recovered by now. ‘© The semi-modals have toand need to change their form depending on person and tense ‘eg The doctor said | had/needed to give up red meat. Modals: ability Use Example Expressing ability now or generally ean ran akilometre in four minutes. ee remeron We can meet at the gym tomorrow: if you like. Expressing ability in the past could do fifty press-ups with one hand when I was younger. Expressing ability in present, future or general hypothetical situations Expressing ability in past could + perfect | could have roasted the potatoes, but | decided that boiling them hypothetical situations: inte was healthier. only! could quit smoking! Ii love to be able to fit into thesejeans again! (infinitive) ¥ I'llbe ableto leave hospital in a few weeks, apparently. future) I've been able to swim since | was five.(present perfect) Use Modal Example ‘may could | May/Could/Can see thedoctor, please? ‘can ‘Asking for and giving permission now, for the future or generally © May is more polite then could, and could s more polite than can, (© We don’t usually use a modal to talk about past permission, 7 Iwas allowed to wear a knee support during the match. X Jeould wearaknee support during thematch— @ However,we do use could to talk about past permission in reported speech. ¥ The coach said icould wear aknee support during the match, Modals: advice Use Example ‘Asking for and giving advice now, for the future or generally Use Modal Example You ought to /should cut down on theamount of red meat you eat. should Criticising past behaviour ought to He ought to / should havemade more of an effort with his diet. (+ perfect infinitive)Models: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 13 Modals: obligation and necessity Use Modal Example Expressing obligation or |Imust / have to /need to pick up that prescription from necessity the chemist on the way home. Expressing lack of neednt/don‘thaveto / | Youneedn’t /don’t have to / don’t need to pick up that obligation ornecessity don'tneedto prescription from the chemist asl get it whilel’m in town. Expressing past obligation hod to Thad to take the pills three times a day for two weeks. Expressing lack of past needn't (+ perfectinfinitive) / | Imeedn’t have gone /didn't have to go/didn’t need to oblig didn't have to/ didn't need to _| go to the doctor. ‘must / have to / need to © Thereis usually no difference in meaning between must and have to, However, we are sometimes. arch ‘more likely to use must for personal obligation (making our own decision about what we must do) by and have to for external obligation (someone else making a decision about what we must do). © We can also use will have/need to to express future obligation. ¥ You'll have/need to be more careful about what you eat in future. © Iris unusual to use must for questions. We usually use have/need to. Y Dol have/needto toke this medicine before every meal? © ‘Must cannot be used asan infinitive. Use to have to. ¥ Idhateto haveto have injections every day. fa ae © Mustn't and don‘t/doesn't have/need to have different meanings. ¥ You mustn't do that!(Don't do that! ¥ You don’t haveineed to do that. (You can do that if you want to but its not necessary) © Need’ (+ perfect infinitive) always refers to an action that happened. Didn't have to and didn’t need to can refer to actions that did or didn'thappen. ¥ Ineedn’t have goneto the doctor.(| went but itwasn't necessary) ¥ Ididn’t have/need to goto the doctor because | suddenly felt better (1 didn't go.) YI didn’t have/need to goto the doctor but | wentjust to be on the sfe side. (\did go) © Be careful with the verb need. tt can also take the -ing form. ¥- Ineed io sterilisethissyringe. ¥_ This syringe needs sterilising. Modals: degrees of certainty Use Modal Example Expressing certainty (or ‘must near certainty) about now can't or generally couldn't must can't She must have been in a lot of pain. couldn't his leg can’t /couldn’t have been in plaster fortwo years! (+ perfect infinitive) ‘That must be the district nurse at the door. Thesecan't / couldn't be the plls;they're the wrong colour. Expressing certainty (or ear certainty) about the past Expressing probaly should You ought to /should feel betterin afew days, as ong asyou generally ought to get lots ofrest. should ought to (+ perfectinfinitive) could Expressing probability The bruise ought to /should have disappeared days ago.! about the past wonder why it didnt. Expressing possibility about pe You should talk to your doctor first because that diet could / now,the future or generally might may /might be dangerous. could Expressing possibility about That could / may / might have been the doctor who rang the real past earlier while we were out. Expressing possibility about It a.goodthing you went to the doctor or you could/ might a hypothetical past have become quiteill. (+ perfect infinitive)Unit 13 Grammar A If aword or phrase in bold is correct, puta tick (). If itis incorrect, rewrite it correctly on the line. Canyouto speak French? | ean give you a hand tomorrow moming, if you like. Ill can take my driving test after a few more lessons. Jack can play the guitar before he learnt to tall |Fonly | can afford to buy that top! tie We can have gone up the Eiffel Tower while we were in Paris, but we decided to go to the Louvre instead. auauna 7 |could get amore expensive computer, but it didn't seem worth it. 8 — |wish | could get out of the maths test tomorrow! 9 | bet you'd love to be can to get satellite TV. 10 You'd better tell the coach if you can't playing on Saturday. B Circle the correct word or phrase. If both options are correct, circle both, Hello, Could / Can | speak to Mrs Johnson, please? We could / were allowed to go home early yesterday because our teacher was ill. The head teacher said we could / were allowed to go home. Do you think | should / could be worried about these spots on my forehead? You ought to / should enter that talent contest! You couldn't / shouldn’t talk to people like that! It’s rude! Alan should write / have written two essays in the exam yesterday, not one! No, you may / should not go out tonight. You know you're grounded! Diana should have waited / been waiting for me at the corner. | wonder where she went. What were you doing in the park? You ought to have done / been doing your homework then! ‘Yes, of course you can / are able to open the window if you're too hot! Sonvauawna C Writea form of must, have to, need or need to in each gap to complete the sentences. If more than one possibility is correct, write all possibilities. 1 Oh, .. remember to get some potatoes on the way home tonight. Jason = see the headmaster during the next break. wonder what it's about? 3 We light lots of candles during the power cut two nights ago. 4 tile. . start doing my Christmas cards soon. It's nearly December. 5 Carlyou - run into the street like that without looking first. dangerous! 6 People with solar-powered cars 7 Iwouldr't like to snus Get Up at five o'clock every morning. 8 We. do any washing-up after the picnic because we'd used disposable plates and cutlery. 9 Do professional musician: MO ce arrived. worry about the price of petrol. vom practise every day? .. have bothered cooking all that food; they'd eaten before theyModals: ability, permission, advice, crticiem, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 13 D Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap. 1 His lights are on so I'm pretty sure Dan is at home. as Dan lights areon. 2 Susie's car’s not here so she's almost certainly taking Dobber to the vet. be SUsie wn .. Dobberto the vet since her car's not here 3 There's no way that boy's Simon. He's much taller! boy That 3 imon. He's much taller! 4 Imcertain the Winners don't think we're coming tonight; we arranged it for next Tuesday. expecting The Winners i tonight; we arrangedit for next Tuesday. 5 |betyouwere exhausted after such along journey! have You exhausted after such a long journey! 6 The onlyexplanationis that Evan was on the phone to someone in Australia! talking Evar i ‘on the phone to someone in Australia! 7 There's no way Casey won the disco dancing competition ~ he’s got two left feet! have Casey... s 2 .. the disco dancing competition - he’s got two left feet! 8 _ I don't believe Helen’s been trying to call us all day.The phone hasn't rung once. been HEIEN sesnnen once. -nwsnsnn tO Call Us all day. The phone hasn't rung Use the words in the box only once to complete the sentences in Table A. The meaning of the sentences in Table B will help you. able + cannot « could » had » have + might + must needn't « mustn't « ought « should « will Table A TableB TW _ have left my bag on the bus, expressing certainty 2_ Ina few months, FIDE wn to buyacar.__| expressing future ability 31 .. drive when I was thirteen years old! _| expressing past ability 4 Noyo have any more pocket money! | refusing a request I think you sane COMSI inthe |. 5 think you consider a career Seoowee 61 mmoane fOFGet to phone Julie tonight! “expressing personal obligation 7 Vv .. to have afilling at the dentist's. nae obligation fs B YOU GON neonnnnnnne 10 do Exercise D for ; = eobsiihirg expressing a lack of obligation as Sue elotharderifyou | esoressing future obligation _ to arrive at about 8. expressing probability sonnnnn Rave got stuck in traffic. expressing possibilty ns | expressinga lack ofpast obligation ATUnit 13 Grammar F Circle the correct answer. 1 have a look at those shoes in 6 — We couldn't find a hotel room so we the window, please? S sleep in the car. It was awfull A Must A must 8 Would B should C Should C hadto D Could D could We ..nnse pay for the tickets as Josie 7 We Love t0 suns afford to go ona won them ina competition. round-the-world cruise. A mustn't A can 8 didn't have to B beableto C couldn't C will have to D hadnt to D haveto You really make such a 8 Fionacan't about the meeting. mountain out of a molehill! reminded her this morning! A can't A forget B won't B_ be forgetting C mightn’t © have forgotten D shouldn't D have been forgetting YOU WON'T .....n.0 tO connect to the 9 She could.. in the garage when intemet once you've got broadband as we came round, which would explain you're online twenty-four hours a day. why she didn’t hear the bell. A need A work B must B_ be working C ought C have worked D able D have been working PROpE We wns find the cinemaeasily. 49 You'll mux tell the police that your A could house was broken into, B may A have to C might B must D can C hadto D should Write a modal or semi-modal in each gap to replace the phrase in brackets. Add any other words you need. 1 Bruce (is able to) finish most crosswords in under ten minutes. 2 Charlotte didn't get to the Craig David concert because she (wasn’t able to) get tickets. Sls (had the opportunity to go) to Oxford but | decided to go toa more modem university. 4 (were wrong to tell) Angus. You know he cant keep a seciet! 5 ifyouhave acashpoint card, yo ~ (are not forced to) go into the bank to get money from your account. 6 (were made to) apologise to the police for wasting their time. 7 . (almost definitely wasnt) the last can of soda in the fridge. bought loads this morning! 8 (Were you obliged to) talk about two photographs during the interview? 9 Children . (are not allowed to) be left unattended. 10 (will probably) be good tomorrow.Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism. obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 13 H Choose the correct answer. Choosing to go toa gym regularly (1)......... change your life for the better. Don'tlet it bea decision you regret! Good gyms have alot to offer. They (2)... provide exercise equipment that isjust too expensive to buy and their trained staff are (3)... 10 provide quality health and fitness advice. But ifyoure planning to join a gym, you (4) lefinitely ask to look round before you become a member. There are a number of things to bear in mind before choosing which gym to join. Before the law changed a few years ago, anyone (5) set up a gym and even today gyms © employ trained fitness instructors. Find out what qualifications the staff have. If theyre untrained, it’s best to go elsewhere. YOU (7) wenn. be put off by the gym’s hard sell.Just because they want you to sign up - they want your money, after all - that doesnit mean yOU (8) wus» decide there and then. See a few gyms before you make yourfinal decision, Ask yourself: What kind of equipment and facilities do they have? Theres little point joining a gym and then thinking a few months later, (9)... have chosen a gym with 2 pool Do you (10) .-.me book equipment in advance, or can you just turn up and use it? How busy does the GYM get? It (11) wnunun De very pleasant turning up to find there's no room in the changing room and there's a huge queue for each piece of equipment. lt (12) mm... also be a good idea to talk to people who already go to that gym to find out their opinion. 1A must B would should D will have to 2 Aan B could C would D must 3 A made B forced C allowed D able 4 A should B would C might D will 5 A an B could C might D may 6 A mustn't B dont have to C cant D shouldn't 7A mustn't B couldn't C won't D mightn’t BA cant B can C would D have to 9A oughtto B must have to D cant 10 A able B must C have to D allowed 11 A won'thaveto B doesn'thaveto — C_mustn't D won't 12 A must B_ might C hasto D oughtto 1 Write one word in each gap. When | broke my arm a week ago, | guess it (1) . to have hurt, But it didn’t! We were doing PE at school, and we were making a pyramid, We (2) . to stand on each other's shoulders.1 was right at the top.We (3)... .. have been doing it properly because suddenly the pyramid collapsed and we all fell. landed on my arm. Mr Jenkins (4). have known immediately that Id broken my arm because he sent someone to call an ambulance:'Sitstill,and don't move your arm at all until the ambulance comes,’ he said. 1 (5) . still remember the feeling - my arm was numb, and looked very strange, but there was no pain at all.| remember thinkin be broken.Ifit was broken, I'd be in agony’ suppose not feeling any pain (7)... ._ have been because | was in shock. The plaster (8) .mnnmn Come off in about three weeks butit (9) . have to stay on longer. It depends on whether the break has healed properly or not. The next three weeks may (10) . be the best three weeks of my life ~ no basketball, no playing in the playground, no swimming — but I'm counting my blessings.tt (11 have been alot worse!@ Health and fitness see page 191 for definitions Reheat aukcen prescription / recipe thin / infection / pollution | operation /surgery remedy / cute / therapy plaster / bandage sore /hurt/ pain effect /result ward / clinic illness / disease healthy / fit dose / fix injured / damaged examine / investigate fever /rash iT A break out start suddenly (for a war, fire, eto) give up stop doing sth you do regularly bbring on cause (an illness, etc) look after take care of ‘come down with start to suffer from a minor ilness [pass out suddenly become unconscious come round/to become conscious pull through survive (a serious illness, etc) ‘cut down (on) do less of (smoking, etc); reduce an amount tof __| putdown kill (a sick/old animal) feel up to feel well enough to do ut on gain (weight) get over recover from (an illness,etc) wear off stop being effecti foradrug. etd) Phrases and collocat nr) alternative altemative medicine/therapy; find an alternative (to sth) appointment | make/have/break an appointment bath hhave/take a bath;run a bath (for sb) danger in danger; out of danger exercise do an exercise; do exercise; take/get (some) exercise fit get/stay/keep/be fit:fit and health good do sb good; sth does you good: good for sb (to do) | health in good/bad/poor/etc health; health centre; health care | injection have an injection (for/against sth); give sb an injection medicine take/prescribe medicine: practise/study medicine; the best medicine; alternative medicine shape | get in/into shape; stay/keep in shape: the shape of sth;in the shape of. spread spread sth; spread sth over/on sth; spread toa place addicted to sth need to do; need doing;in need of;no need for attempt to do ‘operate on sb/sth benefit from sth;a beneftt of sth suffer from sth:suffer sth ‘complain (to sb) (about sth/sb doing): complain of sth_| tired of sth/doing | cope with sth/doing try to do; ty sth/sbidoing: try and do inject sth into sth/sb worry about sth/sb doing: worried that; worried about/by lead to sth/(your) doing worth sth/doing likely 10 do;it is (unllikely that Mle Ronee (un}comfortable, (un)comfortably | ‘ure injury. injuries lergy allergic fit unfit, finess olson poisonous, poisoning aware unaware, awareness illness recover recovery benefit beneficial inject injection strong strength, strengthen, strongly comfort discomfort, surgery surgeon, surgicallly) emphasis emphasise, emphatic _| SPerate operation o cooperate, cooperation, (un}cooperative erator operating. | treat treatment