GVHSS KOYILANDY-PHYSICS PRACTICAL Volume of the cylinder = r2h =3.14x(….)2x ....

NOTES_ : PART A = …..m3

1. Determine the diameter and hence the volume of Result
the given sphere with the help of Vernier calipers. Volume of the cylinder = .............m3
PRINCIPLE: 3. Determine the volume of the given lead shot using
Least count of the vernier(L C) Screw gauge
𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 PRINCIPLE:
= 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒆𝒓
𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉
Length to be measured = Main scale reading Least count (LC)=𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆
(MSR)+ [vernier scale reading(VSR) x least Pitch is the distance moved by the tip of the screw
count(LC)] when it undergoes one complete rotation.
𝟒
Volume of a sphere = 𝟑 r3,where r is the radius of Total reading = Pitch scale reading(PSR) +
the sphere( SI unit of volume is meter3) [corrected head scale reading (HSR)x least
Observations and Calculations count(LC) )
Head scale reading is corrected by applying zero
Value of one main scale division = .............mm
No. of divisions on the vernier = …… correction
𝟒
𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 Volume of a sphere = r3,where r is the radius of
Least count = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒆𝒓
𝟑
the sphere( SI unit of volume is meter3)
= ............mm = .............cm
Observations and Calculations
Distance moved for 5 rotations = …..mm
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 5 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Pitch= 5
= ….mm
𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉
Mean diameter of the sphere, d =……cm = .........m Least count= =…mm
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆
𝒅
Radius of the sphere (r= ) = ..........m zero error = ..................div
𝟐
𝟒 𝟒 zero correction = .................div
Volume of the sphere = 𝟑
r3 =𝟑 x3.14x(……)3
= .........m3
Result
Diameter of the sphere = -------------- m Mean diameter of the sphere, d =……mm = .........m
Volume of the sphere = ...............m3 𝒅
Radius of the sphere (r= ) = ..........m
𝟐
2. Find the volume of the given cylinder using 𝟒 𝟒
Vernier Calipers. Volume of the sphere = r3 = x3.14x(……)3
𝟑 𝟑
PRINCIPLE: = .........m3
Least count of the vernier(L C) Result
𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
= 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒆𝒓 Diameter of the sphere = -------------- m
Volume of the sphere = ...............m3
Length to be measured = Main scale reading 4.Determine the diameter of the given wire using
(MSR)+ [vernier scale reading(VSR) x least Screw gauge and hence find the volume.
count(LC)]
PRINCIPLE:
Volume of a cylinder = r2 h where r is the radius 𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉
and h is the height of the cylinder(SIunit of volume Least count (LC)=𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆
is m3) Pitch is the distance moved by the tip of the screw
Observations and Calculations when it undergoes one complete rotation.
Value of one main scale division = .............mm Total reading = Pitch scale reading(PSR) +
No. of divisions on the vernier = …… [corrected head scale reading (HSR)x least
Least count =
𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 count(LC) )
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒆𝒓
Head scale reading is corrected by applying zero
= ............mm = .............cm correction
Volume of a wire = r2l,where r is the radius of the
wire and l is length( SI unit of volume is meter3)
Observations and Calculations
Distance moved for 5 rotations = …..mm
Mean diameter of the cylinder, d =…cm = .........m 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟓 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒅
Pitch= 𝟓
= ….mm
Radius of the cylinder (r= 𝟐
) = ..........m 𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉
Least count=𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆=…mm
Mean length of the cylinder (h) = ......cm =......m
zero error = ...div , zero correction=….div

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Mean diameter of the wire, d =…mm = .........m
𝒅
Radius of the wire (r= ) = ..........m
𝟐 From l−T2 graph
length of the wire (l ) = ......cm =......m 𝒍 𝑨𝑩
Volume of the wire = r2l =3.14x(….)2x .... 𝑻𝟐
= 𝑩𝑪 =……..ms2
𝑨𝑩
= …..m3  g = 4π2 𝑩𝑪 = 4x(3.14)2 x… =… ms2
Result
Result
Radius of the wire=…..m
Acceleration due to gravity at the place = ...........m/s2
Volume of the wire = .............m3
7. Tabulate load-extension for a helical spring for at
5. Using Simple pendulum determine the period of
least three different loads and find spring constant by
oscillation for 65, 75, 85 and 95 cm.Find acceleration
calculation.
due to gravity by calculation
PRINCIPLE:
PRINCIPLE
For small oscillations, the period of oscillation. According to Hooke’s law, within the elastic limit
ratio of load to extension of a spring is a constant.
𝒍
T = 2 √𝒈 where ‘l’ is the length of the Ie Spring constant ,K=
𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
pendulum and ‘g’ is the acceleration due If ‘l ’ is the extension produced by a mass ‘m’ , then
𝒎𝒈
to gravity Spring constant K= 𝒍 (unit is Nm-1)
𝒍
There for, g= 4π2 𝑻𝟐 Observations and Calculations
Observations and Calculations
Radius of the bob r = .........cm

Mean = ............cm/s2 =............m/s2

𝒍
g= 4π2 = 4x(3-14)2 x….. =….ms-2 Result
𝑻𝟐
Result Spring constant of the given spring = ............ N/m
Acceleration due to gravity at the place =...........m/s2 8. Draw the load-extension graph of a helical spring
for at least three different loads and determine the
spring constant from the graph
6..Determine the period of oscillation for lengths 65, PRINCIPLE
75, 85 and 95 cm using Simple pendulum.Plot L-T2 According to Hooke’s law, within the elastic limit
graph, find acceleration due to gravity using graph ratio of load to extension of a spring is a constant.
𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
PRINCIPLE Ie Spring constant ,K=
𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
For small oscillations, the period of
If ‘l ’ is the extension produced by a mass ‘m’ , then
oscillation. 𝒎𝒈
Spring constant K= (unit is Nm-1)
𝒍 𝒍
T = 2 √ where ‘l’ is the length of the
𝒈
pendulum and ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity
𝒍
There for, g= 4π2 𝑻𝟐

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

𝑨𝑩
From graph ,g=4π2 𝑩𝑪
Observations and Calculations
Radius of the bob r = ......... cm
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 𝑨𝑩
From graph, Spring constant ,K= X 9.8 = ….N/m
𝑩𝑪
Result
Spring constant of the given spring = ............ N/m
9. Using a helical spring, measure the period of Mean m = ........g = ........kg
oscillation with four different known masses and Result
determine spring constant by calculation. Mass of the given body = ...............Kg
PRINCIPLE PART B
The period of vertical oscillation of a spring when 1.Find the resistance of the given wire using Ohm's
a mass M is suspended at its end is given by law. Also find its conductance
𝑴 𝑴 PRINCIPLE
T=2π√ 𝑲 or T2 = 4π2 ( 𝑲 ) According to Ohm’s law, at constant temperature
𝑴
Spring constant, K = 42 𝑻𝟐 (unit is Nm-1) the current (I)flowing through a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference(V)
Observations and calculations across its ends
𝑽
V α I or Resistance, X= 𝑰
(unit is ohm(Ω)
𝟏
Conductance, K= (Unit is mho (Ω-1)
𝑿
𝑴
Spring constant, K = 42 𝑻𝟐 =4x3.142x…..=….N/m E k-key, x-resistance
Result Rh-Rheostat,E-cell
Spring constant of the given spring = ……..N/m v-voltmeter
10.Draw MT2 graph for a helical spring with four A-Ammeter
readings. Determine spring constant from graph Observations and Calculations
PRINCIPLE To find the resistance
The period of vertical oscillation of a spring when a
mass M is suspended at its end is given by
𝑴 𝑴
T=2π√ or T2 = 4π2 ( )
𝑲 𝑲 Mean X=…..Ω
2 𝑴 -1 𝟏
Spring constant, K = 4 (unit is Nm ) Conductance, K= =…….Ω -1
𝑻𝟐 𝑿
Result Resistance of the given wire = .......... 
Conductance of the given wire = .......... -1
𝐴𝐵
2
From graph,K=4π2 𝐵𝐶 2. By drawing current-voltage graph, find the
𝑇
resistance of given wire by Ohm's law
PRINCIPLE
According to Ohm’s law, at constant temperature
M
the current (I)flowing through a conductor is
Observations and calculations directly proportional to the potential difference(V)
across its ends
𝑽
V α I or Resistance, X= 𝑰
(unit is ohm(Ω)
𝐴𝐵 k-key, x-resistance
From graph,K=4π2 𝐵𝐶 =4x3.142x….. =…..N/m
Rh-Rheostat,E-cell
Result
Spring constant of the given spring = ……..N/m v-voltmeter
11. Using principle of moments determine the mass A-Ammeter
of the given body V-I graph
PRINCIPLE 𝐴𝐵
From graph, X= 𝐵𝐶

By using principle of moments Observations and Calculations

Load x load arm = Effort x effort arm 𝐴𝐵
PC  m = QC  W From graph, X= 𝐵𝐶 = ⋯ 𝛺
𝑸𝑪 𝑿 𝑾
m=
𝑷𝑪

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Sreeshyju K P,HSST Physics,GVHSS koyilandy
3.Find the focal length of the given concave mirror 5 Find the focal length of the given concave mirror
using u - v method calculation. using u - v method calculation. Verify the result using
PRINCIPLE: normal reflection method OR distant object method.
PRINCIPLE

focal length of concave mirror

𝒖𝒗
f = 𝒖+𝒗 focal length of concave mirror
𝒖𝒗
Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the f = 𝒖+𝒗
mirror and ‘v’ is the distance between the real Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the
image and the mirror. unit of focal length is meter mirror and ‘v’ is the distance between the real
Observations and Calculations image and the mirror. unit of focal length is meter
Normal incidence or reflection method

Mean f =........... cm =............ m

Results
If the object is at the centre of curvature of a
Focal length of the concave mirror = .......... m
concave mirror, the image is formed at the same
4. Find the focal length of the given concave mirror
position. Then the distance between the mirror and
by drawing u-v graph.
the object gives the radius of curvature (R) of the
PRINCIPLE 𝑹
mirror. f=
𝟐
Distant object method

focal length of concave mirror

f=
𝒖𝒗 when the object is at a very large distance from a
𝒖+𝒗 concave mirror, the image is formed at the
Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the
principal focus. Then the distance between image
mirror and ‘v’ is the distance between the real
and the mirror is the focal length.
image and the mirror. unit of focal length is meter
Observations and Calculations- uv method
From uv graph

Distant object method Normal incidence method

Observations and Calculations

f=…cm=….m f=….cm=….m
Results
Focal length of the concave mirror
1. by u-v method = .......... m
2. by normal reflection method OR distant object
u−v graph method = ------------ m
OA = ...........cm OB = ...........cm 6. Find the focal length of convex lens using u - v
𝑂𝐴+𝑂𝐵 method calculation
f= PRINCIPLE
4
f= …… cm =……….m
Results
Focal length of the concave mirror from uv I
graph=………m

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focal length of convex lens f2= 𝒇
𝑭𝒇𝟏
𝒖𝒗 𝟏 −𝑭
f = 𝒖+𝒗 𝒖𝒗
f1 and F are determined using the formula, f = 𝒖+𝒗
Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the
lens and ‘v’ is the distance between the real image where ‘u’ is the object distance and ‘v’ is the image
and the lens. unit of focal length is meter distance.
Observations and Calculations Observations and Calculations

Mean f =........... cm =............ m

Results
Focal length of the convex lens = .......... m
7.Find the focal length of convex lens by u-v graph.
PRINCIPLE
𝑭𝒇𝟏
f2=
𝒇𝟏 −𝑭
=…….cm =…..m
Result
Focal length of the concave lens by lenses in
contact= ................. m
focal length of convex lens
𝒖𝒗 9. Find the focal length of convex mirror using a
f = 𝒖+𝒗 convex lens.
Where ‘u’ is the distance between the object and the
lens and ‘v’ is the distance between the real image
and the lens. unit of focal length is meter
From uv graph
The distance between the mirror and the image
formed by the convex lens is the radius of curvature
𝑹
(R) of the mirror. Then focal length , f=
𝟐
Observations and calculations
Observations and Calculations

Mean R = ......... cm =......... m

𝑹
 focal length f = 𝟐 = ........m
u−v graph
OA = ...........cm OB = ...........cm Result
Focal length of the convex mirror = ........... m
𝑂𝐴+𝑂𝐵
f= 10. Find the focal length of a given liquid lens.
4
f= …… cm =……….m PRINCIPLE
Results When a convex lens of focal length f1 is in contact
Focal length of the convex lens from uv with a concave lens of focal length f2 ,
graph=………m the reciprocal of the effective focal length.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
8. Find the focal length of the given concave lens by =𝒇 +𝒇
𝑭 𝟏 𝟐
keeping it in contact with a convex lens. 𝑭𝒇𝟏
Then f2=
PRINCIPLE 𝒇𝟏 −𝑭
Observations and Calculations
Focal lengths of convex lens

When a convex lens of focal length f1 is in contact

with a concave lens of focal length f2 , the reciprocal Focal length of the convex lens f1 = ------------ m
of the effective focal length.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑭
=𝒇 +𝒇
𝟏 𝟐

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Focal length of the combination F = ------------ m
Sreeshyju K P,HSST Physics,GVHSS koyilandy
 𝑭𝒇𝟏 Result
Focal length of the liquid lens, f2= 𝒇
𝟏 −𝑭
1. The variation of angle of deviation with angle of
Result
incidence is shown graphically.
Focal length of the convex lens = ------------ m
2. Angle of minimum deviation =
Focal length of the liquid lens = ------------- m
13. Draw the path of a ray of light through a prism
11. Draw the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode
for six different angle of incidence and find the
in forward bias
refractive index of the material of the prism.(Angle of
PRINCIPLE
prism A = -……)
When potential difference is applied across a
PRINCIPLE
diode, a negligible increase in current can be
The angle of deviation of the light ray passing
observed up to the knee voltage and thereafter the
through a glass prism decreases with increase of
current increases sharply with voltage.
angle of incidence, reaches a minimum value called
The ratio of the forward bias voltage to the
‘angle of minimum deviation’ and thereafter
corresponding forward current is called the d.c
increases.
resistance of the diode

VI characteristics can be drawn as follows

If ‘A’ is the angle of the prism and ‘D’ is the angle
of minimum deviation, then refractive index of the
material of the prism

Observations and Calculations

Observations and Calculations
Angle of the prism, A =................

Result From the graph, angle of minimum deviation , D =

The characteristic curve of a forward biased diode
is drawn.
12. Plot a graph showing the variation of angle of
deviation 'd' with angle of incidence 'i' for a given
=…………
prism. From the graph, find the angle of minimum
Result
deviation.
Refractive index of the material of the prism = ---------
PRINCIPLE
The angle of deviation of the light ray passing Sreeshyju K P,HSST Physics,GVHSS koyilandy
through a glass prism decreases with increase of
angle of incidence, reaches a minimum value called
‘angle of minimum deviation’ and thereafter
increases.

Observations and Calculations:

Angle of the prism,A=….

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