REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

UNIVERSITY TOWN, CATARMAN NORTHERN SAMAR
Web: http://uep.edu.ph ; Email: [email protected]
COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Written
Report
in
GROUP PROCESS AND PROGRAM
DEVELOPMENT (GC 806)

Submitted by:
GERALD E. TABINAS
MAEd Guidance & Counseling 1st Year

Submitted to:
IDA C. MANONGSONG, EdD
Professor
PERSONALITY DEFINED
Personality refers to the enduring characteristics and behavior that
comprise a person’s unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interests,
drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and emotional patterns. Various theories
explain the structure and development of personality in different ways, but all
agree that personality helps determine behavior. 1

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY2
Hans Eysenck Personality Theory (1952-
1982)
During the 1940s, Eysenck was working at the Maudsley psychiatric
hospital in London. His job was to make an initial assessment of each patient
before their mental disorder was diagnosed by a psychiatrist.
Through this position, he compiled a battery of questions about behavior,
which he later applied to 700 soldiers who were being treated for neurotic
disorders at the hospital (Eysenck (1947).
He found that the soldiers” answers seemed
https://www.bps.org.uk/
to link naturally with one another, suggesting that psychologist/hans-j-eysenck-
there were a number of different personality traits centenary
which were being revealed by the soldier’s
answers. He called these first-order personality traits.
Eysenck (1947) found that their behavior could be represented by two
dimensions: Introversion / Extroversion (E); Neuroticism / Stability (N). Eysenck
called these second-order personality traits.
Eysenck (1966) later added a third trait (dimension) called psychoticism,
characterized by lacking of empathy, being cruel, being a loner, aggressive and
troublesome.

https://egyankosh.ac.in/
bitstream/123456789/23518/1/
Unit-4.pdf
1
https://www.apa.org/topics/personality
2
https://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-theories.html
Cattell’s 16PF Trait Theory
Raymond Cattell (1965) disagreed with Eysenck’s view that personality
can be understood by looking at only two or three dimensions of behavior.
Instead, he argued that it was necessary to look at a much larger number
of traits in order to get a complete picture of someone’s personality.
Whereas Eysenck based his theory based on the
responses of hospitalized servicemen, Cattell
collected data from a range of people through
https://psychopedia.in/raymond-
three different sources of bernard-cattell-history-and-
data.
contribution-to-psychology/
 L-data – this is life record data such as
school grades, absence from work, etc.
 Q-data – this was a questionnaire designed to
rate an individual’s personality (known as the
16PF).
 T-data – this is data from objective tests
designed to “tap” into a personality construct.

Allport’s Trait Theory (1937)

 Gordon Allport’s theory of personality emphasizes the uniqueness of the
individual and the internal cognitive and motivational processes that influence
behavior. For example, intelligence, temperament, habits, skills, attitudes, and
traits.
Allport (1937) believes that personality is biologically determined at birth,
and shaped by a person’s environmental experience.
He categorized traits into three
levels: cardinal traits (dominant traits shaping a https://
person’s entire life), central traits (characteristics scales.arabpsychology.com/
2022/11/19/gordon-allport/
influencing behavior in various situations), and
secondary traits (specific traits that have minimal
impact).

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/personalitytheories-140107094045-
phpapp01/95/what-lies-beneath-personality-theories-simplified-9-638.jpg?
cb=1389087722

PERSONALITY DISORDER3
A personality disorder is a mental health condition where people have a
lifelong pattern of seeing themselves and reacting to others in ways that cause

3
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/symptoms-
causes/syc-20354463
problems. People with personality disorders often have a hard time
understanding emotions and tolerating distress. And they act impulsively. This
makes it hard for them to relate to others, causing serious issues, and affecting
their family life, social activities, work and school performance, and overall
quality of life.
Symptoms
In some cases, you may not know that you have a personality disorder.
That's because how you think and behave seems natural to you. You also may
think others are responsible for your challenges.
There are many types of personality disorders, each with important
differences. These disorders are organized into three groups, or clusters, with
shared features and symptoms[.]

What causes personality disorders?4

Personality disorders are among the least understood mental health conditions.
Scientists are still trying to figure out the cause of them.
So far, they believe the following factors may contribute to the development of
personality disorders:
 Genetics: Scientists have identified a malfunctioning gene that may be a
factor in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Researchers are also
exploring genetic links to aggression, anxiety and fear, which are traits
that can play a role in personality disorders.
 Brain changes: Researchers have identified subtle brain differences in
people with certain personality disorders. For example, findings in studies
on paranoid personality disorder point to altered amygdala functioning.
The amygdala is the part of your brain that’s involved with processing
fearful and threatening stimuli. In a study on schizotypal personality
disorder, researchers found a volumetric decrease in the frontal lobe of
their brain.
 Childhood trauma: One study revealed a link between childhood
traumas and the development of personality disorders. People with
borderline personality disorder, for example, had especially high rates of
childhood sexual trauma. People with borderline and antisocial personality
disorders have issues with intimacy and trust, both of which may be
related to childhood abuse and trauma.
 Verbal abuse: In one study, people who experienced verbal abuse as
children were three times as likely to have borderline, narcissistic,
obsessive-compulsive or paranoid personality disorders in adulthood.
 Cultural factors: Cultural factors may also play a role in the development
of personality disorders, as demonstrated by the varying rates of
personality disorders between different countries. For example, there are
4
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9636-personality-disorders-
overview
 remarkably low cases of antisocial personality disorders in Taiwan, China
and Japan, along with significantly higher rates of cluster C personality
disorders.

CLUSTER A PERSONALITY DISORDERS (ODD, ECCENTRIC) 5

The personality disorders are grouped into three clusters based on descriptive
similarities. Cluster A includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality
disorders. Individuals with these disorders often appear odd or eccentric.

What is schizoid personality disorder?6

Schizoid personality disorder (ScPD) is a mental health condition marked
by a consistent pattern of detachment from and general disinterest in social
relationships. People with schizoid personality disorder also have a limited range
of emotions when interacting with other people.
Schizoid personality disorder is one of a group of conditions called “Cluster
A” personality disorders, which involve unusual and eccentric thinking or
behaviors. Personality disorders are chronic (long-term) dysfunctional behavior
patterns that are inflexible, prevalent and lead to social issues and distress.
People with schizoid personality disorder may seem aloof, disengaged and
distant. They often don’t realize their behavior is unusual or problematic.

5
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of
mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.)., p.734
6
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23030-schizoid-personality-
disorder
What is the difference between schizoid personality disorder and
schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a range of mental health conditions that cause a
significant disconnection from reality. A person with schizophrenia may
experience a combination of hallucinations, delusions and extremely
disorganized thinking and behavior that dramatically impairs their daily
functioning.
Schizoid personality disorder doesn’t cause hallucinations or delusions,
and the condition usually doesn’t significantly affect a person’s day-to-day
functioning.

Who does schizoid personality disorder affect?

Most personality disorders begin in the teen years when personality
further develops and matures, but people with schizoid personality disorder may
display signs of the condition at an earlier age.
Schizoid personality disorder is slightly more common among people
assigned male at birth (AMAB).

Symptoms and Causes

What are the signs and symptoms of schizoid personality disorder?
The main feature of schizoid personality disorder is a consistent pattern of
detachment from and general disinterest in forming and maintaining social
relationships.
A person with schizoid personality typically:
 Doesn’t want or enjoy close relationships, even with family members.
 Chooses hobbies, activities and jobs that are solitary in nature.
 Has little or no desire for sexual activity.
 Rarely experiences or expresses strong emotions.
 Has an apparent indifference to praise or criticism by others.

What causes schizoid personality disorder?

Personality disorders, including schizoid personality disorder, are among the
least understood mental health conditions. Researchers are still trying to figure
out the exact cause of them. So far, they suspect that the following may
contribute to developing schizoid personality disorder:
 Genetic factors: Some researchers think there may be a genetic
connection between schizophrenia and schizoid personality disorder. In
addition, some of the features of autism spectrum disorder resemble
 schizoid personality disorder, so researchers think a genetic relationship
between the two might exist.
 Environmental factors: Some studies suggest that people with schizoid
personality disorder often come from environments that lack emotional
nurturing. In other words, having caregivers who were emotionally cold,
neglectful and detached during childhood may contribute to the
development of schizoid personality disorder.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is schizoid personality disorder diagnosed?
Personality continues to evolve throughout childhood, adolescence and early
adulthood. Because of this, healthcare providers don’t typically diagnose
someone with schizoid personality disorder until after the age of 18.
Personality disorders, including schizoid personality disorder, can be difficult to
diagnose, as most people with a personality disorder don’t think there’s a
problem with their behavior or way of thinking and don’t think they need to
change their behavior.
When they do seek help, it’s often due to co-existing conditions, such
as anxiety or depression, not the disorder itself.
When a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist,
suspects someone might have schizoid personality disorder, they often ask
questions that’ll shed light on:
 Childhood history.
 Relationships.
 Work history.
 Reality testing.
Because a person suspected of having schizoid personality disorder may lack
insight into their behaviors, mental health professionals often work with the
person’s family and friends to collect more information about their behaviors and
history.
Mental health providers base a diagnosis of schizoid personality disorder on the
criteria for the condition in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Management and Treatment

How is schizoid personality disorder treated?
Unfortunately, schizoid personality disorder is one of the least researched
personality disorders. Due to this, there are few treatment options and few
studies on the effectiveness of treatment.
Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is generally the treatment of choice for personality
disorders, but this may be difficult for people with schizoid personality disorder
because they tend to intellectualize and distance themselves from emotional
experiences. Since they lack interest in other people, they may not be motivated
to change.
Types of psychotherapy that may benefit people with schizoid personality
disorder include:
 Family therapy: Often, people with schizoid personality disorder come to
treatment at the request of family members. In some cases, family
therapy may be helpful for understanding the family’s expectations for
relationships and addressing any behaviors on the part of the family that
could be worsening the person’s withdrawal.
 Group therapy: This is a type of psychotherapy in which a group of
people meets to describe and discuss their problems together under the
supervision of a therapist or psychologist. Group therapy may help
someone with schizoid personality disorder develop social skills.
 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This is a structured, goal-oriented
type of therapy. A therapist or psychologist helps someone take a closer
look at their thoughts and emotions to understand how their thoughts
affect their actions. For someone with schizoid personality disorder, a
therapist may explore distorted expectations and perceptions about the
importance and usefulness of relationships with others.

Paranoid Personality Disorder7

Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is a mental health condition marked by a
pattern of distrust and suspicion of others without adequate reason to be
suspicious. People with PPD are always on guard, believing that others are
constantly trying to demean, harm or threaten them.

Overview
What is paranoid personality disorder (PPD)?
Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is a mental health condition marked by a
long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others without adequate reason to
be suspicious (paranoia). People with PPD often believe that others are trying to
demean, harm or threaten them.
People with paranoid personality disorder often don’t think their behavior and
way of thinking are problematic.
PPD is one of a group of conditions called Cluster A, or eccentric personality
disorders. People with these disorders have unusual and eccentric thinking or
behavior.

7
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9784-paranoid-personality-
disorder
It’s important to note that people with paranoid personality disorder don’t
experience delusions or hallucinations with paranoia, as commonly seen
in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and severe manic episodes in bipolar
disorder.
What age does paranoid personality disorder begin?
People with paranoid personality disorder typically start experiencing symptoms
and showing signs of the condition by their late teens or early adult years.
Who does paranoid personality disorder affect?
Overall, research reveals higher rates of paranoid personality disorder (PPD) in
people assigned female at birth (AFAB), while samples from hospital records
reveal higher rates of PPD in people assigned male at birth (AMAB).
People with PPD are more likely to:
 Live in low-income households.
 Be Black, Native American or Hispanic.
 Be widowed, divorced or separated or never married.
More research is needed to learn more about why these risk factors are
associated with PPD and how stress and trauma play a role in its development.

How common is paranoid personality disorder?

Paranoid personality disorder is relatively rare. Researchers estimate that it
affects 0.5% to 4.5% of the general U.S. population.

Symptoms and Causes

What are the signs and symptoms of paranoid personality disorder?
People with paranoid personality disorder (PPD) are always on guard, believing
that others are constantly trying to demean, harm or threaten them. These
generally unfounded beliefs, as well as their habits of blame and distrust,
interfere with their ability to form close or even workable relationships. People
with PPD severely limit their social lives.
People with PPD may:
 Doubt the commitment, loyalty or trustworthiness of others, believing
others are exploiting or deceiving them.
 Be reluctant to confide in others or reveal personal information because
they’re afraid the information will be used against them.
 Be unforgiving and hold grudges.
 Be hypersensitive and take criticism poorly.
 Read hidden meanings in the innocent remarks or casual looks of others.
  Perceive attacks on their character that aren’t apparent to others.
 Have persistent suspicions, without justified reason, that their spouses or
romantic partners are being unfaithful.
 Be cold and distant in their relationships with others and might become
controlling and jealous to avoid being betrayed.
 Not see their role in problems or conflicts, believing they’re always right.
 Have difficulty relaxing.
 Be hostile, stubborn and argumentative.

What causes paranoid personality disorder?

Scientists don’t know the exact cause of paranoid personality disorder (PPD), but
it likely involves a combination of environmental and biological factors.
Researchers have found that childhood emotional neglect, physical neglect and
supervision neglect play a significant role in the development of PPD in
adolescence and early adulthood.
Researchers used to think there was likely a genetic link among schizophrenia,
schizotypal personality disorder and PPD, but more studies have revealed that
this connection isn’t as strong as they once thought.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is paranoid personality disorder diagnosed?
Personality continues to evolve throughout child and adolescent development.
Because of this, healthcare providers don’t typically diagnose someone with
paranoid personality disorder (PPD) until after the age of 18.
Personality disorders, including PPD, can be difficult to diagnose, as most people
with a personality disorder don’t think there’s a problem with their behavior or
way of thinking.
When they do seek help, it’s often related to conditions such
as anxiety or depression due to the problems created by their personality
disorder, such as divorce or lost relationships, not the disorder itself.
When a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist,
suspects someone might have paranoid personality disorder, they often ask
broad, general questions that won’t create a defensive response or hostile
environment. They ask questions that will shed light on:
 Past history.
 Relationships.
 Previous work history.
 Reality testing.
  Impulse control.
Mental health providers base a diagnosis of paranoid personality disorder on the
criteria for the condition in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Are other medical conditions associated with paranoid personality
disorder?
Yes, approximately 75% of people with paranoid personality disorder (PPD) have
another personality disorder. The most common personality disorders to co-occur
with PPD include:
 Avoidant personality disorder.
 Borderline personality disorder (BPD).
 Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).
People with PPD are also more likely to have substance use disorder and panic
disorder than the general U.S. population.

Management and Treatment

How is paranoid personality disorder treated?
People with paranoid personality disorder (PPD) rarely seek treatment on their
own. Family members, coworkers or employers usually refer them.
When someone with PPD does seek treatment, psychotherapy (talk therapy),
such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or dialectical behavior therapy (DBT),
is the treatment of choice. Therapy focuses on increasing general coping skills,
especially trust and empathy, as well as on improving social interaction,
communication and self-esteem.
As people with PPD often distrust others, it poses a challenge for healthcare
professionals because trust and rapport-building are important factors of
psychotherapy. As a result, many people with PPD may not follow their treatment
plan and may even question the motives of the therapist.
Healthcare providers generally don’t prescribe medication to treat PPD. However,
medications — such as anti-anxiety, antidepressant or antipsychotic drugs —
might be prescribed if the person’s symptoms are extreme or if they have an
associated psychological condition, such as anxiety or depression.

Prevention
Can paranoid personality disorder be prevented?
While paranoid personality disorder generally can’t be prevented, treatment can
allow someone with PPD to learn more productive ways of dealing with triggering
thoughts and situations.
Outlook / Prognosis
What is the prognosis (outlook) for paranoid personality disorder?
The prognosis (outlook) for paranoid personality disorder (PPD) typically depends
on whether someone with PPD is willing to accept and commit to treatment. Talk
therapy can sometimes reduce paranoia and limit its impact on daily functioning.
Left untreated, PPD can interfere with a person’s ability to form and maintain
relationships, as well as their ability to function socially and in work situations.
People with PPD are more likely to stop working earlier in their lives than people
without personality disorders.
In addition, PPD is one of the strongest predictors of aggressive behavior in a
hospital setting. PPD is also associated with stalking and excessive litigation
(lawsuits).
Schizotypal Personality Disorder8
Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is a mental health condition marked by a
consistent pattern of intense discomfort with relationships and social
interactions. People with STPD have unusual thoughts, speech and behaviors,
which usually hinder their ability to form and maintain relationships.

Overview
What is schizotypal personality disorder?
Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is a mental health condition marked by a
consistent pattern of intense discomfort with close relationships and social
interactions. If you have STPD, you may have distorted views of reality,
superstitions and unusual behaviors. Your relationships are likely hindered by
these symptoms.
Schizotypal personality disorder is one of a group of conditions called “Cluster
A” personality disorders, which involve unusual and eccentric thinking or
behaviors. Personality disorders are chronic (long-term) dysfunctional behavior
patterns that are inflexible, prevalent and lead to social issues and distress.
People with schizotypal personality disorder typically display unusual behavior,
odd speech and magical beliefs. You might not realize your behavior is unusual or
problematic.
Some people with schizotypal personality disorder later develop schizophrenia.

What is the difference among schizoid and schizotypal personality

disorders and schizophrenia?
Schizoid personality disorder (ScPD) is a mental health condition marked by a
consistent pattern of detachment from and general disinterest in social
relationships. This is distinct from schizotypal personality disorder (STPD)
because people with STPD have an intense discomfort with personal
relationships, not a lack of interest in them.
People with STPD also have peculiar thoughts and behaviors, like magical
thinking, whereas people with ScPD generally don’t.
Many researchers consider schizotypal personality disorder to be one of the
schizophrenia spectrum disorders, which also includes brief psychotic
disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder and delusional
disorder.
However, schizotypal personality disorder is distinct from schizophrenia because
people with STPD don’t have psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and
delusions, which are hallmarks of schizophrenia.

8
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23061-schizotypal-personality-
disorder
Schizophrenia negatively impacts someone’s day-to-day function much more
than schizotypal personality disorder.
Who does schizotypal personality disorder affect?
Most personality disorders, including schizotypal personality disorder (STPD),
begin in the teen years when personality further develops and matures.
STPD affects people assigned male at birth slightly more than people assigned
female at birth.
How common is schizotypal personality disorder?
Schizotypal personality disorder is relatively rare. It affects approximately 3% to
5% of people in the United States.

Symptoms and Causes

What are the signs and symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder?
People with schizotypal personality disorder experience intense discomfort and
distress in social situations. You may have a lot of difficulties forming close
relationships and maintaining them, partially due to a distorted interpretation of
social interactions, as well as odd social behavior.
If you have schizotypal personality disorder, you may:
 Have intense social anxiety and poor social relationships.
 Not have close friends or confidants, except for first-degree relatives.
 Have peculiar behaviors and mannerisms.
 Have odd thoughts and speech, such as using excessively abstract or
concrete phrases or using phrases or words in unusual ways.
 Have unusual perceptive experiences and magical beliefs, such as thinking
they have special paranormal powers.
 Incorrectly interpret ordinary situations or happenings as having special
meaning for them (idea of reference).
 Be paranoid and suspicious of others’ intentions.
 Have difficulty with responding appropriately to social cues, such as
maintaining eye contact.
 Have a lack of motivation and underachieve in educational and work
settings.
A person with STPD generally lacks awareness about how their thoughts and
behaviors impact others.

What causes schizotypal personality disorder?

Personality disorders, including schizotypal personality disorder, are among the
least understood mental health conditions. Researchers are still trying to figure
out the exact cause of them, but believe they develop due to several factors.
Researchers think the cause of schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is mainly
biological and genetic because it shares many of the brain changes characteristic
of schizophrenia. STPD is also more common among biological relatives of people
with schizophrenia or Cluster A personality disorders, which suggests a genetic
link.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is schizotypal personality disorder diagnosed?
Personality continues to evolve throughout childhood, adolescence and early
adulthood. Because of this, healthcare providers don’t typically diagnose
someone with schizotypal personality disorder until after the age of 18.
Personality disorders, including schizotypal personality disorder, can be difficult
to diagnose since most people with a personality disorder don’t think there’s a
problem with their behavior or way of thinking and don’t think they need to
change their behavior.
When they do seek help, it’s often due to co-existing conditions, such
as anxiety or depression, not the disorder itself. Rates of these two mental health
conditions are particularly high among people with schizotypal personality
disorder.
When a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist,
suspects someone might have schizotypal personality disorder, they often ask
questions that’ll shed light on:
 Childhood history.
 Relationships.
 Work history.
 Reality testing.
Because a person suspected of having schizotypal personality disorder may lack
insight into their behaviors, mental health professionals often work with the
person’s family and friends to collect more details about their behaviors and
history.
Mental health providers base a diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder on
the criteria for the condition in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Management and Treatment

How is schizotypal personality disorder treated?
Psychotherapy (talk therapy) and low-dose antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
medication are the main treatment options for schizotypal personality disorder.
Antipsychotic medication for schizotypal personality disorder
Healthcare providers sometimes prescribe low-dose antipsychotic (neuroleptic)
medications for people with schizotypal personality disorder to treat the
following symptoms:
 Cognitive peculiarities.
 Odd speech.
 Depression.
 Anxiety.
 Impulsivity.
Antipsychotic medications are particularly useful for people with moderately
severe schizotypal symptoms and those experiencing mild, transient psychotic
symptoms.

Psychotherapy for schizotypal personality disorder

Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is a term for a variety of treatment techniques that
aim to help people identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts and
behaviors. Working with a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or
psychiatrist, can provide support, education and guidance to the person and
their loved ones.
Types of psychotherapy that may benefit people with schizotypal personality
disorder include:
 Group therapy: This is a type of psychotherapy in which a group of
people meets to describe and discuss their problems together under the
supervision of a therapist or psychologist. Group therapy may help
someone with schizotypal personality disorder develop social skills
because it addresses social anxiety and awkwardness. However, people
with more severe symptoms may be disruptive in group therapy,
especially if they have prominent paranoid thinking and behaviors.
 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This is a structured, goal-oriented
type of therapy. A therapist or psychologist helps someone take a closer
look at their thoughts and emotions to understand how their thoughts
affect their actions. For someone with schizotypal personality disorder, a
therapist may focus on reality testing and attention to interpersonal
boundaries. They may also help the person recognize distorted thinking
patterns, such as referential, paranoid or magical thinking.

Prevention
Can schizotypal personality disorder be prevented?
While schizotypal personality disorder generally can’t be prevented, treating this
condition can help you learn ways to alter unhelpful behaviors and thoughts if
you're prone to this condition.

Outlook / Prognosis
What is the prognosis (outlook) for schizotypal personality disorder?
Schizotypal personality disorder is a chronic condition that requires lifelong
treatment.
If left untreated, the prognosis (outlook) for schizotypal personality disorder
(STPD) is generally poor. It’s very common for people with STPD to have other
mental health conditions, including:
 Social anxiety disorder.
 Depression.
 Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
 Substance use disorder.
About 30% to 50% of people have major depressive disorder when they’re
diagnosed with STPD.
It’s essential that people with STPD receive treatment for these conditions.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Symptoms & Treatment (clevelandclinic.org)

https://www.studypool.com/documents/35527872/personality-
disorders
REFERENCES:
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of
mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.), p. 734.
American Psychological Association, Personality, accessed 2 November 2024,
<https://www.apa.org/topics/personality>
Cleveland Clinic, Paranoid Personality Disorder, accessed 2 November 2024,
<https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9784-paranoid-personality-
disorder>
Cleveland Clinic, Schizoid Personality Disorder, accessed 2 November 2024,
<https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23030-schizoid-personality-
disorder>
Cleveland Clinic, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, accessed 2 November 2024,
<https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23061-schizotypal-personality-
disorder>
Egyankosh, Eysenck’s Personality Theory and Big Five Factor Theory of
Personality, accessed 2 November 2024,
<https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/23518/1/Unit-4.pdf>
Mayo Clinic, Personality Disorders, accessed 2 November 2024,
<https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/
symptoms-causes/syc-20354463>
Mohammad Looti 2022, Psychological Scales - Gordon Allport, Arab Psychology,
accessed 2 November 2024,
<https://scales.arabpsychology.com/2022/11/19/gordon-allport/>
Psychopedia 2024, Raymond Bernard Cattell – History and Contribution to
Psychology, accessed 2 November 2024, <https://psychopedia.in/raymond-
bernard-cattell-history-and-contribution-to-psychology/>
Simply Psychology, Theories of Personality : Hans Eysenck, Gordon Allport &
Raymond Cattell, accessed 2 November 2024,
<https://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-theories.html>
Studypool, Personality Disorders, accessed 2 November 2024,
<https://www.studypool.com/documents/35527872/personality-disorders>
The British Psychological Society 2016, Hans J. Eysenck Centenary, accessed 2
November 2024, <https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/hans-j-eysenck-
centenary>