THE COMPLETE PHOTO GUIDE TO

HAND LETTERING &

CALLIGRAPHY
THE ESSENTIAL REFERENCE FOR NOVICE AND EXPERT
LETTERERS AND CALLIGRAPHERS

ABBEY SY

Image
Image
 Contents

Preface
How to Use This Book

1 Tools and Materials

Traditional Tools
Modern Tools
Digital Tools
Other Tools for Lettering
Surfaces

2 Lettering Primer
Anatomy Lesson
Alphabet Characteristics
Forming Letters
Adding Weight Lines
Connecting Letterforms

3 Classic Calligraphy
Using Traditional Tools
Using Modern Tools
Italic Calligraphy
Copperplate
Spencerian Calligraphy
Blackletter Calligraphy
Roman Calligraphy
Offhand Flourishes
Project

4 Modern Hand Lettering

Using Traditional Tools
Using Modern Tools
Basic Script
Adding Bounce
 Flourishes
Flowers and Leaves
Projects

5 Decorative Lettering
Using Liners
Serif
Sans Serif
Letters and Layouts
Creating Illustrations Within Letterforms
Projects

6 Digital Lettering
Getting Started
Tools
Scanning and Basic Editing
Drawing Letterforms
Creating Special Effects
Adding Dimension
Projects

Practice Sheets
Resources
Glossary
Contributors
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Index
 Preface

Letters communicate effectively through words and the stories they tell; but
they also have a visual component, that adds meaning through illustration
and other decorative effects. The recent resurgence of calligraphy and hand
lettering has given artists and designers new and classical techniques to
incorporate into their creative work, paving the way for the craft to flourish
in the years to come.

The Complete Photo Guide to Hand Lettering and Calligraphy takes you
through the process of turning letters into art, and it demonstrates various
ways you can use calligraphy and hand lettering in your artistic practice.
Whether it’s designing an invitation, writing a heartfelt note to a friend,
creating your own gift wrap, or decorating a tote bag, this book shares a
multitude of ways to get creative with your letters and layouts.

You will find information about the range of traditional, modern, and
digital tools; a lettering primer featuring alphabet characteristics and
techniques; a guide to classical calligraphy including italics, copperplate,
Spencerian, blackletter, and roman; a chapter on modern hand lettering and
using different types of scripts, flourishes, and flowers to embellish your
work; an in-depth look at decorative lettering and composing layouts; and
last, an introduction to digital lettering and how to transform hand-drawn
elements into digitally rendered illustrations.

Whether you’re just starting out or deep into the world of calligraphy and
hand lettering, I hope you find this book to be a useful and inspiring tool
for your creative endeavors. There is always something new to learn.

Always be creating,

Image
This book is a thorough guide to the world of calligraphy and hand
lettering. Here are some tips on how to use this book.

1 Read and take notes.

Each chapter contains how-tos on different kinds of calligraphy and hand
lettering. Take notes and keep in mind some techniques you can use for
your work. You can use this book as a launching point for further research
once you discover which type of lettering you want to focus on.

2 Familiarize yourself with the terminology.

You will encounter many typography-related terms in the following pages.
Familiarize yourself with the commonly used terms, most of which are
defined in the text or in the glossary.

3 Use practice sheets for application of skills and monitoring your

progress.
At the end of this book, you will find 32 pages of practice sheets for you to
apply what you’ve learned and to track your hand-lettering and calligraphy
process. Each chapter has a corresponding set of worksheets so you can do
your drills as you make your way through the book.

4 Experiment and have fun.

Whether it’s working on your strokes and drills for calligraphy, thinking of
patterns to apply to your letterforms, or starting your own DIY project,
experiment and have fun. Enjoy the process of learning new skills and
honing your creative juices.

Time to turn the page and start creating!

chapter
1
Tools and Materials
Tools are important parts of the creative process. Traditional and modern
tools each create a different impact on the final piece of art. Each artist has
her own preferences and needs, but it is best to experiment with a variety of
techniques and tools to learn how you can incorporate new methods and
materials into your work.

This chapter explains the various kinds of materials you will encounter as
you try your hand at calligraphy and lettering, highlighting their distinct
qualities, where to find them, and which types best fit each area of
calligraphy or hand lettering.

Image

Traditional Tools

Image

Nibs

Nibs come in two styles: pointed and italic. Each type has a specific set of
qualities that suit different calligraphic styles.

Pointed nibs are flexible and can be used for most calligraphy styles, as
they have the versatility to produce both thick and thin strokes. The nibs
two tines have the ability to split and produce wide lines. When the tines
are together, they produce a thin stroke.

Italic, or broad-edged, nibs are flat and not designed to flex. These are used
for italic, black letter, and gothic letterforms. This nib type is used to create
consistent and uniform strokes. Its blunt edge creates strokes that are thin
or bold.

Flat-Tip Dip Pens

Flat-tip dip pens are commonly used for black letter, italic, and other hands.
Although the parallel pen is available, there are still those of us that favors
this tool. Flat-tip dip pens have two parts: the nib and the holder. There are
various types of flat-tip nibs that come in different cuts and sizes. These
pens have stiff nibs and thus a low flex level.

Although this pen produces a very engaging and alluring contrast between
the thin and thick strokes, it still requires more skill and practice to keep
lines in place. Another good thing about this pen is that you have more
options when choosing nibs, inks, and even holders. For ink loading, it is
best to use a paintbrush and add ink on it rather than dipping the nib
directly to the bottle of ink. This ensures minimal disruption and lets you
control the amount of ink on the nib.

Nib Holders

Nib holders come in both straight and oblique styles. Each type has distinct
characteristics and its use depends on calligraphy style and the artist’s
preference.

Straight Nib Holder

The straight holder is generally easy to control and is good for beginners
because the orientation is similar to a pencil or pen. It is also recommended
for left-handed writers as it is easier to adjust the angle of the nib and pen
to paper to accommodate their writing. Although it is more common now to
see straight holders used for broad-edged writing, they are also used for
scripts and flourishing. Using the straight holder gives a modern and
straight effect to your work because, unless you deliberately angle your
paper, your writing will be upright.

Image
Oblique Nib Holder

The oblique pen holder gives an automatic slanted effect to your letters and
flourishes, making it great for practicing formal styles such as Spencerian
and copperplate calligraphy. Oblique holders allow the writer to achieve a
specific angle, which helps to form consistently slanted forms.

Inks

Calligraphy inks come in a variety of colors—from the commonly used

black ink, to metallic, and many types of colors. They are also made of
different transparencies, but most inks appear opaque. Inks can be thick or
thin, which creates a variety of effects on paper.

Depending on the style of letters you want to achieve, your ink choice will
differ. A carbon-based ink such as sumi is useful for the beginner, as it can
be diluted with water to adjust flow. India and acrylic inks are also widely
used because of their opacity and vivid colors. Gouache may also be mixed
to make a wider selection of colors. Other inks coveted for their fine lines
and superb flow would be walnut, which has a brown/sepia color, and iron
gall, which is a lightly hued ink that will darken over time. For decorative
and fancier effects, calligraphers can also use acrylic or water color inks
with mica or metallic particles for an extra shimmer.

Image

India Ink

The preferred ink for beginners, india ink is pigment based and waterproof.
It comes in a variety of colors.

Sumi Ink

Sumi ink is a black, carbon-based, waterproof ink. It dries more matte than
india ink, and is the ideal choice for most calligraphers. Thickness and flow
can be adjusted by adding a bit of water.
Dye-Based Ink

Dye-based ink is used for both fountain pens and dip pens. Since these are
watery in consistency, the written output on paper appears translucent and
can have a lighter effect.

White Ink

For calligraphy on black paper or other surfaces, white ink is a good choice
as it pops out on the paper. Bleed-proof white ink is recommended, as it is
opaque and intermixable.

Colored Ink

Ready-made colored calligraphy inks are readily available at art supply

stores. Not all of these are waterproof, though, so read the label carefully
when choosing an ink for mixed media art. Non-waterproof ink is fine for
line art or calligraphy. Consistency may vary depending on the base of the
inks (if it is made of acrylic, gouache, or natural dye), so flow and quality
of lines will vary, too.

You can also make your own acrylic-based colored ink by mixing acrylic
paint and water in an airtight jar. The quality will be more transparent and
watercolorlike compared to ready-made ones, but it is highly customizable.
Gouache is also a popular choice for mixing your own inks because of its
easy flow, but you will need to add a bit of gum arabic to keep the pigments
together and the color more opaque.

Metallic Watercolors

To create sparkling calligraphy, use metallic watercolors. The watercolors

are made with a natural shimmering mineral, making it sparkly when
applied to paper. Load the pigment onto a brush, as if it were paint, and
then transfer it onto your nib.

Image
Fountain Pens

A convenient alternative to dip pens are fountain pens. Fountain pens store
ink in cartridges that are easily refillable once they run out.

A big difference between a fountain pen and the dip pen is its flexibility.
Fountain pen nibs tend to be less flexible, therefore resulting is less stroke
contrast. Not all fountain pens are designed to flex, so be sure to check
whether the pen is flexible before applying pressure.

Image

Modern Tools

Image

Brush Pens

A flexible, convenient update to the brush, the brush pen allows the
calligrapher to create fine, medium, or broad strokes. Brush pens come in a
variety of tip sizes and types.

Felt-tip brush pens are similar to markers, only with a brush tip. This pen is
easy to use because the tip springs back to its original shape after writing.
The pens come in a variety of colors, making it perfect for beginners who
are interested in trying brush lettering.

Natural hair brush pens are ink based. With its smooth ink flow, a natural
hair brush pen can create both thick and thin brushlike strokes, perfect for
loose and freehand brush lettering.

Synthetic hair brush pens are water based. The ink flow is smooth and
consistent, and the tip feels like a soft brush. Colors blend like watercolors,
making it suitable for gradient-style brush lettering.

Image
Fineliner/Drawing Pens

Fineliner pens are similar to a ball-point pen. Although its round tip is
suitable for most forms of lettering, it is best to use for hand lettering.

Fineliners come in different points, from the thinnest at 0.05 mm to the

thickest at 1.0 mm. Thin pens are used for meticulous details, intricate
patterns, and inlines; and thick pens are used for bold/graphic outlines,
shadows, and filling in areas.

Image

Markers

Markers are round-tip pens that create thick, bold lines. They are great for
block letters or illustrations that require a big canvas. Markers can be
waterproof or permanent, depending on ink qualities. Most come in an
extensive range of colors for doodling and drawing, and some types have
chiseled tips for varied width.

Image

Chalk

Chalk comes in two types: regular chalk and chalk markers. Both can be
used on chalkboards, but they have different effects.

Regular chalk usually comes in a box. This is best for practicing as it is

inexpensive and erases easily.

Chalk markers come in pen form, with opaque liquid ink stored inside the
body. Apart from chalkboards, chalk markers can also be used on glass or
metal surfaces.

Image

Brushes and Paints

Brushes used for hand lettering come in different types. Synthetic brushes
(made from nylon or taklon) are useful for brush lettering, as the bristles
don’t separate when used. They also don’t hold a huge amount of water.
This helps create strokes for gradients and bouncy lettering. Animal hair
brushes (made from sable or kolinsky, which is a kind of weasel) are soft
and mostly used for washes and achieving a watery effect to your hand
lettering.

Round, flat, and liner brushes are the commonly used tips of brushes. A
round brush is versatile and is usually the first choice for painting letters, as
it creates a range of thick and thin strokes. A flat brush creates a more
dimensional effect to letterforms, and is mostly used for roman or gothic
lettering. Liner brushes are great for inlines, outlines, and areas where
superfine details are needed.

Brushes can be as thin as #000 or as thick as #10. Make sure to have a

selection of at least three numbered brushes to use for a variety of letter
styles.

Paints used for hand lettering usually range from watercolors, gouache, to
concentrated watercolor ink. The best part about using watercolors is you
can create and combine your own set of colors with your palette.

Image

Whether your watercolors are student or artist grade, it’s important to

choose which colors to put into your arsenal of paints. Most watercolor
packs come in the basic primary colors, while others can be customized and
combined. Watercolors are activated once water is mixed with the pigment,
and its opacity can vary depending on the amount of water and paint
combined in the mixture. Naturally, watercolors are transparent when
applied to paper, creating a watery effect.

Gouache is an opaque form of watercolor paint. It’s more pigmented and is

usually used when several colors are needed for a certain letterform. Its
opacity enables the colors to pop individually on paper, which is great if
you’re aiming to achieve a sign-painter style of lettering work.
Concentrated watercolors are already mixed and come in a bottle. Because
it is highly concentrated, this type of watercolor is best for gradients and
artwork that requires vibrant and bold colors.

Colored Pencils

Colored pencils are a commonly used art medium for coloring and
illustrating, as they create rich and vibrant hues when applied to paper. The
strokes produce an organic effect to your work. Watercolor pencils are
similar but are water-soluble and suitable for painting your letters.

Image

Digital Tools

Desktop Computer or Laptop

Depending on each person’s work preferences, either a desktop computer

or laptop is an essential tool for digital lettering. Most artists and designers
prefer desktop computers with large screen sizes for an optimal workflow;
but for those on-the-go, a durable laptop always comes in handy.

Image

Adobe Photoshop/Adobe Illustrator

Both of these Adobe programs are suitable for digital lettering, depending
on the technique(s) implemented and preferred. When editing photos and
adding lettering, Photoshop comes in handy; but for illustrating letters and
creating decorative elements, Illustrator is the best option.

Scanner

A scanner is commonly used for artwork that is traditionally illustrated and

then rendered digitally. It’s also easier to manipulate the scan of the artwork
as the resolution (which is in dots per inch or dpi) can be edited. The ideal
scanned size should be at least 300 dpi for a good resolution.

If only a low-resolution file is needed for scanning, most smartphones have

scanner applications that can be used for the same purpose.

Image

Tablet

A tablet is the best alternative to a mouse when illustrating digital

letterforms. The pen simulates a tangible tool, and the output is shown on
the computer screen—making it easy to transition from traditional to digital
lettering.

Others Tools for Lettering

Some of the basic tools that are needed for lettering include the following:

Lead Pencil

Depending on the hardness of its lead, pencils are great for both tracing
and/or shading. HB is the default hardness and it ranges from H to B. H tips
are lighter and harder, but B tips are darker and softer. Pencils are often
used for initial sketching of layout designs.

Mechanical Pencil

Another option is to use a mechanical pencil. Mechanical pencils also have

leads in red or blue, which are useful for line art drawing.

Eraser

Keeping an eraser on hand is important, especially when using pencils for

sketching and drawing letterforms.
Sharpener

Sharpeners are useful for keeping both pencils and colored pencils sharp.

Ruler

For precise measurements, it’s necessary to have a ruler in either 12" or 6"
(30 or 15 cm) dimensions, depending on the paper and layout size.

Compass

Mostly used for circular layouts, a compass is also useful for illustrating
circles and round objects for hand lettering.

Cup and Palette

Both cup and palette are important for watercolor work. The cup is for
water storage while the palette is for color mixing using paint tubes and
pans.

Scissors

Scissors are used to cut paper or other surfaces to size for hand lettering.

Washi Tape

Useful for drawing or painting, washi tape is more durable than masking
tape and works well for holding paper in place on the desk and preventing
crumpling.

Image

Surfaces

Paper
Papers come in different textures, sizes, and weights. Here are some of the
common terms when it comes to paper:

Tooth

Tooth is the surface feel of paper. The more tooth a paper has, the rougher it
feels. There are different types of paper textures, but the most common
ones are hot-pressed and cold-pressed paper.

Hot-pressed paper is very smooth—similar to the effect when paper is

ironed out with heat. Cold-pressed paper is a bit rough, and more suitable if
you’re keen on adding more depth to your work. Both are used for
watercolors, and you can choose what kind of effect you want to achieve.

Weight

The weight of paper is measured by grams per square meter (gsm). The
higher the gsm a paper has, the heavier it is. It is best to use at least 60–70
gsm paper for practicing lettering or calligraphy. For special work, such as
addressing invitations or formal occassions, the paper should be at least 200
gsm.

Size and Dimensions

Paper size is an important consideration for calligraphy or hand lettering. A

default preference is using letter size (8.5" x 11" or A4) or half-letter size
(8.5" x 5.5" or A5), as they are both commonly available. When doing
framed artworks, it’s best to use a larger size such as legal size (11" x 17"
or A3) or 17" x 22" (A2). It is advisable to use sizes that are a bit larger
than required so it will be easier to trim off the edges once it’s ready.

Image

Hot-press (smooth) and cold-press (rough) papers

Other Surfaces
Although most lettering work is done on paper, there are surfaces that can
be used as an alternative and are equally great for lettering.

Image

Surface: Wood (plywood or any light-colored wood)

Tools: Paint or permanent markers

Image

Surface: Glass
Tools: Chalk marker (temporary) or glass marker (permanent)

Image

Surface: Chalkboard
Tools: Regular chalk or chalk marker

Image

Surface: Canvas cloth

Tools: Acrylic paint, permanent markers, or fabric markers/pens
chapter
2
Lettering Primer
What is a typeface? What is the difference between hand lettering and
calligraphy? How do you start to draw letters? In this chapter, all of your
questions about the basic concepts that make up the foundation of all
lettering and the associated terminology will be answered. You’ll discover
the variety of letter styles that will be introduced in this book, alphabet
characteristics, methods for adding weight and connecting letterforms, and
the very first steps you need to know for proper letter formation.

Image

Anatomy Lesson

Typography

Typography is the art of putting together various typefaces in order to

create a work of art. The earliest form of typography was blackletter, the
first-ever typeface developed by Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the
movable-type printing press. As the digital era came along, designers
incorporated typefaces into their work. This lead to the emergence of font
styles to suit any taste.

Image

Hand Lettering

Hand lettering is the art of drawing letters based on draftsmanship for a

specific purpose. Hand lettering can be rendered using a variety of tools
such as pens, pencils, markers, brush pens, brushes, and paint to create an
illustrated medium.
 Image

Calligraphy

Calligraphy is the art of writing letters based on handwriting. It involves

the correct formation of characters, the ordering of letter parts, and the
harmony of proportions. Calligraphy can be rendered using a pointed pen
with different nib types and ink, as well as fountain pens and parallel pens.
Traditional calligraphy is composed of various types: Spencerian, classical,
roman, blackletter, and italic. In recent times, it has modernized into brush
lettering and other similar forms.

Image

Uppercase

Image

Lowercase

Image

Basic Terminology

Image

Typeface: the letters, numbers, and symbols that make up a design of type

Kerning: the space between characters

Leading: the space between each line of type

Tracking: the amount of space between letters in a word

Squoosh: the process of squashing or expanding words so they can fit in a

layout
Framework and Structure

Image

Featured Styles

Below are the styles of classic calligraphy shown in this book (see here);
some of the modern styles (see here) are shown on the previous page.

Image

Forming Letters

Letters are made of shapes and strokes; and in both calligraphy and hand
lettering, combining these two can form letters in a pleasing manner. Most
letters are composed of similar shapes and strokes. Our own handwriting is
the primary basis of how we form letters, which is why practicing
handwriting is also key to becoming proficient at calligraphy and hand
lettering.

Hand lettering focuses on drawing letters, so it’s important to play around

with different heights and widths in order to achieve a variety of styles. By
constantly experimenting, you can create several outputs that can
eventually help you hone your personal lettering style. Keep practicing and
you will improve over time.

Forming letters are different for print (or block) letters and cursive letters,
as these have distinct qualities to their respective styles. Here are some tips
to remember when forming letters.

Cursive Letters

1 Start by doing warm-ups of various strokes—upstrokes, loops, and

downstrokes are the most common. This helps your hand get accustomed to
your pen.
2 When you write, lift your pen between strokes, as it becomes easier to
follow through with the strokes.

3 You have the option to alter strokes to your preference. The stroke can
vary depending on whether your cursive is straight or italic.

4 Remember, upstrokes require light pressure, and downstrokes require

heavy pressure. Keep alternating both strokes and you’ll eventually get the
hang of it.

Image

Printed/Block Letters

1 Start practicing with your handwriting: write letters in different shapes,

heights, and widths on paper.

2 From there, analyze the shapes comprising each letter. This should give
you an idea of how each letter is formed.

3 Enhance each letter by either thickening some areas or altering the form
to achieve a specific style.

Image

Adding Weight Lines

Our eyes are very receptive to seeing differences in font styles, especially
when size is reduced or, in this case, when certain typefaces are thicker. In
typography, adding weight lines to words in a body of text implies that it
has a message that needs to be highlighted. In the same way, applying this
technique to hand lettering is an indicator of importance of a specific bold
set of words or sentences.

This is commonly termed as a bold font style, and is darker and heavier
than other font styles. Bold type was introduced in the mid-nineteenth
century. The first widely used bold typefaces were initially used for
announcements or advertisements, which means they were often large as
well as bold. Eventually, bold style was adapted to body text.

Bold fonts are used for headlines, announcements, and big signs, as size
and weight is a way of ranking of information. In hand lettering, bold
lettering is applied to words that the artist wants to stand out. Typically, in a
quote layout, only one or two words are emphasized by large or bold font.
These words can serve as the key points or main theme of the quote.

Apart from adding weight lines, outlines and shadows are also
supplementary techniques that can be applied to letters in order to create
dimensional and decorative effects.

Image

Connecting Letterforms

A ligature occurs when two or more letters are joined together to form a
single character. Typographical ligatures originated when businesspeople
needed to speed up their writing process in order to communicate more
quickly. Joining letters and abbreviating certain words made writing
records and transactions more efficient. Accordingly, older style typefaces
have ligatures as part of their font library.

In hand lettering, ligatures are applied to certain letter combinations to

make type look more attractive. Joining two or more characters together
can make letters look more cohesive. This is a common technique applied
to logos or one-word statements. In a layout, connecting letterforms can
also create harmony between letters and, sometimes, even a combination of
words.

Did you know the ampersand (&) was actually developed from a ligature of
letters e and t (“et” is Latin for “and”)?

Image
chapter
3
Classic Calligraphy
by Fozzy Castro-Dayrit

Writing systems are influenced by the events and values of the people they
belong to, as well as the materials available at the time. For example,
Spencerian script (with ornamental American penmanship) came about in
the nineteenth century, when the United States needed a writing system that
was rapid, legible, and yet graceful, to aid in the growth of commerce and
industry.

The purpose of this chapter is to give you a glimpse of the richness of classic
calligraphy, its tools, forms, and styles. The expressiveness of modern
calligraphy comes from the discipline of the classic forms. Appreciation of
the old writing systems will help the artist decide which rules to break in
order to modernize their work.

As with anything, confidence and ease in your strokes and composition will
grow with practice. Acquire the best tools you can afford and enjoy
exploring.

Image

Using Traditional Tools

by Fozzy Castro-Dayrit

Before modern ink reservoirs, refills, and felt tips, artists had to assemble or
carve their own pens and dip them in a bottle of ink. Whether you want to
experience the sense of history that comes with using traditional tools or the
convenience of more modern tools, it is important to have the best-quality
materials you can afford. They don’t have to be expensive, but they should
be well made.

Image

Nibs

Nibs are made out of thin metal sheets, usually steel, bronze, or titanium.
They typically have two tines with a slit through the middle and a vent (a
little hole) in the body or shank. Sometimes, the metal is folded, which
creates a reservoir for the ink between the two sheets. They come in a
variety of point styles.

The most common nib for calligraphy pens has a flat or chiseled tip. These
are used for italic, gothic, black letter, and roman hand. Flat nibs have a
bold, thick line, but can produce thin lines when the angle of the pen is
changed.

Pointed and flexible nibs are used for scripts such as copperplate/engrosser’s
(also sometimes called English roundhand), Spencerian, and ornamental
script. The tines on flexible nibs split apart when pressure is applied, which
creates shaded strokes, and they snap back to a fine point when pressure is
released.

There are a number of nibs available with varying flexibility. If you are a
beginner, it may be better to start with a stiffer nib like the Japanese G nibs.
Moving to softer or finer nibs can be done as you progress with your
practice. Each nib and writer is different, so take your time and test them
until you find one (or a few) that would work for you.

Always clean your points as you use them and before you put them away.
Keep an eye on your nibs to make sure the tines are not misaligned or
rusted. If this happens, it is best to replace the nib.

Store your new nibs separately from your old nibs, because rust spreads.
You may use tin boxes or plastic organizers found in tool and hobby stores.

Image
Pen Holders

There are two kinds of pen holders: straight and oblique. Holders can be
made of plastic, acrylic, metal, or wood. Wooden ones are preferred by the
traditional artist.

Straight holders are needed for styles involving the broad nib. They also are
the best holder for lefties.

The oblique holder was developed to help the artist achieve a consistent
slant to script letters. It can also be used for offhand flourishing. Choose an
oblique holder with a metal flange, because it can hold almost any size nib.
Although it was designed for right-handed people, left-handed obliques are
available as well.

Ergonomic or comfort holders are hand carved with grooves that show the
student where to place their fingers. In order to have the best design and fit,
makers of such pens often encourage their customers to send photos and
measurements of their hand.

Image

Ink

Traditionally, the nib or pen is dipped into a separate bottle of ink. Because
there is no reservoir in the pen to hold the ink, the liquid must be viscous
enough to hold on to the nib by itself without compromising its flow.

Inks comes in bottles of 3 oz and above. For ease of dipping as well as

transport, they can be decanted to little plastic screwcap bottles called dinky
dips. Little jam jars work as well.

Image

Paper

It is best to use paper of at least 80 gsm in weight that has a degree of

smoothness and tightly woven fibers. If the surface is too glossy, the ink
might bead or just sit on the page or the lines could appear thicker than
intended. A bit of bite (or tooth) tends to produce crisper lines and helps
with writing flow. Laid and watercolor (hot pressed) paper are good
examples of this type of paper. If a pad or notebook is marked as suitable for
fountain pen use, it is usually appropriate for calligraphers as well.

Colored paper and white ink is fun to use, as well, for both decoration and
practice. Black paper with white ink is popular because it is very dramatic.
The negative contrast also helps you see lines and spaces better.

Image

TIP

Place a couple of pages on the table under your writing page to create a
cushion for the nib, which will improve the ease of pen movement and ink
flow.

Using Modern Tools

AJ Tabino

Modern and updated tools offer more opportunities for calligraphers to

practice their art. Fountain pens are one of the most common pens for
calligraphy-style script. They come in a wide variety of tips and styles.
Another modern tool is the parallel pen. This broad-edged pen is excellent
for black letter writing, and the thickness of the stroke changes with the
angle of the pen.

The nib of the parallel pen is made up of two metal plates in parallel to each
other, leaving very minimal space in between for ink flow. The pen uses
cartridges and provides impressive ink flow without the mess.

Image
Image
Image

Getting Started
Before starting any project, you will need to prepare your workspace with
your nibs, paper of choice, and inks. It is also key to have paper towels or a
rag and a jar of water to clean your pen as you practice.

Next, your nib must be prepped. Remove any varnish or grease left on it
during manufacturing, which will help the ink adhere and flow.

In order to prep your nib, scrub it lightly using a toothbrush and a mild
cleanser (such as dish cleanser) or wipe it down with a paper towel and a
cleaning solution containing ammonia (such as glass cleanser). Be sure to
rinse with water and dry it thoroughly! Another method to prepare the nib is
to pass it over a match flame 4 or 5 times. Dip the pen in water to cool it,
then wipe dry. Do not try with a lighter or gas flame, as the intensity of the
heat would damage the nib.

Image

Now you can insert your prepped nib into your holder of choice. If you are
using a pointed nib and an oblique, it is important to check that your nib
point is aligned with your holder. The tip should be in line with the center of
the holder (A). You may need round-nosed pliers to keep the nib in place
while you adjust the angle. Position the pen with the nib pointing toward the
top of the page. Always keep the midline of the pen aligned with the slant
angle, especially for scripts (B). This will make the flow of strokes easier.
Turn the paper to help align, if needed.

Image
Image
Image

Compare: Ink will just sit and bead on a new nib (above), but a prepped nib
will be thoroughly coated (bellow).

Image

Writing Posture
Make sure you are comfortably seated and your shoulders are relaxed. Rest
your elbow at the edge of the table and hold your pen as lightly and naturally
as possible. Keep a light grip in order to avoid stiffness and cramping.

If your hand feels awkward holding the pen aligned to the slant guides,
rotate the paper counterclockwise until these two align. Some calligraphers
write with the paper lines perpendicular to the body. Move the paper closer
to you if you notice that you are stretching over the page. Adjust your tools
and materials so they work with you.

Hold the pen so that it approximates the angle of the letters. Turn the paper
clockwise until comfortable.

Image
Image

Left-handers should hold the pen so it approximates the angle of the letters.
Turn the paper clockwise until comfortable.

As you write, clean your nib to keep the ink flowing well. The pen, when
left idle with ink, can get clogged. Dip the pen into that little jar of water and
wipe it down with your paper towel or rag.

Image
Image

Upstrokes and Downstrokes

Form your upstrokes away from your body, exerting little to no pressure on
the nib in order to make a fine line. The downstrokes are made by pulling
the nib toward the body while applying pressure on the nib. This will make
the tines split and will create a bold, swelled line. In Spencerian script, only
select downstrokes have swells.

Make sure you have enough ink to complete a stroke. If you run out of ink in
the middle of a downstroke, the split tines create tracks. This is called
railroading.
 Image

Apply pressure on the nib on the downstrokes to split the tines.

Italic Calligraphy

by AJ Tabino

Italic, also called chancery italic or cursive, is an accessible way to start

learning calligraphy. The elegant letterform of italic makes it one of the most
beloved styles of writing. Although a family of scripts, italic is usually
characterized by forward slopes—slanting to the right, springing arches, and
dynamic style.

Image

First used by clerks in the Pope’s office, italic was developed during the
Renaissance. Over the years, however, the italic hand became refined further
for legibility and speed. The style evolved into different forms, becoming
less angular and a bit rounder. Italic was popular throughout the sixteenth
century and onward until the rise of copperplate during the eighteenth
century.

Image
Image

Getting Started

To help you get started, here are the things you need to take note of.

Guide Preparation

First, create nib widths to serve as a guide for the size and position of your
letters. To make a nib width, use your flat tip pen to create a square. You can
also create them digitally. We will be setting the nib width ratio for italic at
3:5:3. This means three nib-widths for ascenders, five nib widths for x-
heights, and three nib widths for descenders. Although various guides can be
done with this hand, this is the one that works best for the pen that we will
be using. Set the slope at 5° to achieve italic’s slanted style.

Image
Image

Pen Angle

Pen angle is different from the letter slope. The slopes determine the
direction of the letters, and the angle determines the contrast between thin
and thick strokes. Usually, the pen angle for italic is between 30 and 45
degrees. To begin, we will use the 40-degree angle to highlight the distinct
variation between italic and black letter.

Image

Letter Variation

Italic is well known for the slants or slopes of its letterforms. However, italic
is also a family of styles. The letters you see below are variations that show
how positioning your pen can make a difference. The more you practice
your italic hand, the more you will learn about how these letters are formed.

Try using different kinds of ratio for your guide. The differences that you
will see will be more evident, depending on how high you set the x-height,
ascender, or descender. Once you master the letterforms, you will see how
fun it is to create variations. In addition to using different ratio for your
guides, challenge yourself and use different sizes of pen. Experimenting is a
great way to familiarize yourself with the letters and style.

Image

Basic Strokes and Concepts

Italic alphabets have branching characteristics that makes it necessary for

the pen to be adjusted as you write. See the guide, below, for the following
basic strokes.
When creating these basic strokes, make sure you hold the pen firmly, but
not so tight that you will cramp up. Make sure your angles are still on point,
even when shifting to another stroke. Press, relax, and pull.

It is best if you complete a couple of basic strokes and drills before you
proceed to writing letters. This helps you develop your muscle memory.

Thin Upstroke

Position your pen in an upright manner, then drag it going up

Image

Thin Downstroke

Position your pen in an upright manner, then drag going down

Image

Thin Curve Upstroke

Use an edge of a flat tip pen, go up and create a slight curve

Image

Side/Dash Stroke

Drag the pen across the paper to the right; this is usually for letters f, t, z

Image

Half Overturn

Start with a very thin upstroke, then an abrupt, thick downstroke (no lifting
from the paper)

Image

Crescent Stroke
Thin downstroke first, without lifting the pen off the paper; slightly add
pressure going down to the right

Image

Halfway Crescent

Start with a crescent stroke, then continue doing a thin curve upstroke

Image

Upright Stroke

Maintain pen angle, slightly launch your stroke by doing a thin upstroke;
maintain pen angle, then go down and abruptly end it with a very short, thin
curved upstroke

Image

Letter Structure

Once you’ve begun learning the basic strokes, you can start creating letters.
Basic strokes serves as the foundation for any calligraphy letter, so always
keep them in mind. If you have difficulty with a letter, go back and practice
the strokes. Here are italic uppercase letters with their lowercase
counterparts.

Image

Copperplate

When England started to establish itself as an economic power in the mid-

seventeenth century, the growing business class increased the demand for
education in writing and bookkeeping. The printing methods of the time also
helped shift styles from the italic hands of the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries. The pointed burin used for engraving the printing plates made the
letters more rounded and slanted, and the contrast between thick and thin
lines more prominent. The plates were made out of copper, hence the birth
of the term copperplate. Following the changes in the letters by the plate
engravers, scribes then carved and sharpened their pens to match the new
hand. This style is also called engraver’s script.

Copperplate was preferred for its practicality (speed and legibility) and its
beauty. During almost four centuries of use, there have been a few changes
in its execution, but the basic aesthetic is largely the same.

Image

“A good start is half the work.”

Perhaps the most notable collection of examples from the mid-eighteenth

century is George Bickham’s The Universal Penman. The book has over 200
samples of written work from the finest calligraphers in England, all
engraved by Bickham to be published for scholars and subscribers. This
book, now published by Dover Publications, is a true inspiration to anyone
studying this script.

In the United States, Charles P. Zaner, founder of the Zanerian College of

Penmanship in Ohio, published numerous books and instruction manuals in
the late nineteenth century. These include Lessons in Engrosser’s Script by
Zaner himself, and The Zanerian Manual. These books inspired most of the
instruction in this section.

The basic strokes here comprise the small letters or miniscules. In

copperplate script, each pen movement is controlled and precise. Do not
depend on the fingers all the time, because they will cramp easily. Use your
forearm and keep your wrist flexible in order to push and pull your entire
hand over the page. Observe the slanting of the letters and work to keep
them consistent. The copperplate slant is 55 degrees.

Image

The Universal Penman, Engraved by George Bickham, London, 1743.

Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1954.

Image
With these basic strokes, you can build small letters or the miniscules.

Use your fingers to make the turns and the tight loops. Start to taper your
heavy shade even before you reach the baseline or make a turn. The gradual
release of pressure helps you avoid catching paper fibers or ink blobs when
you snap the nib back at the last minute.

Image
Image

Lift the pen to help learn to control transitions.

Likewise, be careful in applying pressure when switching from a light stroke

to a heavy one. Make it gradual so the ink doesn’t gush out of the nib.

If you are having a hard time with the transitions, lift the pen between the
strokes. In fact, the strictest form of copperplate involved lifting every time
at the baseline or between strokes. Do not rush, take your time.

The exit strokes are just as important as the letter itself. If you learn control
in these strokes, you can connect letters in words more cleanly. If done half-
heartedly or in a rush (like the end of a check mark), it’s not going to look
very balanced. Putting together the fundamental strokes discussed
previously will have you writing the small letters. Practice with small words
first, before attempting longer ones. Pay attention to the consistency
between strokes and letters. A steady rhythm contributes a great deal to the
beauty of the script.

Image

Exit strokes should be completed with as much care as the initial strokes.

Image

The miniscules are combinations of the basic strokes.

The writing of the capital letters, or majuscules, depends highly on the

execution of the capital stem, which is also called a compound curve.
Visually, it may look like an S, but it actually is a straight line with swells
tapering at the top and bottom.

Image

Make sure your forms hit the lines—baseline, midline, and topline—when it
applies.

Image

The capital stem is essentially a straight line down with the swell tapering
the ends.

In order to create a capital stem, start with a light point, then carefully add
pressure as you go down toward the midline. Then decrease pressure so it
diminishes to a hairline when you reach the baseline.

The following photo shows how the stem appears in almost all the capital
letters. The more you practice the stem, the better you will get. However,
don’t be ashamed of your mistakes! Making and correcting mistakes are the
only ways you will learn.

Image

Note how the stem appears in most of the majuscule letters.

Image

This example groups the majuscules of similar strokes and form.

Spencerian Calligraphy

Platt Rogers Spencer (1800–1864) developed this beautiful, flowing style of

writing that bears his name. In the early-nineteenth-century United States,
trade and industry was booming. Copperplate was still widely used,
especially for bill heads, advertising, matters of state, resolutions, and
policies. But the shaded script required dexterity. Spencer’s writing system
encouraged freedom of movement. When it was established, it became a
force in education and promotion of literacy as well as in business. The
acceptance and growth of this new system also marked the start of
America’s golden age of handwriting (1850–1925).

Image

There’s no success except where there’s discipline.

What makes Spencerian different from copperplate? The script is generally

without shading, with swells prominent only in the capital letters. How one
shades, and by how much, is left to the individual arist, which makes it easy
to personalize.

This is a system that encourages gentle and free-flowing lines with wide
spacing. Spencer was largely inspired by curves found in nature and we can
see this in the open, elliptical shapes of his letterforms. The omission of
heavy shading on every stroke gives the script its delicate and graceful
appearance.

The wider spaces between strokes are for the speed of writing and legibility.
Learning how to make the letters flow can be practiced through cross drills.
The exercise helps your hand acquire a smooth and light rhythm. First, write
the letters or word on the lines, then turn the paper to write them across the
perpendicular. Start with small groups, with five lines of four letters crossed
with another four letters (5 to 7 times across). Short words may also be used.

Image

Cross drill exercises train your muscles to move with ease. Short words are
also great exercises for practice.

Image

Exercises penned by C. P. Zaner from the collection of Michael R. Sull.

Image

You can do cross drills with two similar letters, like p and f.
Use your forearm muscles to glide the hand across the page, with the fingers
assisting in curves or loops. If your wrist isn’t flexible of if you grip the pen
too tightly, you will not be able to link forms freely. Remember that these
are movement exercises, so form takes a back seat. Don’t worry if your form
isn’t perfect, it’ll get better in time.

The wonderful thing about Spencerian hand is that whatever writing

instrument you use, the forms will remain the same. Because it doesn’t have
shades you can practice with colored pencils or a regular ballpoint. You can
use colors for interest while cross-drilling, too!

Another way to study spacing and the sliding motion is to use your regular
lined paper crosswise. At right and below are a bit of drills done from the
book Modern Business Penmanship by Edward C. Mills (published in
1903).

Image

Have fun by using colored pens or pencils!

Image

You can practice with your pad crosswise to study spacing and movement.

What makes Spencerian script different from the roundness of copperplate is

the joints that hinge the letters together, which are called soft turns. Examine
your writing to see if your turns look too sharp. They should curve slightly,
like a bent elbow.

Make the miniscules flow by keeping your hand and grip light. Bear down
only when there are shades, like in the d and the t, and some descenders like
y, g, f, and p. You don’t need to practice shading if you’re new to this, nor
do you need to write with speed at the onset. Focus on forms and getting a
comfortable pace. Speed will come later, when your muscles are more
familiar with the movement.

Image
Can you see the soft turn of the Spencerian hand? It is made up of a smooth
succession of lines, rather than copperplate’s combination of drawn shapes.
Mark the exercises you think are good and those that need improvement, so
you can fix them next time.

The capitals are simple, yet elegant. The secret to getting the script just right
is to practice the oval or the capital O. The rotating movement, both
clockwise and counterclockwise, is present in almost all the Spencerian
capitals. The example of the majuscules here also includes the basic stems
you can practice.

Because Spencerian script was intended for business and education,

flourishes and such elaborate strokes are kept to a minimum. A dramatic
variant of Spencerian called ornamental penmanship, however, can be a
showcase of proficiency and skill.

The style is extremely elaborate, yet seamless. How artists wrote their
signatures was considered the height of ornamental penmanship. But do note
that under all the flourishes and decorations are the correct forms of
Spencerian letters.

Image

In penmanship schools, copybooks were popular. The teacher wrote the

model on top and the student filled the lines below for practice. Here is a
filled-out practice sheet from the Spencerian Practice Set by Michael R.
Sull.
This example includes exercises and the basic capital stems for the
Spencerian majuscules.
Print blocks of calligrapher’s signatures from the Zanerian College.

There are two main rules for executing these flourishes or what are called
superscriptions. 1) They are based on ovals and curves, and 2) heavy strokes
or swells never intersect. Great inspiration for this dramatic script are the
works of Louis Madarasz, C. C. Canan, and of course C. P. Zaner and P. Z.
Bloser (see Resources).

Image

Artistic writing inspired by the style of C. C. Canan.

Image

Writing of M. M. Valentine, from the collection of Michael R. Sull.

Image

Writing of Valentine and Raymond, from the collection of Michael R. Sull.

Blackletter Calligraphy
by AJ Tabino

Blackletter, which is also called Gothic or Old English, involves a variety of

calligraphic styles. Some calligraphers favor this style because of its feeling
of drama with its dark letterforms full of impact and contrast. Blackletter is
characterized by uniform, upright, or vertical strokes, and various built-up
serifs. Though one of the most popular hands in calligraphy, blackletter is
best for short texts, as it can be tough to read in large portions.

Image
Image

Used throughout Europe from around the eleventh century, most of the black
letter letterforms were based on a style called Carolingian minuscule. This
was developed to provide consistently legible books and publications.
However, as printed literature became more widespread, Carolingian
miniscule could not keep up. It took too much time and labor to make. It was
replaced by black letter, which was the standard hand used to print books.
From there, four major classic styles of blackletter emerged: textura,
rotunda, schwabacher, and fraktur.

To this day, varieties of blackletter are still evolving. Its development is

driven by each practitioner who adds their own character to the hand.
 Image

Getting Started

Starting out with black letter can be confusing, at times, considering the
various styles available. But you will soon see that those styles have more
similarities than differences. In this demonstration, we will use textura hand
using a 3.8-mm size parallel pen.

Guide Preparation

Guides can be daunting, but they are a great reinforcement as you

understand how letters are formed.

A common nib-width ratio for a blackletter guide is 2:4:2. But for this demo,
we will be using the 3:5:3 ratio. This means three nib widths for both the
ascender and descender, and five nib widths for the x-height. This ratio is
most compatible with the pen and hand that we will be using.
You can create your own guide, and experiment with different guide
variations. Guide sheets are available shown here. The purpose for a guide is
to help you develop proper execution of the letters.

Pen Angle

Among other things that you need to think about when starting out is the pen
angle. A good angle for writing in blackletter is 45 degrees. Once you have a
flat-tip pen, however, try different angles to see how a slight change in
position affects letter structure. Although calligraphy enthusiasts prefer
different angles (which is fine), you must be consistent once you’ve chosen
your pen angle. A consistent pen angle will allow you to achieve the
letterforms that you want.

Image
Image

Basic Strokes and Concepts

Black letter alphabets are made up of stroke combinations. Once you learn
the individual strokes and get used to the feel of the pen in your hand and on
the paper, you will be well on your way. Check the following basic strokes.

When creating these basic strokes, make sure you hold the pen firmly, but
not so tight as to cause strain. Make sure your angles are still on point, even
when shifting to another stroke. Press, relax, and pull.

Thin Upstroke

Position your pen in an upright manner, then drag it going up

Image

Thin Downstroke

Position your pen in an upright manner, then drag going down

Image
Diamond

Angle your pen at 45° then slowly drag/slide to the left

Image

Thick Downstroke

Maintaining now at 45° pen angle, drag the pen down

Image

Side/Dash Stroke

Drag the pen across the paper to the right

Image

Flag Stroke

Thin upstroke first, then without lifting the pen off the paper, slightly slide
going down to the right

Image

Wave Stroke

Start with an upstroke, let the pen dance by continuing a downstroke, then
going up again

Image

Overturn

Start with a thin upstroke, then an abrupt turn for a downstroke (no lifting
from the paper)

Image

Underturn
Still angled at 45°, slightly drag going down, then make a turn going up (no
lifting from the paper)

Image

Letter Structure

If you are having a hard time with this hand at any stage, you can always go
back to doing basic strokes.

Starting out with rigid forms can be an adjustment for people who are used
to only regular writing. The flag stroke is a good place for beginners to start
because it is a launching point for all other strokes, much like the entrance
stroke for doing copperplate. This rigid form will help you learn how to
adjust from regular writing to stricter hands.

Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
Image
 Image
Image
Image
Image

Roman Calligraphy

by Jelvin Base

Modern roman capitals are derived from letters that are seen inscribed on
monuments in ancient Rome. Compared to its traditional counterpart,
modern roman capitals are modified for writing with pens rather than
brushes.

Image

The letter E on the left (below) is an example derived from the alphabet of
ancient Rome, and the letter E on the right is an example of a letter from the
modern roman alphabet. Do you see any differences between the two forms?
In order to adapt the modern roman alphabet to use with pens, the letters are
written with strokes moving vertically, horizontally, diagonally, as well as in
ovals and curves.

Image

Tools

The main tool that is needed to write modern roman capitals is a

chisel/flat/broad-edged pen. Most of the time, you can find broad-edged
nibs, flat brushes, and calligraphy pens in your local craft or art store, but if
you can’t find any of them, you can try sticking two pencils together with a
rubber band or a couple strips of tape.

The most important thing here is to be resourceful with the things that you
have to kickstart writing the scripts that you want. Grab anything that’s
available at your disposal and budget.
In the photo, you can see different types of tools that you can use to achieve
creating modern roman capitals:

• Double pencil

• Homemade calligraphy pen using aluminum soda cans

• Felt-tip calligraphy pen

• Broad-edged nib with a holder

• Steel-tip calligraphy pen

• Flat sable brush

Image

How to Write with a Broad-Edged Pen

A chisel/flat/broad-edged pen is not used the same way ordinary pens are.
The trick is to practice writing with the tip flat on the paper. Do your best to
write slowly, making sure the whole tip is flat on the paper to maximize the
width that the pen can achieve. It might feel uncomfortable, at first, but once
you get the hang of it, you’ll be writing strokes like the ones in the photo to
the right.

Some beginners tend to push and press the pen onto the paper with too much
force. Don’t worry if can’t get it on your first try; try to get a feeling for the
tool that you’re using, and the rest will follow.

Image

Pen Angles

When writing in modern roman capitals, keep your pen at the same angle
throughout your stroke. This is true for black letter and italics, as well. The
pen angle affects the overall form of the letter when you’re writing, and for
modern roman capitals, the angle of the pen should be between 30 and 40
degrees. No need to break out the protractor—you can eyeball it.

In the example below to the right, the first letter is written in a pen angle of
around 30 degrees, the second letter is around 70 degrees, and the last letter
is around 15 degrees. There’s a significant difference in appearance caused
by simply changing the pen angle.

Image
Image

Warm-ups

I know you’re itching to write some letters, but let’s get our hands familiar
with some strokes first.

The main strokes used in modern roman capitals are vertical strokes,
horizontal strokes, diagonal strokes, and circular/oval strokes. The examples
above consists of the majority of strokes that we’ll be using when we’re
writing the letters.

These warm-ups kill two birds with one stone. Not only are we preparing
our hands for further writing, we’re also getting to know the strokes that
comprise the letters in the alphabet.

Try doing the drills pictured in the photo. The practice strokes are
straightforward: do your best to draw a square, a cross, and an oval. Also,
keep in mind your pen should be at an approximately 30-degree angle.
Warm-ups can be repetitive and boring, but if you put in enough time, your
writing will improve greatly.

Image
Image

Letter Proportion

There are three calligraphic and typographic terms that we need to learn so
that we’ll have an idea on how to write letters proportionally:
• Baseline

• Cap height

• Number of nib widths

The baseline is where the letters sit when we write. The cap height is the line
that shows the height of the letters. We now know what the cap height is, but
how do we determine how tall the letters should be? We refer to the number
of nib widths.

The number of nib widths determines the proportion of the letters given the
size of the nib, which are the squares that you see to the left of the word in
the image below. For modern roman capitals, the number of nib widths that
we need to prepare is eight. Just stack the squares into a staircase structure if
you have a hard time doing the alternate ones.

Plotting the number of nib widths from the baseline determines the cap
height so we can write letters proportionally. In the photo, you can see the
difference between a well-proportioned letter and letters that aren’t given
enough clearance. It’s difficult to write modern roman capitals if the cap
height is less than eight nib widths.

Image

Alphabets and Genealogy

Now it’s time to write some letters!

You might wonder why I arranged the letters in this way and not in
alphabetical order. These letters are sorted by their letter groups or
genealogy so it is easy to determine the shapes that go with every letter. Can
you spot the strokes within the letters? Do you notice how the letters are
similar to the warm-up strokes?

The letter groups are arranged by the complexity in the combination of

strokes; e.g., letter I is the easiest because you only need one stroke to write
the letter. Following the order of strokes that we tackled in the previous
section, we’ll do the letters with horizontal and vertical strokes first, then
move on to ones with diagonals and ovals. You’ll notice that the warm-up
strokes that we did earlier form the letters that we’re going to write.

•IJLTHFE

•VAWXMNZKY

•PRB

•DCGOQ

•SU

Do your best to follow the stroke orders and go through the alphabet from
the simplest letter to the most complex. Don’t forget to do things slowly
until you can get the strokes that form each letter

Image
Image

Offhand Flourishing

Offhand flourishing is a component of ornamental penmanship, and shows

the artist’s skill and creativity. With the rise of the elaborate scripts,
calligraphers began using flourishes to create works of art beyond just
letters.

Image

The primary designs were of birds, plumes, cartouches, scrolls, and various
foliage. These were used to decorate things like diplomas, advertisements,
greeting cards, and were published in various magazines devoted to the craft
of penmanship. The birds and small accents can also be used to decorate
titles and headings. They are seen here as ornamentations to student name
tags.

Image
Nametags penned by Master Penman Michael R. Sull.

You can use either a straight holder or an oblique. Traditionally, a straight

pen is held so that strokes are made moving away from the body. Heavy
shades are made exclusively outward. If you are more comfortable with an
oblique holder, feel free to use it. You can also make swells toward your
body if this is easier. Don’t forget that you can turn the paper, too!

Image

An example of how to hold a straight holder.

Attempting to flourish may look very scary. But the key is to focus only on
the stroke that comes before and not worry too much about anything else
first. Practice strokes in groups of three (A). Try to keep the swells parallel,
using the stroke before as a reference.

Image

If you examine flourishes, you’ll notice that they are merely a bouquet of
repeating lines in different sizes. And a simple curved line can be turned into
foliage (B).

Image

The Cartouche—Take this simple cartouche, above, for example. A

cartouche is a collection of at least three curves that make a unified design.
There are six strokes in the sample, made in the numbered sequence. We
start with a compound curve, just like a copperplate capital stem. The
following strokes all bisect a V space. Can you see them?

Image
Image

You’d also see a lot of quill designs, because it was the symbol and main
tool for calligraphy. For beginner’s practice, let us assemble something
similar: a leaf. The first stroke is a curve and you could put in a swell or just
make a monoline. Working on the right side first, turn the paper so the
swells come toward your body (or away, if this is your preference). Now the
fun part! These half-ovals don’t need to touch the main stroke. Do start with
a hairline first, then swell, then taper when you curve. The gradation of the
sizes can follow a pencil guide of the shape. Note that no shades intersect.

When you’re done with the right side, turn the paper so it’s easier to do the
strokes for the left side. Go through the same exercise of filling up the space.
Make it as sparse or dense as you want. Feel free to study old flourishing
examples to see the many ways you can fill in a quill space! Notable works
include that of F. B. Courtney, W. E. Dennis, C. P. Zaner, and Michael R.
Sull.

Image
Image
Image

Flourishes are often used in border work and headings. Expanding a pattern
lengthwise involves the repetition of strokes in a line. The steps in the
photos above were done in different colors to show the progression.

The practice of offhand flourishing is a freeing one. You don’t need to worry
about slants or letterforms. Be inspired and have fun with it. Experiment
with color combinations and shapes. As with anything, skill comes with
practice. So, enjoy and flourish freely!

Image
Image
Image
Image

Project

by Geli Balcruz

TIP

Avoid overmixing the watercolor as this may ruin your paper.

NAME CARD
Add an artistic touch to your name cards with a fun watercolor wash.

MATERIALS

• watercolor paper

• watercolors

• brush

• nib

• nib holder

• ink

• pencil

• washi or masking tape

Image

1 Place a strip of washi tape across the middle of your watercolor paper.

2 Decide on the colors you’ll use for your watercolor wash. You can use a
single color or two or three mixed colors. Applying the wet-on-wet
technique*, start creating your watercolor wash around the washi tape.

Image
Image

3 While waiting for your watercolor wash to dry, decide on what

calligraphic style you’ll use on the middle part. It can be a fun freehand or a
strict italic—whatever you prefer!

4 Once the watercolor paint is dry, gently remove the washi tape to prep it
for writing. On the clear part of the paper, you can use your pencil to draft
your name or you can immediately write on the notecard using your dip pen.

Image
 Image
Image

5 Allow a few minutes for the ink to dry.

Image
Image

* A method in which fresh (wet) paint is added to an already wet surface,

resulting in colors with soft, fuzzy edges. Make sure your paper is thick
enough to absorb water so it doesn’t buckle and use a clean sponge to
dampen the area before adding your color(s).
 chapter

Modern Hand Lettering

The art of using a brush for lettering has been around since the early 1800s, when sign painting
became widespread. This style was used mostly for announcements and ads, and is now a staple in
custom lettering styles.
In recent years, there has been a resurgence of all things hand drawn, which allows artists and
designers to incorporate these elements into their creative process. Moreover, modern tools have
made it easier to practice modern hand lettering, giving us the capability to more easily produce
letterforms that resemble older styles. What’s interesting about modern hand lettering is that every
letterform looks unique, as we each have our own respective handwriting that is reflected in the
strokes we create.
In this chapter, we will tackle the essence of modern hand lettering, using both traditional and
modern tools to come up with various styles; mastering basic script; adding “bounce” to your letters
and layouts; using flourishes, flowers, and leaves to enhance your work; and incorporating your hand
lettering into fun projects.
Start by using a pencil or fineliner pen to work on scripts, unless you are intent on using a brush-
tip pen for thick and thin stroke variety. For paper, use anywhere from 60 to 80 gsm for ink and 200
to 300 gsm for watercolors. Depending on your paper choice—for beginners especially—the weight
measurements will limit the strokes you can produce.
 Using Traditional Tools
Before commercial printers, signs were lettered with brushes. Paintbrushes
originated in China around 300 BCE, with the advent of calligraphy, and
eventually spread across the other continents. Paintbrushes were common in
lettering—especially for writing script fonts.

Round brushes are commonly used because their shape allows for both
thick and thin strokes. Liner brushes are used for detailing and drawing thin
script fonts. Flat brushes are most useful for bold strokes that required a
squarish tip.
 Using Modern Tools
With the popularity of analog writing in the digital age, there has been a
sudden influx of modern tools to the market. Updated classics and
completely new tools enable artists to experiment with more styles and
techniques, adding to their modern hand-lettering skill set.

Nowadays, paintbrushes are most often made from synthetic (nylon or

polyester) hair, and are low maintenance and beginner friendly. Paint
options have expanded exponentially as well, with the rise of watercolors
available in pans, tubes, and in concentrated forms.
New brands of brush pens and markers have helped artists transition
from traditional round-tip brushes. This, in turn, gives artists the
opportunity to develop looser and more freeform lettering styles in their
work.
A notable characteristic of modern brush lettering is its variety in terms
of style. Modern brush lettering takes its inspiration from traditional
calligraphy and adds a creative do-it-yourself aesthetic to lettering. This
chapter will show you how to create lettering for the page, the plate, and
even the back of your smartphone!
 Basic Script
Basic script comes from the fluid strokes created by our own cursive
handwriting. Its main characteristic is the connection of each letterform
derived from the classic, flowing scripts of calligraphy—although some
script fonts tend to have separated letterforms. Mostly used for display
rather than body text, script fonts come in both formal and casual styles.

Formal Script
Formal script originated from calligraphy in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. The strokes are usually angled to the right, and all letterforms are
connected in each word. The letters in this form were originally written
with a quill or metal nib, which can create both thin and thick strokes.
Nowadays, this script is used for special occasions, including lettering on
diplomas and fancy invitations.

For a valiant heart, nothing is impossible.—Jacques Cover

Casual Script
Casual scripts emerged in the twentieth century, and have been used for
advertising and sign making. Each decade has its own style of scripts and
many styles reappear in a retro fashion, becoming new again. The letters in
this form are mostly written with a wet brush, making it looser than formal
scripts. With its informal style and modern approach, this font style can
have varied width strokes, as well as nonconnecting letterforms in each
word.

Doing is better than saying.

Warming Up
Practice with your strokes and lines, and keep them loose. It’s important to
have a good grip on your pencil or pen, similar to how you hold it when
writing. Start by writing A to Z in both uppercase and lowercase styles.
Note that some letters can change, depending on how you learned to form
them. Don’t worry about any variations you see between your own letters
and the guidesheets. Make your style your own!
 Below is an example of a basic script alphabet.

Lowercase script

Connecting Strokes
As you start writing, depending on your letter’s orientations and whether
you are left or right handed, you may want to keep your paper at a diagonal
for easier writing. If you keep your paper straight, make sure your paper is
properly marked in order to get a uniform angle measurement once you
create your scripts.
Uppercase script
 Adding Bounce
Bounce lettering adds character to your forms. In school, we were taught to
practice handwriting within the lines on our practice sheets. But since hand
lettering is all about drawing letters, we can tweak the structures and adjust
the letters to our liking. We can opt to disregard the baseline and create our
own flow based on the letters that are connected in each word. Instead of
just writing each letter in a straight line, the movement of each character on
paper integrates into the layout design of each word.

Changing the heights or reducing the sizes of letters in a word makes it

easier to build the composition of a quote. There are certain letters, as well,
that have qualities suitable for what is called bounce lettering. These letters
have distinct characteristics that are best for achieving the bounce effect.
Descenders can be extended and create a bridge to the next letter of the
word.
By elongating the letterform’s tail or swash of certain letters, the layout can
look more put together.
Extending the crossbar on these letters can connect them to the next letter
seamlessly.
Adding exaggeration to the top bar helps create a “roof” for the letters
inside the word.

Here are some examples of applying the bounce effect to brush lettering.
 Flourishes
Flourishes add character to your hand-lettering layouts and create a more
cohesive look to your design. It is easy to add flourishes to script-style fonts
as they are very fluid and connect well.
How to Add Flourishes to Your Work
Quote: Allt är inte guld som glimmar. (All that glimmers is not gold.)
1 Start by creating a draft of the quote you will be using.
2 Add bounce, as needed, on a few letters.
3 Find spaces in the layout where flourishes can be added.
4 Experiment with different flourish styles and techniques.
5 Once the layout is seamless, you can start inking it with your brush pen or marker.
Where to Add Flourishes
You can add flourishes anywhere in your hand-lettering work. Use a
flourish to create an extra dimension to a word or quote, as the flourish
creates a connective line from the letters to its embellished parts in a layout.
Flourishing for modern hand lettering has no definite rules. Keep
experimenting with different ways to connect each word and/or letterform
and find combinations that work for you.
The beginning letter of a word
Notice the exaggeration of swashes on the F.
The middle letter of a word: hanging tail (g, j, r, s, t, or y)
Take note of the integration of words in this layout. Make sure that all words have equal space in the
layout.
The end letter of a word
The letter Y has a double loop for emphasis.
Border-style flourishing
For quotes, choose particular letters that can be flourished and then integrate the flourish with the
outside borders for a seamless pattern.
 Flowers and Leaves
Here are some samples of flowers and leaves that can be incorporated
inside letterforms or as additional accents to your layouts.

Enhance your lettering work further by incorporating floral borders or

wreaths. These create frames and accentuate the lettered phrase.
Floral elements are usually applied after the quote has already been lettered.
Here are some examples using watercolors. There are many ways to
execute this, so keep experimenting until you find a style that works for
you.
 Projects
by Geli Balcruz

TIP
Prepare the plate by washing it in order to help the ink adhere.

CALLIGRAPHY ON A CERAMIC PLATE

Create a decorative ceramic plate that will add oomph to your table setting
or an accent to your wall.

MATERIALS
• ceramic plate
• acrylic marker or acrylic brush pen
• paper
• pencil
1 Place your plate on a piece of paper and trace around it with your pencil. This will serve as your
practice sheet to draft on the word, name, or quote that you’ll write on the plate.
2 On your practice paper plate, make drafts of your artwork. You may want to incorporate different
styles of calligraphy, especially if you have a long quote to write.
3 When you’re done with your drafts, get your acrylic marker or brush pen and start writing on your
plate. If you’re using a clear ceramic plate, you can place the paper underneath the plate as a guide.

4 Once you’re done inking your quote, allow the paint to dry for a few minutes before using it for
display. You may apply a protective coating such as a fixative to protect your artwork.
 NOTE
This plate is solely for decorative purposes only and not to be used with food.

CALLIGRAPHY ON WOODEN SLAB

These wooden slabs can be a great décor piece or a perfect gift for the
holidays.

MATERIALS
• wooden slab
• acrylic marker (you may also use a pointed brush and an acrylic color of your choice)
• paper
• pencil

1 Wooden slabs comes in different shapes; you may want to consider the size of the slab when
choosing what you’ll write on it. Choose a fun word, a motivational quote, a song lyric, etc. This
project uses the phrase “Adventure is out there.”
2 On your practice paper, create different drafts of your chosen quote. You may want to play around
with the layout, calligraphy style, and add illustrations.
3 Once you’ve chosen your style, decide if you’ll paint a background on your wooden slab or opt for
single-color paint for your letters.
4 If you’re going to paint directly on the wooden slab, lightly write your quote on the wood using
pencil. This will give you an overview of your spacing and how the quote will appear. If you
decide to paint a background, allow the paint to dry first before writing on top of the surface.
5 Using your marker or a brush and acrylic paint, start inking over the penciled-in quote.
6 Once you’re done inking your quote, allow the paint to dry before using it for your parties or décor
wall.
 TIP
Choose notebooks that don’t have a glossy cover because the embossing adhesive
will not cling to the cover. I’ve found that kraft notebooks are the perfect fit for this
project!

EMBOSSED CALLIGRAPHY NOTEBOOK

Create a one-of-a-kind notebook that will shine. Make one for yourself and
a second as a gift for a friend!

MATERIALS
 • blank notebook
• embossing pen
• embossing powder
• heat gun
• pencil
• practice paper

1 On your practice paper, start drafting what you’d like to write on your notebook. Have fun making
your layout, and don’t be afraid to mix different styles.
2 Once you’ve finalized your quote, pencil in some guides on your notebook or freestyle it and start
writing on the cover.
3 Take note of the spaces in between your letters and words as embossing takes a little more space
than just writing.
4 Once you’re done drafting the quote, get your embossing pen, prepare your embossing powder, and
an extra sheet paper.
5 Using your embossing pen, trace over the drafted word and immediately pour the embossing
powder. Gently move around the notebook to make sure that you covered the entire area.
6 Shake off the powder onto your extra paper. After you catch the excess powder on your scratch
paper, roll it into a funnel to put it back in the embossing powder container so you can reuse it. You
can use a small paintbrush or cotton swab to remove excess powder.
7 Hold the embossing gun at an angle at least 4" to 6" (10 to 15 cm) away from the image. Gently
sweep the gun over the image and be mindful not to heat one area for too long, as this will burn
your paper. The powder will turn shiny and dimensional once the embossing powder melts.

8 Repeat these steps until you embossed over the entire quote.
 TIP
When writing a long quote, you may want to emboss it word by word or two or three
words at a time to make sure that the embossing adhesive does not dry up on the
paper. The paper easily absorbs the adhesive and the embossing powder will not
properly adhere if it dries up.
 Projects
BOOKMARKS
Add a little oomph to your books by designing your own bookmarks with
hand-lettered quotes. Plus, these also make great gifts for friends and
family!
1 Cut up your watercolor paper to your desired bookmark size. This one is 2" × 6" (5 × 15 cm).
2 Choose a quote you’d like to hand letter on your bookmark. It can be related to the book you’re
currently reading, or you can make up your own. Make sure it’s not too long so it can fit the alloted
space.
3 On your scratch paper, do several drafts of the quote you will hand letter. Try applying different
layout techniques to achieve the composition that you want.

MATERIALS
• Scissors
• Scratch paper
• Watercolor paper, 300 gsm
• Pencil
There are two styles you can try with your DIY bookmarks:
STYLE ONE: WATERCOLOR WASH

ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
• brush pen
• watercolors
• cup of water
• large paintbrush
1 Follow steps 1–3 (shown here).
2 Dip your brush in a watercolor and then in water.
3 With pressure, apply paint using your dipped brush on your watercolor paper. We want to create a
watercolor wash background as a base for your lettering. If the pigment is too dark, blot it with
tissue paper.
4 Leave it to dry for 30 minutes. Once the paint dries, using your pencil, lightly trace your layout
design on the watercolor paper. Then using your brush pen, hand letter your quote. Take note of the
alignment, depending on word count. Leave it to dry.
 TIP
You can integrate two or more colors in your wash as they will blend and have a
gradient effect.

STYLE TWO: PATTERN PLAY

ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
• brush pen
• compass (for scaling)
• markers in different colors
1 Follow steps 1–3 (shown here).
2 On a separate sheet of paper, experiment with different patterns you’d like for your bookmark.
3 On your watercolor paper, use your compass to draw two circles (one inside and one slightly larger
outside) in the middle of the bookmark. This is where your lettered quote will be written.
4 Using markers, create your pattern of choice on the space outside the drawn circle.
5 Once you’ve finalized your quote design, use your brush pen to write it inside the circle.
HAND-LETTERED COASTER
Place your favorite beverage in a nifty cork coaster.

MATERIALS
• pencil
• eraser
• scratch paper
• permanent markers
• corkboard sheet
• scissors/cutter
1 On your scratch paper, create various drafts and designs you would like to incorporate into your
coaster. I’m keeping it simple with some one-liners and basic patterns.
2 Using your ruler, measure your preferred coaster size. Mark the dimensions on the corkboard sheet
and cut accordingly.
3 Once the cork sheet has been cut into squares, pencil in rough guides on your coaster. Then, using
your marker, color it in.
4 Leave them out to dry before using.

WALL ART
Be inspired to take on adventures with this travel-themed wall art that you
can display in any room.

MATERIALS
• pencil
• eraser
• ruler
• scratch paper
• world map (or any map of your choice; must be writeable)
• permanent brush marker
• wooden frame
1 On your scratch paper, create various layouts of your chosen quote. Make sure that the word count
fits the canvas.
2 Cut your map to fit within the the wooden frame. I’m using a letter-size frame (8.5" × 11" or A4),
so I will cut up the map to that size.
3 Prepare your map by measuring out 1" (2.5 cm) borders on all sides and creating a division at the
center using your pencil.
4 From your set of layout drafts, choose your best layout and transfer it onto the map. Lightly trace it
with your pencil to use as guide for inking.
5 Using your brush marker, trace over the pencil marks.
6 After adding lettering on the map, leave it to dry for 1 hour. Once it is dry, erase the visible pencil
marks and affix the wooden frame. It’s now ready for display.
 chapter

Decorative Lettering
The history of decorative lettering traces back to drop caps or initials, which were used as the first
letter in the introductory paragraph of a book or publication. Appearing as early as the fourth century
CE, they reached their peak popularity in the fifteenth century. These letters had distinctive chracters
and illustrated patterns as part of their design, and doubled as art. However, over the years, artists and
designers have incorporated drop caps into their respective work, derived from their personal styles
—bringing it back as a fundamental aspect of modern hand lettering.
Decorative lettering is formed by adding ornaments to specific areas of each letterform. And
because the goal of hand lettering is to turn letters into visual art, the alphabet is enhanced through
decorative elements added to the layout. By using different weights of a fineliner pen and utilizing
colors from watercolors or markers, each style can come out in different forms.
In this chapter, we will learn about both serif and sans serif styles, as well as how to create
illustrations within letterforms. Creating layouts is a crucial part of hand lettering, as it helps set the
legibility and appearance of the work you make. In the next few pages, you will find the step-by-step
process of building a hand-lettered layout—from drafting to experimenting with font to the final
application on your chosen canvas.
 Using Liners
The most common type of pen used for decorative lettering is the fineliner
pen or technical pen. This pen is best used on paper, and usually comes with
a round tip. Most fineliner pens come in varying widths—from 0.05 to 1.0
mm—depending on the purpose (see here).

Fineliner pens are meant for drawing, not writing. Ink is usually waterproof
as well, making it easy to add a layer of color after completing the letter’s
line art. Although, depending on the artist’s preferences, the details can be
outlined after the paint or marker color has been applied to the paper.
Holding the Pen
The proper way of handling a fineliner pen is similar to how you handle a
pencil or any basic writing tool—using your thumb, index finger, and
middle finger. Hold the pen firmly, but not too hard, to avoid cramping.
Also, make sure you have enough space to draw.
Thick vs. Thin Weights
Thick fineliner pens (0.5 to 1.0 mm) are used for coloring or filling in areas
or for illustrating bold outlines of the letterforms. Thin fineliner pens (0.05
to 0.4 mm) are used for intricate details either inside or outside the
letterform, depending on the patterns incorporated in the design. It’s
recommended to have both thick and thin fineliner pens in your arsenal as
they are both necessary for hand lettering.

Image

Image
 Serif
A serif font contains extending features at the end of each letter. Mostly
used for body text, as it enables readability, this font style is more
traditional in terms of aesthetics. Serif styles were the first font style
developed in the early eighteenth century.

Image
Serif Styles

Image
Old Style
Old style serif letterforms are bracketed and there is only a little weight contrast between thick and
thin strokes. This is an ideal serif style for textbooks and other reading material.

Image
Transitional Serifs
A reinvention of old style serifs, the typefaces in this category represent the transition from old style
to neoclassical style of serifs. Transitional serifs’ weight contrast is more prominent than their
predecessor, and its serifs are still bracketed.

Image
Neoclassical/Didone Serifs
Created in the late eighteenth century, this serif style has a high contrast between thick and thin
strokes, and there is little to no bracketing for its serifs. Its stroke terminals are ball or round shaped,
compared to other serif fonts, which are inclined to the left.

Image
Slab Serifs
This type is characterized by having low contrast in terms of letterform thickness and its terminals
can be rounded or square. Slab serifs are naturally bold and heavy, and are commonly used for
advertisements or headlines.
 Sans Serif
A sans serif font does not have extending features, or serifs, in its letterform
style (sans means “without” in French). Commonly used for headlines and
bold announcements, this font style evokes a simple and modern aesthetic.

Image
Sans Serif Styles

Image
Grotesque Sans Serif
The first commercial sans serif font, this style has the most prominent contrast in stroke weight and
has the distinctive bowl-and-loop lowercase g for its type.

Image
Square Sans Serif
A sans serif type that has a definite squarish curve to its strokes, square sans serif fonts have more
character spacing than other sans serif fonts.

Image
Geometric Sans Serif
Inspired by geometric shapes and figures, its strokes have strict monolines and, overall, this
letterform is harder to read than grotesque styles.

Image
Humanistic Sans Serif
These letterforms have a strong calligraphic influence, and their contrast is comparable to old style
serifs.
 Letters and Layouts
While it’s important to put together the letterforms and create different font
styles in the process, the heart of lettering lies in the layout, as you combine
words to form a cohesive structure.

Image

There are a few key things to remember when it comes to making layouts.
Inspiration
From movie posters, product packaging, to vintage type books—inspiration
is everywhere. Expose yourself to different type work, choose ones you like
the most, and try to add your own twist to them.
Grouping
Most quotes have many words; and it’s important to group them together
and create a hierarchy of sorts to assign the corresponding sizes and widths
per word.
Layout Alignment
Do you want your quote aligned to the left, right, or center? Be sure to allot
enough space depending on the layout alignment of the quote you are going
to hand letter.
Word Count
A quick tip for beginners: the fewer, the better. Keeping track of word count
(and letter count per word) is crucial in order to the plot the layout properly.
Keep in mind that word count helps determine the overall layout of your
work and the corresponding font styles that can be used, given how many
words your quote has.
Spelling and Grammar
Always a necessary part of making layouts—double-check your spelling
and grammar before beginning your lettering and layouts.
Neatness and Proper Spacing
Along with plotting your layout in a structured and organized manner, it’s
important for there to be proper spacing for words to “breathe” on paper.
Allow for white space and enough room for the layout to look cohesive but
still be readable by the viewer.

Image

Creating a Layout
1 Compile and curate
From the quote you’ve selected, create a library of font options in different
styles (serif, sans serif, and script). Having this database of font samples can
give you a clearer overview in terms of which styles you want to focus on
and what font types best suit the words you will letter.
Get creative! Use different font styles and work with the varying
structures of words and letters. Choosing and combining font styles are key
in coming up with a good layout.

Image

Image
2 Collect and select
Gather a few of your chosen font styles and combine them together in a
layout. I like to come up with two to four layouts in thumbnails to
experiment and exercise my skills in putting words together. Note that we
are still doing the drafts at this point.
Keep experimenting and working on your layouts in order to figure out
which ones work best for your quote. Also, at this point, think of integrating
possible embellishments within the layout.

Image
3 Choose and combine
Choose one final layout from your thumbnail studies. From there, work on
your sample and think of possible color schemes you will use.

Image

TIP
 Make sure to choose at least three to five colors within the same family to ensure that
the layout is neat and cohesive.

Image

4 Transfer and proportion

Once your design, color scheme, and layout are finalized, transfer it to your
main canvas. Make sure to proportion it properly by creating grid guides so
that the work is well balanced.
It’s recommended to start your layout in the center, and allow at least 1"
(2.5 cm) of white space from all four corners of your paper. This helps
create the proper alignment of your work.

Image
5 Create and color
On your final sheet, start filling in your layout with color and add
embellishments to your liking. Make sure to keep measurements in check
and to maintain cleanliness while working on your piece!
Remember that it takes a lot of practice to make your work look great,
but it’s always possible if you trust the process and keep working toward
improving your illustrations and layouts.

Image

Image

Image

Image

Image

Image
 Creating Illustrations within Letterforms
Letters are naturally plain; and through decorative lettering, they become
more visually appealing. The open areas of each letter are places to get
creative and add illustrations to enhance the artwork. Here are some
samples for you to try.

Image

Image
Lined pattern (basic linear shapes and patterns)

Image
Elemental pattern (complex, connected patterns)

Image
Embellished (botanical accent on a certain area of the letter)

Image
50/50 (two different patterns on both sides of the letterform)

Image
3D style (retro effect created by adding inlines and exaggerated shadows)

Image
Conceptual (illustrative)
 Projects
DROP-CAP TOTE
Decorate your tote bag with a drop cap initial of your name.

MATERIALS
• pencil
• eraser
• ruler
• scratch paper
• permanent markers (in various colors)
• plain canvas tote bag

Image

Image
1 On your scratch paper, choose your drop-cap initial and work on your designs. Make sure to refine
the strokes and plot out an ideal color palette as well.

Image
2 Once you’ve chosen your final design, use your pencil to lightly draw the letter’s structure at the
center of the canvas tote bag. Use your ruler if you need to measure out the sizing.

Image
3 Using your permanent markers, color in the drop-cap design on the tote bag. Start by filling in the
large areas, and, finally, add the patterns and embellishments.

Image
4 Let dry before using.

Image
PHONE CASE
Personalize your phone case with a hand-lettered quote.
 MATERIALS
• pencil
• eraser
• ruler
• scratch paper
• scissors
• watercolor paper
• watercolors
• paintbrush
• clear cell phone case

Image

Image
1 On your scratch paper, create drafts from the quote(s)you’ve chosen.

Image
2 Trace the shape of the phone case on the watercolor paper.

Image
3 Using your pencil, illustrate your layout on the watercolor paper, then paint it with your
watercolors.

Image
4 Leave it out to dry. Once it’s dry, Cut out the shape and insert it in your clear cell phone case.

Image
PATTERNED NOTEBOOK COVER
Add some character to a plain notebook by decorating its cover with
pattern-style lettering.

MATERIALS
• pencil
• eraser
 • ruler
• scratch paper
• fineliner pen
• black (or other color) notebook

Image

Image
1 On your scratch paper, sketch a few quotes that you would like to use for the pattern on your
notebook cover. Do a couple of drafts and studies before settling for your final design.
2 Pick out specific font styles and layouts you would like to use for the cover pattern. I’ll be using
both serif and sans serif in block styles and thin styles for this example.
3 On your notebook cover, lightly measure out areas where the quotes will be placed in pencil. This
is optional, as most of the time, I draw straight on the cover without any guides.

Image
4 Using your fineliner pen, start illustrating quote on the cover. If there are extra spaces, fill them up
with dotted lines or dividers.

Image
5 While filling in the cover with lettering, make sure that there is empty space in the layouts to avoid
making it too cluttered.
6 Once you’ve finished lettering the cover, leave it out to dry for a few hours. Then, you’re ready to
start using your notebook!
chapter
6
Digital Lettering
Risa Rodil

Lettering is everywhere—in billboards, in TV commercials, in film, in

product packaging, and even in brand logos. As technology continues to
evolve, artists continue to discover new tools and methods to reinvent the
way they approach lettering. The ability to digitize your work enables you
to transform your pieces into various types of media—in print, on shirts, or
animated.

Digital lettering allows you to manipulate your shapes and letters and resize
them however many times without losing quality. It’s also a fast way to do
revisions, align letters, and change colors. With so many tools you can
access in a few clicks, the possibilities are limitless.

Different artists have their own set of tricks and techniques at their
disposal, and the process I will be sharing here is just one of many. Some
artists start on paper, scan their work, and trace them in a digital program of
their choice, while others prefer to do all the work on the computer.
Hopefully, by the end of this chapter, you will find the method that works
best for you.

Image

Getting Started

To start off, make sure you have your traditional and digital tools ready. It’s
recommended to sketch out your ideas on paper, first, before transitioning
to a fully digital rendering of your work. This helps build a foundation for
your project.
Digital lettering is all about translating your ideas on a digital platform, and
it is recommended to do research on different techniques and styles you
would like to achieve with the work you will be doing. What’s great about
the abundance of software is that there is more room to experiment and try
out ways to create your works digitally.

Tools

Scanner

A scanner comes in handy for letterers who prefer to build their layouts on
paper and then scan them in for digital tracing.

Laptop or Desktop Computer

Any computer that can run a design program will work.

Digital Program

I highly recommend using Adobe Illustrator because it lets you work in

vectors, which are based on geometrical paths rather than pixels. This
means your shapes and brush strokes will retain their quality even if you
scale them to the biggest size possible.

Graphics Tablet

The main advantage of using a tablet is its touch screen can mimic paper.
This allows you to make your brush strokes look more natural and free
flowing on the screen.

Printer

Any home printer will work for DIY projects. Bigger projects and projects
using surfaces other than paper might require a specialty printer.
Scanning and Basic Editing

1 Once you’ve finalized your sketches, scan them to your computer. If you
don’t have a scanner, taking a photo with your phone camera will do, as
long as your sketch is still recognizable.

Image

2 After scanning, open the image in Illustrator then position it in the center
of your art board. Place it in the bottom layer, lower the opacity, and lock
the layer. This sketch will be your rough guide as you start digitizing the
letterforms.

Image

All in good time.

TIP

For letterers who make their sketches as refined and as close to final as
possible, a neat trick to instantly vectorize your sketches is to use the image
trace feature in Illustrator.

To achieve accurate results, make sure to neatly ink your sketches, erase the
pencil markings, and scan it at 300 dots per inch (dpi) or above. Inside the
Image Trace Panel (Menu > Window >Image Trace), click Trace, then feel
free to play around with the values until you reach the cleanest result, then
click Expand. From there, it’s just a matter of assigning colors to your
vectorized letters and adding final touches, as you see fit.

Image

Drawing Letterforms

There are various ways of shaping and building your letters in Illustrator.
The key is to explore and experiment until you find the tool(s) that you’re
most comfortable with. After years of using the program, the top three tools
that have always given me the best and accurate results are as follows.
Image
Image
 Image

Pen Tool

This tool lets you create crisp lines and pixel-perfect curves and shapes. It
can be a bit intimidating at first, but as with anything, practice makes
perfect. And once you master the ins and outs of this tool, you can create
any letterform with precision.

The pen tool is a popular choice for many because it offers the option to
work with editable paths—these are outlines of your vector shapes, which
are made up of anchor points. You can easily tweak each of these points to
reshape the lines and curves to your liking.

To trace your sketched letterforms, click and create anchor points around
each letter until you achieve the right shape. Click and drag your pointer to
make curves. Close the path by clicking the first anchor point, then repeat
the process for each letter.

TIP

Hold down the shift key to constrain the angles.

Image

Blob Brush Tool

For smoother and more natural-looking letters, I recommend using the

brush tool. This tool works best with a graphics tablet, mostly to achieve
clean script and cursive styles. To create smooth brush strokes, play around
with the values inside the brush tool options (to open, click the Blob Brush
Tool icon in the tools panel) (A), (B), and (C).

Image
Image
Image
Basic Shapes

Another effective way to draw your letters is through basic shapes. This
tool is especially helpful for artists who have a hard time drawing perfect
lines and curves. With basic shapes, you can easily create perfect circles for
difficult and curvy letters (D).

Image

Creating Special Effects

One thing that sets digital lettering apart from using pre-existing fonts is
you can get as playful and creative as you like. This is what makes lettering
fun; you can make your own styles. Here are some of the special effects I
like to add to my letters.

Image

Dots

Image

Lines

Image

Glow lines

Image

Gradients

Image

Combination

Expressive/Descriptive Lettering
Another cool trick you can try is to take the literal meaning of the word(s)
and use that to illustrate the letters in a fun way.

Image
Image
Image

Mixing Colors

Colors play a huge role in bringing your designs to life. Artists use them to
evoke the overall mood of the piece, to deliver a message, or to simply
create an eye-catching piece. Here’s how I usually mix my colors inside
Illustrator:

1 Open the Swatches panel (Menu > Window > Swatches) and click New
Swatch.

Image

2 Under Document Color Mode, click CMYK. I find it easier to mix colors
using CMYK, but other artists prefer the other color modes. Feel free to
experiment.

3 It’s trial and error from here. Play around with the values until you find
the right color you’re looking for.

Image
Image
Image

Adding Dimension

A three-dimensional effect can be achieved by simply adding amplified

drop shadows and bevels to each letter. These effects can make specific
words stand out or add depth to your main artwork. This helps give the
illusion of the words popping out from the page.
 Image

One way to add dimensions is by duplicating the letters backward and

resizing them down one or two point sizes.

Image

Practice makes perfect.

Image
Image

Projects

by Christine Herrin

INSPIRATIONAL PRINT SET

Spread your favorite lettered quotes by making printable sets to share and
swap.

MATERIALS

• 8.5" × 11" (A4) card stock

• practice paper

• brush pens

• camera or scanner

• Adobe Illustrator

• Adobe Photoshop

• printer

Image
 Image

1 Letter out an inspirational quote on practice paper. You can start out
practicing the design with pencil before inking your final quote with brush
pens.

2 Bring your lettering onto the computer via a photo or scan. If you are
using a scanner, scan your sheet of practice paper. If you are using a
camera, make sure that the photo you are taking of your practice paper is
bright, straight, and in focus.

Image

3 Save your scanned image or photo on your computer. Open your image in
Adobe Photoshop to increase the contrast. Adjust brightness and contrast
levels to make sure your lettering is clear.

Image

4 Open your edited image in Adobe Illustrator. To turn your lettering into a
vector file, open the image trace toolbar at Window > Image Trace. With
your image selected, open the toolbar. Select the ignore white checkbox
under Advanced, and click Trace. Click Expand under the top toolbar. If
you are converting multiple pieces at the same time, right-click on the
selection and select ungroup.

Image

5 Create two Artboards: one sized 4" × 6" (10 × 15 cm), and another sized
8.5" × 11" (22 × 28 cm).

Image

6 Scale your lettering to fit the different-sized Artboards. For easy printing
purposes, create a new 8.5" × 11" (22 × 28 cm) artboard and include two 4"
× 6" (10 × 15 cm) prints inside.

7 Print out the different-sized quotes. Cut the two 4" × 6" (10 × 15 cm)
prints and share!
GIFT WRAP

Creating your own gift wrapping paper is easy and adds a special personal
touch to all your presents.

MATERIALS

• kraft or colored paper (size depends on how big your gift is; the example
in this project is 8.5" × 11" [22 × 28 cm])

• practice paper

• brush pens

• camera or scanner

• Adobe Illustrator

• Adobe Photoshop

• printer

Image
Image

1 On your sheet of practice paper, use your brush pens to letter phrases and
doodles for your gift wrap. Don’t worry about arrangement or layout yet,
just get all the elements you want to include down on paper. For our
example, we used several different ways you can say happy birthday, but
you can letter out phrases depending on the occasion you’re celebrating.

2 Bring your lettering onto the computer via a photo or scan. If you are
using a scanner, scan your sheet of practice paper. If you are using a
camera, make sure that the photo you are taking of your practice paper is
bright, straight, and in focus.

Image
3 Save your scanned image or photo on your computer. Open your image in
Adobe Photoshop to increase the contrast. Adjust brightness and contrast
levels to make sure your lettering is clear.

Image

4 Open your edited image in Adobe Illustrator. To turn your lettering into a
vector file, open the image trace toolbar at Window > Image Trace. With
your image selected, open the toolbar. Select the ignore white checkbox
under Advanced, and click Trace. Click Expand under the top toolbar. If
you are converting multiple pieces at the same time, right-click on the
selection and select Ungroup. Each phrase should now be movable and
scalable.

Image

5 Lay out the different phrases as a pattern on your artboard. Make sure to
vary the sizes (and even colors!) of your phrases to create a fun pattern.

Image

6 Print out your design on a sheet of kraft or colored paper. Wrap your gift
and make sure to top it off with fun accents like washi tape or a
personalized note on top!

JOURNALING CARDS

Use lettering to design your own journaling card templates for

scrapbooking and other journal projects.

MATERIALS

• practice paper

• brush pens

• camera or scanner
• Adobe Illustrator

• Adobe Photoshop

• printer

• 8.5" × 11" (A4) card stock

Image

1 Letter out a phrase on practice paper. For journaling cards, the more
general the phrase, the better, since you’re creating templates for future use.
For this project, we’re using the phrase, “Here’s the Story” — for you to fill
in stories in the future!

2 Bring your lettering onto the computer via a photo or scan. If you are
using a scanner, scan your sheet of practice paper. If you are using a
camera, make sure that the photo you are taking of your practice paper is
bright, straight, and in focus.

Image

3 Save your scanned image or photo on your computer. Open your image in
Adobe Photoshop to increase the contrast. Adjust brightness and contrast
levels to make sure your lettering is clear.

Image

4 Open your edited image in Adobe Illustrator. To turn your lettering into a
vector file, open the image trace toolbar at Window > Image Trace. With
your image selected, open the toolbar. Select the ignore white checkbox
under Advanced, and click Trace. Click Expand under the top toolbar. If
you are converting multiple pieces at the same time, right-click on the
selection and select ungroup.

Image

5 Create a 3" × 4" (7.5 × 10 cm) Artboard. Place your phrase in the card
with enough space for journaling in the bottom. If you choose to add digital
journaling, you can fill in the card in Adobe Illustrator. If you prefer to do
handwritten journaling, leave it blank.

Image

6 Add a 1/4" (6 mm) border around the 3" × 4" (7.5 × 10 cm) card to serve
as cutting lines. Create a new 8.5" × 11" (22 × 28 cm) Artboard, and put
four copies of the 3" × 4" (7.5 × 10 cm) card.

7 Print, trim, and use the journaling cards in your scrapbooks and journals.

LETTERED PHOTO OVERLAYS

Digital lettering makes it easy to decorate your digital favorite (or most
comment-worthy) photos with lettering and doodles.

MATERIALS

• practice paper

• sign pens

• brush pens

• markers

• camera or scanner

• Adobe Illustrator

• Adobe Photoshop

• printer

• 8.5" × 11" (A4) card stock

Image
1 Letter out phrases and draw out doodles on practice paper with your
brush or sign pens. For this project, we used phrases like “this was
amazing” and “cool!” and drew out doodles like hearts, arrows, stars, and
other geometric shapes.

2 Bring your lettering onto the computer via a photo or scan. If you are
using a scanner, scan your sheet of practice paper. If you are using a
camera, make sure that the photo you are taking of your practice paper is
bright, straight, and in focus.

Image

3 Save your scanned image or photo on your computer. Open your image in
Adobe Photoshop to increase the contrast. Adjust brightness and contrast
levels to make sure your lettering is clear.

Image

4 In Adobe Photoshop, use the magic wand tool to select the white
background on your image. Click Select > Similar to grab all of the white
background, and then delete.

Image

5 You will now have your doodles on a transparent background.

6 Choose a photo on your computer that you’d like to add doodles and
phrases to. Open up the photo in Adobe Photoshop in a new document.

7 In your doodle file, select the element you want to add. Select it, and
click Copy.

8 Paste it onto your photo and adjust the placement and size, as desired. To
change the color, you can right-click on the doodle layer and select
Blending Options > Color Overlay.

Image
9 Once you’ve added all the phrases and doodles you wish, you can print
out your photo or post it on social media!
Practice Sheets
To download these practice sheets for printing, visit this website:
www.quartoknows.com/page/hand-lettering.

Swirls and strokes

Using a brush marker: Follow along each brush stroke, as marked by the
arrows. Take note of the alternate thick and thin stroke variations as you
work on your drills.

Image

Using a pen: Follow and finish each line of handwriting strokes.

Image

Alphabet Writing

Instructions: Trace along the corresponding alphabet styles

Recommended Tools: pencil, fineliner pen

Image
Image

Spencerian Calligraphy

Image
Image

Copperplate Calligraphy

Image
Image
 Image

Roman Calligraphy

Image
Image

Italic Calligraphy

Image
Image

Blackletter Calligraphy

Image
Image

Word Drills

Instructions: Referencing from the set of A to Z letters on the left side,

create a combination of font styles in serif, sans serif, and script forms.

Recommended Tools: pencil, fineliner pen

Image

Instructions: Re-create the word “wonderful” in three styles.

Recommended Tools: pencil, fineliner pen

Image

Decorative Lettering

Instructions: Recreate the decorative letters on the left side of each group,
and redraw them.
Recommended Tools: pencil, fineliner pen

Image
Image

Serif Letters

Serif Drills

Instructions: Referencing the serif alphabet on the left, re-create your own
serif style. Take note of the alternating thick and thin parts of each
letterform.

Recommended Tools: thick and thin fineliner pens.

Image
Image

Sans Serif Letters

Sans Serif Drills

Instructions: Referencing the sans serif alphabets above the lines, re-create
your own sans serif style.

Recommended Tool: thick fineliner pen or marker

Image
Image

Block Letter Drills

Instructions: Trace along the strokes of each letter and color in the shape
using your marker.

Recommended Tools: thin fineliner pen and marker

 Image

Basic Script

Script Drills

Instructions: Referencing the sans serif alphabets above the lines, re-create
your own script style. Take note of the alternating thick and thin strokes of
each letterform.

Recommended Tool: brush tip pen

Image
Image

Brush Letters Guide

Instructions: Follow along each letter and use these as starting points for
your bounce lettering practice exercises.

Recommended Tool: brush tip pen

Image

Bounce Layouts 1

Instructions: Trace along the first line and re-create your own on the
second line of each quote. Take note of the bounces on each part of the
word.

Recommended Tool: brush tip pen

Image

Bounce Layouts 2
Instructions: Trace along the left phrase and re-create your own on the
right side of each quote. Take note of the spacing to allot room for each
word to fit in the layout.

Recommended Tool: brush tip pen

Image

Layout Drills

Instructions: Word count (three words). Re-create the two thumbnails on

the left using different font styles.

Recommended Tools: fineliner pen, marker, and brush tip pen

Image

Instructions: Word count (five words). Re-create the two thumbnails on

the left using different font styles.

Recommended Tools: fineliner pen, marker, and brush tip pen

Image

Layout Practice

Instructions: Compose layout styles using different font types and

embellishments.

Recommended Tools: fineliner pen, marker, and brush tip pen

Image

QUOTE IDEAS

Make today count

Progress not perfection

Enjoy the journey

Find joy in every day

Don’t be afraid to try

Share your heart with your art

Never settle for second best

There’s always room to grow

Image

Layout Trace

Instructions: Follow along the layout of this quote. Observe proper

spacing, kerning, and alignment of each letterform and word.

Recommended Tools: fineliner pen, marker, and brush tip pen

Image

Love conquers all.

Resources
Websites
Amanda Arneill
www.amandaarneill.com

Artist & Craftsman Supply

www.artistcraftsman.com

Calligrafile
www.calligrafile.com

Calligraphy
www.calligraphy.org

Cult Pens
www.cultpens.com

Dick Blick Art Materials

www.dickblick.com

Happy Hands Project

www.happyhandsproject.com

J. Herbin
www.jherbin.com

Jet Pens
www.jetpens.com

John Neal Bookseller

www.johnnealbooks.com

Letter Lane
www.letterlanedesignstudio.com

Paper & Ink Arts

www.paperinkarts.com

Paper Source
www.paper-source.com

Pentalic
www.pentalic.com
Pilot Parallel Pens
www.pilotpen.com

Schminke
www.schmincke.de

Scribblers Calligraphy
www.scribblers.co.uk

Sip and Script

www.sipandscript.com

Society for Calligraphy

www.societyforcalligraphy.org

Society of Scribes
www.societyofscribes.org

Speedball Art Products

www.speedballart.com

Staedtler
www.staedtler.us/en/

The Washington Calligraphers Guild

www.calligraphersguild.org

Type Gang
www.typegang.com

Wet Paint, Inc.

www.wetpaintart.com

Books
The ABC’s of Hand Lettering
by Abbey Sy
Summit Books, 2015

An Elegant Hand
by William E. Henning
edited by Paul Melzer
Oak Knoll Press, 2002, 1st edition

Fascinating Pen Flourishing

edited by E. A. Lupfer
Zaner-Bloser Company, 1951 edition

Hand Lettering A to Z
by Abbey Sy
Rockport Publishers, 2017

Learning to Write Spencerian Script

by Michael and Debra Sull
LDG Publishing, 1993

Mastering Copperplate Calligraphy

by Eleanor Winters
Dover Publications, 2000, Lettering,
Calligraphy, Typography edition

New Spencerian Compendium of Penmanship

by P. R. Spencer’s Sons, Ivison,
Blackeman and Company, 1879

Palmer’s Penmanship Budget

by A. N. Palmer
The A. N. Palmer Company, 1919

Tamblyn’s Home Instructor in Penmanship

by F. W. Tamblyn
Ziller of Kansas City, 2001, 8th edition

The Universal Penman

engraved by George Bickham
Dover Publications, 1954

The Zanerian Manual of Alphabets and Engrossing

Zaner-Bloser Company, 1918
Glossary
BLACKLETTER CALLIGRAPHY Referred to as “gothic” or “Old English,” involving a variety
of calligraphic styles. It is dramatic with dark letterforms full of impact and contrast. Uniform,
upright or vertical strokes and various built-up serifs usually characterize blackletter.

BROAD-EDGED PEN The main tool needed to write modern roman capitals. It makes variations in
thickness of strokes as you position the pen on different angles.

CASUAL SCRIPT Emerged in the twentieth century, and has then been used for advertising and
retro-style signages for diners and restaurants. The letters in this form are mostly written with a wet
brush, making it looser than formal scripts.

COLORED INK Resembles most inks and is suitable for line art or calligraphy. Consistency may
vary depending on the base of the inks (if it is made of acrylic, gouache or natural dye), so flow and
quality of lines will vary too. Homemade acrylic-based colored ink will be more transparent and
watercolor-like compared to ready-made ones.

COPPERPLATE Originally known as English Roundhand or Engrosser’s Script. The pointed burin
used for engraving the printing plates made letters rounded and slanted with contrast between thick
and thin lines in mid-seventeenth century England. Scribes then began to carve and sharpen their
pens, which is why the style is also referred to as “Engraver’s Script.” For almost four centuries of
use, there have been a few changes in its execution, but the basic aesthetic is largely the same.

FINELINER PEN Also known as a technical pen, it is the most common type of pen used for
decorative lettering. This pen is best used on paper, and usually comes in a round tip. Most fineliner
pens come in varying widths—from 0.05 to 1.0 mm, depending on which purpose it is used for. A
key feature of fineliner pens is that it’s meant for drawing, not writing.

FLAT-TIP DIP PENS Commonly used and are great for doing black letter, Italic and other hands.
Although the parallel pen is available, there are still those of us that favor this tool. Flat-tip dip pens
are of two parts—the nib and the holder. There are various types of nibs that you can use that come in
different cuts and sizes and are considered flat tip. Expect though that the nibs used for this pen have
a very low flex level, thus stiffer nibs. This can be a good thing, especially for beginners as your
muscle memory for writing is still adjusting.

FLOURISHES Adds character to your hand lettering layouts and creates a more cohesive look to
your design. It is easiest to add to script-style fonts as they are very fluid and can connect well.
Flourishes are often also used in border work and headings.

FORMAL SCRIPT Originated from calligraphy in the seventeenth to eighteenth century. The
strokes are usually at a certain angle to the right, and all letterforms are connected in each word. The
letters in this form are written with a quill or metal nib, making it able to create both thin and thick
strokes. This script style is naturally more elegant and traditional and is commonly used for diplomas
and invitations.
FOUNTAIN PEN A more convenient alternative to dip pens. Fountain pens store ink in cartridges
that are easily refillable. A big difference between a fountain pen and a dip pen is its flexibility.
Fountain pen nibs tend to be less flexible, therefore resulting in less stroke contrast. Not all fountain
pens are designed to flex, so be sure to check the pen before applying pressure.

INKS Come in a variety of colors, black being the most commonly used.
They are also made of different transparencies, and most inks come off as opaque. Depending on
preferred consistency, inks can be thick or thin and can have different effects on paper with these
changes. You can choose between dye-based, India, sumi, and white ink.

ITALIC CALLIGRAPHY Also referred to as Chancery Italic or “cursive.” Most beginners start
here to learn calligraphy. The mesmerizing and elegant letterform of italic makes it one of the best
styles in writing. Although a family of scripts, italic is usually characterized by forward slopes—
slanting to the right, springing arches, and dynamic style.

LETTERFORMS The graphic form of a letter of the alphabet, either as written or in a particular
type font.

MAJUSCULES The writing of the capital letters. It depends highly on the execution of the capital
stem, also called a “compound curve.”

METALLIC WATERCOLORS Used to create sparkling calligraphy. The watercolors are made
with a natural shimmering mineral, making it instantly sparkly when applied on paper.

MINISCULES The writing of small letters. Unlike normal handwriting, each pen movement is
controlled and precise.

NIB HOLDER Come in both straight and oblique. Using the straight nib holder gives a modern and
straight effect to your work, because unless you deliberately angle your paper, your writing will be
upright. It is generally easy to control and is fit for beginners as the orientation is similar to a pencil
or pen. Using the oblique nib holder gives an automatic slanted effect to your letters and flourishes,
making it great for practicing formal styles such as Spencerian and Copperplate calligraphy.

NIBS Come in both pointed and italic or broad edged. Pointed nibs are flexible and are used for most
script calligraphy styles, as these have the versatility to produce thick and thin strokes. Its two tines
have the ability to split and produce wide lines. Italic or broad-edged nibs are flat and not designed to
flex. These are used for italic, black letter, and gothic letterforms. This nib type is used to create
consistent and regular strokes for uniformity. It is made of a blunt edge and strokes come out thin or
bold on the surface.

OFFHAND FLOURISHING Similar to ornamental penmanship such that it is both a showcase of

skill and creativity. With the rise of the elaborate scripts, scribes began extending flourishes to create
works of art through the execution of curvatures and ovals, the contrast and placement of heavy
strokes and fine lines, and an overall delicate movement. The primary designs were of birds, plumes,
cartouches, scrolls and various foliage.

POINTED PEN Used with Copperplate, Spencerian, and offhand flourishing and opposite of the
broad-edged pen.

PARALLEL PEN A modern tool produced by Pilot pens. It is an excellent writing tool to start with
for Blackletter style writing. This is a broad-edged pen, that makes variations in thickness of strokes
as you position the pen on different angles.
ROMAN CALLIGRAPHY Derived from ancient Roman letters that are seen inscribed on
monuments. Compared to its traditional counterpart, Modern roman capitals are modified for writing
using pens instead of using brushes.

SPENCERIAN PENMANSHIP Named after Platt Rogers Spencer (1800–1864), the man who
developed this beautiful, flowing style of penmanship. The script is generally without shading, with
swells only prominent in the capital letters. Spencer’s writing system encouraged freedom of
movement. When it was established, it became a force in education and promotion of literacy as well
as in business. The acceptance and growth of this new system also marked the start of America’s
“golden age of penmanship” (1850-1925).

WEIGHT LINES Adding this in a body of text implies that it has a distinct message that needs to be
highlighted. In the same way, applying this technique to hand lettering is an indicator of importance
for a specific bold set of words or sentences.
Contributors
Fozzy Castro-Dayrit
Calligrapher

Fozzy is calligrapher from Manila, Philippines. Before

being the “CalligraMama” for being one of the kickstarters
of the calligraphy addiction in the country, she was an
account director at Ace Saatchi and Saatchi Advertising.
She is a mom of two, an addict to pens and ink, and a slave
to bacon and coffee. She is one of the pioneering
instructors in the Modern Calligraphy Summit, the first
completely online convention on calligraphy. Her writing
has been featured in premiere wedding blogs like Style Me
Pretty and Magnolia Rouge, and in the book Hand
Lettering for Everyone by Cristina Vanko. She is currently
obsessed with studying Spencerian penmanship under the
guidance of Master Penman Michael Sull.
Instagram: @thefozzybook

AJ Tabino
Calligrapher / Calligraffiti Ambassador

AJ is a Cebu, Philippines–based calligraphy artist who

started in 2015. She is a nonconformist whose works
cultivate a modern approach on various calligraphy hands.
Handpicked by graffiti legend and founder of the
Calligraffiti movement, Niels “Shoe” Meulman, she
became one of the fifty International Calligraffiti
Ambassadors in November 2015. Her work has been
featured in different exhibits, publications, and local TV
shows. In 2016 alone, she served as a guest speaker for
USC: TEDx Women, USC A3: Advertising Congress, and
Josenian Diplomats: Art for Peace. To this day, she is still
working with different brands and companies serving as a
freelance calligraphy artist.
Instagram: @ajtabino

Jelvin Base
Designer / Developer

Jelvin is a web developer and creative based in Manila. He creates user interface designs and does
front-end coding during the day while moonlighting as a freelance designer specializing in design,
custom lettering, and typography. As a person who’s constantly looking at screens all day, Jelvin
finds comfort in doing creative activities like lettering and
graphic design, which lead him to landing different jobs on
the side.
Jelvin is a firm believer in having a solid foundation in
everything in our lives, whether it is lettering, illustration,
or even tackling a relationship.

Website: http://jelv.in
Instagram: @jelvin
Behance: http://behance.net/jelvin
Dribble: https://dribbble.com/jelvin

Geli Balcruz
Calligrapher /
Creative
Entrepreneur

Geli has always

been a lover of
all things
creative, from
writing to
drawing to
photography to
painting to
anything that
sets her creative
soul on fire.
After
attending a calligraphy class taught by Fozzy Castro-Dayrit, she fell in love with making letters
dance and has not stopped since. Specializing in modern calligraphy, she manages freelance work
with teaching calligraphy classes, holding demos, workshops, participating in exhibits, murals, and
partnering with both local and international companies.
As a psychology graduate, she is an advocate of art as a means of self-expression to improve one’s
holistic well being. She creates merchandise for her brand, Pluma, which was created to transform
her heartworks into everyday essentials.

Website: gelibalcruz.com
Instagram: @gelibalcruz

Risa Rodil
Designer / Illustrator / Letterer

Risa is a designer, illustrator, letterer, and a pop culture lover from Manila, Philippines. She’s a
creative spirit who pulls inspiration from books, travel, TV, and film. Upon discovering her love for
art at age 14, she found herself bouncing from one creative field to the next—trying out photography,
video production, and web design, until she finally landed on illustration and lettering. It took her a
couple more years to find her own art style that has now attracted clients around the world; a vibrant
mixture of striking colors with a touch of whimsy and modern retro. On her days off, she likes to
visit new cities, read books, and go full nerd by binge-
watching television shows.
Website: www.risarodil.com
Instagram and Twitter: @risarodil
Facebook: facebook.com/risarodil

Christine Herrin
Designer /
Letterer

Christine is a
graphic designer
and hand letterer
from Manila,
Philippines. She
has a
background in
publishing
design and loves
paper,
documenting,
and all things
analog. She was
named one of Adobe’s Creative Residents in 2016, where she started Everyday Explorers Co., a line
of paper goods centered around traveling and creative documentation. When she’s not designing
journals or clear stamps for her paper line, you can find her exploring her favorite cities by foot and
being constantly inspired by new places and experiences. She currently lives in San Francisco,
California.
Website: christineherrin.com (personal); everydayexplorers.co (shop)
Instagram: @christine.herrin
Acknowledgments
Working on this book has been such a fun and fulfilling experience. I have always loved writing
about hand lettering, and this opportunity has given me another avenue to do so in the best way
possible. I’d like to thank my editor, Joy Aquilino, for giving me the opportunity to write and
illustrate this book, as well as providing support and guidance throughout the process of book
making; and my art director Marissa Gambrione, for helping guide the creative direction of the
book that you now have in your hands. It is always amazing to get to work with people who
understand your vision and turn it into reality.

Moreover, thank you for the Creative Publishing international team for this opportunity. I have
learned so much and gained new knowledge in my chosen field, and I hope to further share what I
know to aspiring artists and makers.

I’d also like to thank my team in the Philippines—my manager Tricie, assistants Stacey, Louise,
Alex, and Jean for the moral support and help. Special thanks to Stacey for all the help she has
provided as my research assistant.

I’m extending my infinite thanks, as well, to the wonderful contributors who shared their work in this
book—Fozzy, Geli, AJ, and Jelvin for calligraphy, and Christine and Risa for digital lettering.
Learning more about hand lettering and calligraphy through the words and ideas of other artists and
perspectives has paved the way for this book to become even more informative for artists and
hobbyists.

Lastly, I’d like to thank my readers who have been supporting my work since day one. Never did I
imagine being able to write books as part of my way to share my creativity with the world. Thank
you for reading; and may you always be creating.
About the Author
Abbey Sy
Illustrator / Hand-Letterer / Author / Teacher

Abbey Sy is an artist and author from Manila, Philippines.

Best known for her hand-lettering work and travel
illustrations, she has worked with a wide range of clients
from various industries. She has written and illustrated
best-selling books on hand lettering and journaling,
including Hand Lettering A to Z (Rockport Publishers
2017) and her art has been recognized on both local and
international websites and publications such as BuzzFeed,
DesignTaxi, and IdN magazine, to name a few.
She currently works as a creative entrepreneur—writing
and illustrating books, teaching art classes on weekends,
and producing her own line of products, in the hopes of
further fulfilling her artistic dreams and fueling her passion
for both art and travel.
View Abbey’s work at
Website: abbey-sy.com
Facebook: fb.com/artbyabbeysy
Twitter & Instagram @abbeysy
Index
Acrylic-based colored ink, 15
Acrylic inks, 14
Adobe Photoshop/Adobe Illustrator, 20, 132, 133, 134–136, 142–149
Alignment, layout, 119
Alphabet
basic script, 92, 93
black letter, 63, 65
block letter, 172
italic, 46, 47
modern roman capitals, 66, 71
practice sheets, 152–153
sans serif letters, 170–171
serif letters, 168–169
Ampersand, 27, 31
Animal hair brushes, 18
Apex, 27
Ascender, 27, 44, 62
Ascent line, 28

Balcruz, Geli, 76
Ball terminal, 27
Base, Jelvin, 66
Baseline, 28, 44, 62, 70
Basic script. See Script/script-style fonts
Basic shapes tool, in Adobe Illustrator, 136
Bickham, George, 49
Black letter, 35
Blackletter calligraphy, 12, 26, 28, 35, 60–65, 162–163, 183
Black paper, 37
Blob brush tool, in Adobe Illustrator, 136
Block letters, 29, 172
Bloser, P.Z., 59
Bold font style, 27, 30
Bookmarks, 102–105
Border work, flourishes used in, 75, 99
Bounce lettering, 94–95, 175–177
Bowl, 27
Bracket, 27
Broad-edged nibs, 12, 67
Broad-edged pens, 38, 67, 68, 183
Brushes, 18
Brush lettering, 16, 26, 89, 95
Brush letters guide, 175
Brush pens, 16, 89

Calligraphy
blackletter, 60–65
copperplate, 48–53
italic, 42–47
modern tools, 38
nibs used for, 35
overview, 26
practice sheets, 154–163
preparing workspace for, 39
projects, 76–83
Roman, 66–71
Spencarian, 54–59
styles of, 28
traditional tools, 12–15, 34–37
types of, 26
upstrokes and downstrokes, 41
writing posture for, 40
Canan, C.C., 59
Canvas cloth, 23
Cap height, 70
Capital letters. See Majuscules; Uppercase letters
Capital stem (compound curve), 52–53, 58
Cap line, 28
Carolingian minuscule, 61
Cartouche, 72, 73
Castro-Dayrit, Fozzy, 32, 34
Casual script, 91, 183
Ceramic plate, calligraphy on a, 76–77
Chalk, 17
Chalkboard surface, 23
Chalk markers, 17
Chancery italic, 42. See also Italic calligraphy
Coasters, 106–107
Cold-pressed paper, 22
Colored ink, 15, 183
Colored paper, 37
Colored pencils, 19, 56
Colors, digital lettering, 139
Comfort pen holders, 36
Compass, 21
Compound curve (capital stem), 52–53
Concentrated watercolors, 19
Conceptual pattern, 123
Condensed, 27
Copperplate calligraphy, 13, 28, 35, 48–53, 156–157, 183
Copybooks, 58
Courtney, F.B., 74
Crescent stroke, 46
Crossbar, 27, 94
Cross drill exercises, 55–56
Cursive letters, 29. See also Italic calligraphy

Decorative lettering, 110–129

fineliner pens, 112–113
layout, 118–121
overview, 110
practice sheets, 166–167
projects, 124–129
sans serif fonts, 27, 116–117
serif fonts, 27, 114–115
Decorative script, 27
Dennis, W.E., 74
Descenders, 27, 44, 57, 62, 94
Descent line, 28
Descriptive lettering, 138
Desktop computer, 20, 132
Diamond, 63, 64, 65
Didone serifs, 115
Digital lettering, 130–149
building your letters, 134–136
overview, 130
projects, 142–149
special effects, 137–139
three-dimensional effects, 140–141
tools, 132
Digital tools, 20, 133
Dip pens, flat-tip, 12, 183
Dots (special effect), 137
Downstrokes, 29, 41, 46, 63
Dpi (dots per inch), 20
Drawing pens, 17
Drills. See Practice drills and sheets
Drop caps, 110
Drop shadow, 27, 140
Dye-based ink, 14

Elemental pattern, 123

Embellished pattern, 123
Embossed calligraphy notebook, 80–81
English roundhand, 35. See also Copperplate calligraphy
Engraver’s script, 48. See also Copperplate calligraphy
Engrosser’s Script, 35
Erasers, 21
Ergonomic pen holders, 36
Exit strokes, 51
Expressive lettering, 138
Extended letters, 27

Felt-tip brush pens, 16

Fineliner pens, 17, 112–113, 183
Flag stroke, 63, 64, 65
Flat brushes, 18, 87
Flat nibs, 35
Flat-tip dip pens, 12, 183
Flat-tip pens, 44, 62, 65
Flexible nibs, 35
Flourishes, 58–59, 72–75, 96–99, 183
Flowers, 100–101
Formal script, 90, 183
Fountain pens, 14, 15, 38, 183
Fraktur blackletter, 61

Geometric sans serif, 117

Gift wrap, 144–145
Glass surface, 23
Glow lines (special effect), 137
Golden age of handwriting, 54
Gothic lettering, 12, 18, 35. See also Blackletter calligraphy
Gouache, 14, 15, 19
Gradients (special effect), 137
Grammar, layout and, 119
Graphics tablet, 132
Grotesque sans serif, 117
Grouping words, 119
Guide preparation
blackletter, 62
italic calligraphy, 44
Gutenberg, Johannes, 26

Half overturn, 46
Halfway crescent, 46
Hand lettering
adding weight lines, 30
basic script, 90–93
bounce, 94–95
decorative lettering. See Decorative lettering
explained, 26
 flourishes, 96–99
flowers and leaves, 100–101
forming letters, 29
ligatures, 30, 31
modern, 84–108
projects, 102–108
terminology, 27
tools, 12–19, 21, 86–89
Handwriting, 29, 54, 84, 90, 151
Hanging tail, 98
Herrin, Christine, 142
Holding pens, 113
Hot-pressed paper, 22, 37
Humanistic sans serif, 117

Illustrations, within letterforms, 122–123

Image trace feature, Adobe Illustrator, 133
India ink, 14
Ink(s), 14–15, 36, 112, 183
Ink loading, flat-tip dip pens, 12
Inline, 27
Inspirational print set, 142–143
Italic calligraphy, 27, 35, 42–47
basic strokes for, 46
definition, 183–184
example, 28
guide preparation, 44
history of, 43
letter structure, 47
letter variation, 45
overview, 42
pen angle, 45
practice sheets, 160–161
structure of, 47
variation in, 45
Italic nibs, 12, 35
Italic thick, 45
Italic upright, 45

Japanese G nibs, 35
Journaling cards, 146–147

Kerning, 27

Laptop computer, 20, 132

Layout
decorative lettering, 118–121
 practice drills for, 176–179
Leading, definition, 27
Lead pencil, 21
Leaves, 100–101
Lessons in Engrosser’s Script (Zaner), 49
Lettered photo overlays, 148–149
Letterforms
basic script, 90–91
blackletter. See Blackletter calligraphy
connecting, 31
definition, 184
digital lettering, 134–136
drawing (digital), 134–136
flowers and leaves incorporated into, 100
illustrations created within, 122–123
italic. See Italic calligraphy
with modern hand lettering, 84
sans serif, 116–117
serif, 114–115
Letter proportion, 70
Letters, forming, 29
Letter slopes, pen angle vs., 45
Letter structure
blackletter, 64–65
italic calligraphy, 47
pen angle and, 62
Letter variation, for italic calligraphy, 45
Ligature, 27, 31
Light, 27
Lined pattern, 123
Liner brushes, 18, 87
Love, 27
Lowercase, 26, 47, 64, 92, 93. See also Miniscules

Madarasz, Louis, 59
Majuscules, 52–53, 58, 184. See also Uppercase letters
Markers, 17
Mean line, 28
Mechanical pencils, 21
Metallic watercolors, 15, 184
Mills, Edward C., 56
Miniscules, 49, 51, 57, 61, 184
Modern Business Penmanship (Mills), 56
Modern caligraphy, 31, 38–41
Modern hand lettering, 84–108
Modern roman capitals, 66–71
Modern tools, 16–19, 38, 88–89
Name cards, 82–83
Natural hair brush pens, 16
Neoclassical serif style, 115
Nib holders, 13, 39, 184
Nibs
cleaning, 40
definition, 184
flat-tip dip pens, 12
fountain pen, 15
inserting into holders, 39
overview, 35
of parallel pen, 38
prepping, 39
Roman calligraphy, 67
two types of, 12
Nib widths, 44, 62, 70
Notebook cover, pattern-style lettering on, 128–129

Oblique nib holders, 13, 36, 39, 72

Offhand flourishing, 72–74, 184
Old English. See Blackletter
Old Style serif style, 115
Ornamental penmanship, 58, 72. See also Flourishes
Ornamental script, 35
Outlines, 27, 30
Overturn, 63

Paintbrushes, 12, 86–87, 89

Paints, 18–19
Paper, 22, 37
Parallel pen, 12, 26, 38, 184
Pen angle, 45, 62, 68
Pen tool, in Adobe Illustrator, 135
Phone case, 126–127
Photo overlays, lettered, 148–149
Pointed nibs, 12, 35
Pointed pen, 184
Posture, writing, 40
Practice drills and sheets
alphabet writing, 152–153
basic script, 173–174
blackletter calligraphy, 162–163
block letters, 172
bounce lettering, 175–177
copperplate calligraphy, 156–157
decorative lettering, 166–167
italic calligraphy, 160–161
 layout, 176–179
modern roman capitals, 69, 71
ofhand flourishing, 73
Roman calligraphy, 158–159
sans serif letters, 170–171
serif letters, 168–169
Spencerian calligraphy, 154–155
strokes and swirls, 150–151
word drills, 164–165
Printed letters, 29
Printer, 132
Projects
calligraphy, 76–83
decorative lettering, 124–129
digital lettering, 142–149
modern hand lettering, 102–109
Prominent slope, 45

Quill designs, 74
Quote ideas, 180
Quote layout, 30
Quotes
bounce layouts, 176–177
flourishes and, 97, 98, 99
flourishes used with, 97, 98, 99
layout alignment and, 119
layout practice using, 180–181
projects using, 76–81, 102–105, 108–109, 120–121, 126–129, 142–143

Regular font, 27
Rodil, Risa, 130
Roman calligraphy, 28, 66–71, 158–159, 184
Roman hand, 35
Rotunda blackletter, 61
Round brushes, 18, 87
Rulers, 21

Sans serif, 178, 179

Sans serif letters, 27, 116–117, 164, 170–171, 172
Scanners/scanning, 20, 133
Schwabacher blackletter, 61
Scissors, 21
Script/script-style fonts
adding bounce to, 94–95
adding flourishes to, 96–99
alphabet, 92–93
casual script, 91
 drills, 173–174
example, 27
formal script, 90
layout drills, 178–179
lowercase, 92
modern hand lettering, 90–91
uppercase, 93
Serif letters, 27, 114–115, 164, 168–169, 178, 179
Shadows, 30
Sharpeners, 21
Shoulder, 27
Side/dash stroke, 46, 63
Size, paper, 22
Slab serifs, 115
Slight slope, 45
Slope, 44, 45, 62
Soft turns, 57
Spacing, layout and, 119
Special effects, digital lettering, 137–139
Spelling, layout and, 119
Spencerian penmanship, 32, 35, 54–59
copperplate vs., 55, 57
cross drill exercises, 55–57
decoration/flourishes and, 58–59
definition, 184
downstrokes, 41
example, 28
history, 54
nibs for, 35
oblique nib holder, 13
practice sheets, 154–155
Spencerian Practice (Sull), 58
Spencer, Platt Rogers, 54
Spine, 27
Square sans serif, 117
Squoosh, 27
Stem, 27
Storage, of nibs, 35
Straight nib holder, 13, 36, 72
Strokes
blackletter, 63
connecting, 93
copperplate, 49–52
italic alphabet, 46
modern roman capitals, 69
practicing, 150–151
Sull, Michael R., 58, 59, 74
Sumi ink, 14
Superscriptions, 59
Surfaces
canvas cloth, 23
chalkboard, 23
glass, 23
paper, 22
wood, 23
Swashes, 27, 98
Swells, 74
Swirls, practicing, 150–151
Synthetic brushes, 18
Synthetic hair brush pens, 16

Tabino, A.J., 38, 42, 60

Tablets, 20, 132
Tall letter, 27
Technical (fineliner) pen, 17, 112–113, 183
Terminology, 27
Textura blackletter, 61, 62
Thick downstroke, 63
Thick fineliner pens, 113
Thin curve upstroke, 46
Thin downstroke, 46, 63
Thin fineliner pens, 113
Thin upstroke, 46, 63, 64
3D style, 123
Three-dimensional effects, 140–141
Tools, 10–21
basic lettering, 21
brushes, 18
brush pens, 16
colored pencils, 19
digital, 20
digital lettering, 132
fountain pens, 15
ink, 14–15, 36
modern, 16–19, 39
modern hand lettering, 86–89
modern Roman capitals, 67
nibs, 10, 35
paints, 18–19
paper, 36
pen holders, 36
traditional, 12–15, 34–37, 86–87
Tooth (of paper), 22, 37
Tote bag, 124–125
Tracking, 27
Traditional tools, 12–15, 34–37, 86–87
Transitional serif style, 115
Typefaces, 27
Typography, 26

Underturn, 63
The Universal Penman (Bickham), 49
Uppercase letters, 26, 47, 65, 66–71, 92, 93
Upstrokes, 29, 41, 46, 63

Valentine, M.M., 59
V spaces, 73

Wall art, 108–109

Warm-up strokes, 29, 69, 71, 92–93
Washi tape, 21, 83
Watercolors, 15, 18–19, 82–83, 89, 101, 103–105, 126–127
Wave stroke, 63
Weight lines, 30, 184
Weight of paper, 22, 37
White ink, 14, 37
Wooden pen holders, 36
Wooden slab, calligraphy on, 78–79
Wood surfaces, 23
Word count, layout and, 119
Word drills, 164–165
Writing posture, 40

X-height, 28, 44, 62

Zaner, Charles P., 49, 55, 59, 74

Zanerian College of Penmanship, Ohio, 49, 58
The Zanerian Manual, 49
Dedicated to the artist in all of us.
 Image

© 2018 Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc.

First published in 2018 by Creative Publishing international,

an imprint of The Quarto Group,
401 Second Avenue North, Suite 310, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA.
T (612) 344-8100 F (612) 344-8692 QuartoKnows.com

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission
of the copyright owners. All images in this book have been reproduced with the knowledge and prior
consent of the artists concerned, and no responsibility is accepted by producer, publisher, or printer
for any infringement of copyright or otherwise, arising from the contents of this publication. Every
effort has been made to ensure that credits accurately comply with information supplied. We
apologize for any inaccuracies that may have occurred and will resolve inaccurate or missing
information in a subsequent reprinting of the book.

Creative Publishing international titles are also available at discount for retail, wholesale,
promotional, and bulk purchase. For details, contact the Special Sales Manager by email at
[email protected] or by mail at The Quarto Group, Attn: Special Sales Manager, 401 Second
Avenue North, Suite 310, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA.

Digital edition: 978-1-63159-485-4

Softcover edition: 978-1-58923-963-0

Digital edition published in 2018

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available

Design and Page layout: Laura McFadden Design, Inc.

Cover Image: Abbey Sy
Photography: Abbey Sy; except page 189 by Ber Garcia.