Technological University of Panama

Faculty to which it belongs

Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Career of:
Bachelor of Naval Engineering
Cluster:
1NI131 (A)
Subject of:
Materials science
(7900)
Teacher:
Jeovany Diaz
Instructor:
Rodrigo Caballero
ASSIGNMENT #1
“Application of materials science in mechanical engineering”

Made by:
Quintero, Victor 8-941-1484

By definition, materials science is a field of science that deals with the

analysis of the structure and properties of materials. For this reason, materials
science is a field that involves many scientific and engineering disciplines.
This is due to the in-depth analysis of the materials on which this science is
based. Analysis that later has practical purposes in different areas of
engineering.

Among these fields of action of materials science within engineering are its
applications through mechanical engineering.
This science plays a crucial role in the selection of materials for the naval
industry, since this part of the process in the design of structures is what
allows decisions to be made on other technical and economic aspects. Many
times, due to the scarcity of a certain material or the lack of the economic
factor, it is necessary to resort to other materials that allow optimization in
multiple senses, this is where materials science comes into action.
Throughout history, this science of materials has developed and evolved
greatly and has been closely linked to the ability of members of a society to
produce and process materials that are necessary to satisfy existing needs.
The growing demand for new materials and alloys, in addition to advances in
manufacturing technology and the manufacture of parts and components, play
an essential role in naval engineering systems.
One thing that is very certain is that for a correct and adequate selection of
materials, one must have a very good theoretical basis, experimental research
and an undoubted practical basis.

In fact, in materials science only metals, ceramic materials and polymers are
recognized as categories; any material can be included in one of these
categories, so semiconductors belong to ceramic materials and in addition to
the characterization of the material, the materials scientist or engineer
(although there is a difference, many times the engineer is a scientist or vice
versa) must also deal with the extraction and its subsequent conversion into
useful materials. Ingot molding, casting techniques, blast furnace extraction,
electrolytic extraction, etc., are part of the knowledge required by a
metallurgical engineer or an industrial engineer to assess the capabilities of
said material.

Apart from metals, polymers and ceramics are also very important in materials
science. Polymers are a primary material used to form or manufacture plastics.
Plastics are the end product after various polymers and additives have been
processed and formed into their final form. PVC, polyethylene, etc. are
examples of plastics.

As regards ceramics, we can mention clay, as well as its modelling, drying and
firing to obtain a refractory material. Composite materials are nothing more
than mixtures of materials belonging to the main categories.

In addition to the characterization of the material, the materials scientist or

engineer (although there is a difference, many times the engineer is a scientist
or vice versa) must also deal with the extraction and its subsequent conversion
into useful materials. Ingot molding, casting techniques, blast furnace
extraction, electrolytic extraction, etc., are part of the knowledge required by a
metallurgical engineer or an industrial engineer to assess the capabilities of
said material.

Apart from metals, polymers and ceramics are also very important in materials
science. Polymers are a primary material used to form or manufacture plastics.
Plastics are the end product after various polymers and additives have been
processed and formed into their final form. PVC, polyethylene, etc., are
examples of plastics.

As regards ceramics, we can mention clay, as well as its modelling, drying and
firing to obtain a refractory material.
This science dates back to prehistoric times and has witnessed the evolution in
the quality of materials used by man in his social development and continues
to develop to this day with great growth due to the still existence of problems
related to the mechanical properties of materials and which need to be
corrected in order to improve the quality of the materials and prolong the
useful life of the mechanical elements.

Until relatively recently, researchers have been able to understand the

relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties.
The existence of this knowledge dates back to approximately the last 200
years.
Nowadays, most naval structures are made of iron alloys or metals with
similar properties, ceramics, plastics and composite materials. However,
constant global development makes it necessary to develop new materials that
allow for more efficient performance, either to support greater loads or to
obtain better results when exposing said material to extreme conditions.

The design process of a boat begins with computer simulations that allow
decisions to be made on technical aspects related to quality, price, size,
performance, among others. After this process, each component is designed
individually, so that the specifications for each one are determined. These
specifications, such as the shape of the part, are determined by several factors
such as the function that the part will have, the material from which it will be
manufactured and the limitations imposed on the manufacturing process, the
placement of the part within the structure, the weight and costs, among other
factors.
Tens of thousands of different materials with very special characteristics have
been developed to meet the existing needs of our complex social system. This
refers to the development and processing of materials such as metals, plastics
and fibers.

The selection of the appropriate material in the design of vessels is determined

based on certain criteria that may be technical, technological and commercial.
The technical criteria cover the properties that serve to size and select the
mechanical properties that the material to be used must have, depending on
the environment to which it will be exposed.

In addition to the characterization of the material, the materials scientist or

engineer (although there is a difference, many times the engineer is a scientist
or vice versa) must also deal with the extraction and its subsequent conversion
into useful materials. Ingot molding, casting techniques, blast furnace
extraction, electrolytic extraction, etc., are part of the knowledge required by a
metallurgical engineer or an industrial engineer to assess the capabilities of
said material. Materials science covers a wide range of topics, from atomic
structure, properties of different materials, processes and treatments.

Among the discoveries that have caused the greatest impact or revolution in
science is the discovery of the thermal phases of different metals and
especially those of steel. Whose applications have allowed the development to
date of multiple elements such as semiconductors.

The materials used by various societies have had such an impact that they
have been the means by which the various stages of human history are
classified, for example, the Stone Age, the Metal Age, up to the most recent
eras that are known as the polymer age. After this process, each component is
designed individually, so that the specifications for each one are determined.
These specifications, such as the shape of the piece, are determined by several
factors such as the function that the piece will have.

The Bronze Age, which some refer to as the "metal age", refers to the use of
metals and alloys, the importance of which lies in the fact that obtaining them
requires the acquisition of complex metallurgical technologies. Bronze is the
most famous of the alloys referred to in history to refer to the emergence of
classical cultures and steel to the era of the industrial revolution.

The most recent eras are known as the "polymer era" because their use is
definitely due to advances in highly complex chemistry. Polymers can have
virtually any physical property, so their use became so massive that it defines
modern societies (plastic societies) very well.

However, history, like the development of materials, does not stop. Composite
materials are currently popular. Formed by the union of others.
The selection of the appropriate material in the design of vessels is determined
by certain criteria that may be technical, technological and commercial. The
technical criteria cover the properties that serve to size and select the
mechanical properties that the material to be used must have, depending on
the environment to which it will be exposed. It is a crucial point since it will
determine the resistance of said material to elements such as corrosion,
fatigue, fractures, resistance modules whether to fatigue or creep, toughness,
stress corrosion, aging, resistance to low or high temperatures, among other
factors.

This criterion is where materials science is present in the process of selecting a

material in the design of naval structures.
Other tests that are of great interest in the design of naval structures and
vessels are those that allow the evaluation of aspects such as resistance to
advance, dynamic trim, planing, parallel sinking, determination of nominal
wake, splashing, emergence of propellers in waves, parametric and transverse
resonance, determination of trajectories, damping coefficients, positioning of
balance keels, increase in power in waves, among others.
All these tests maintain a close relationship with materials science and
engineering, since this will serve to evaluate critical aspects at the time of
applying the tests.

The growing demand for new materials and alloys, in addition to advances in
manufacturing technology and the manufacture of parts and components, play
an essential role in naval engineering systems.
One thing that is very certain is that for a correct and adequate selection of
materials, one must have a very good theoretical basis, experimental research
and an undoubted practical basis.

It should be noted that the most complex part in the selection of a material is
related to mechanical behavior or conduct in which the properties of said
material are influenced by the effects of the time in which the element remains
in service and operating.

The aforementioned cases require extensive analysis when interpreting the

data from the tests carried out and the theoretical predictions obtained. Some
of the tests carried out on these materials are those of wear resistance, which
consists of a dynamic test of lubricated and abrasive materials. These
mechanical tests are also called tribological tests and consist of wear, friction
and lubrication.

Another type of test that is fundamental for the selection of a material in the
design of naval structures and of great application within the science of
materials is the test of the effects of high temperatures and consists of a
controlled solidification test and is used for the development and of great
application within the science of materials is the test of the effects of high
temperatures and consists of a controlled solidification test and is used for the
development of oriented microstructures that are suitable for resisting
fractures. A variant of this type of test is cold working and annealing, in which
the desired balance between strength and hardness is obtained, allowing for
better development of the materials and thus allowing for a wider range of
alloys to be obtained by varying the strength/hardness ratio through
temperature changes.

By nature, vessels and naval structures are subject to the inclemency of the sea
and one of the main problems, if not the first, that the designers of this type of
elements face is corrosion. To deal with this, all possible precautions are taken
to prolong the life of the material used. These precautions are taken on the
basis of corrosion resistance tests previously carried out in specialized
laboratories. This type of testing may consist of analysis in electrochemical
cells used to determine the potential or intensity of corrosion current in the
polarization curves.
Other tests that are of great interest in the design of naval structures and
vessels are those that allow the evaluation of aspects such as resistance to
advance, dynamic trim, planing, parallel sinking, determination of nominal
wake, splashing, emergence of propellers in waves, parametric and transverse
resonance, determination of trajectories,
The materials used by various societies have had such an impact that they
have been the means by which the various stages of human history are
classified, for example, the Stone Age, the Metal Age, up to the most recent
eras that are known as the polymer age.

The selection of the appropriate material in the design of vessels is determined

based on certain criteria that may be technical, technological and commercial.
The technical criteria cover the properties that serve to size and select the
mechanical properties that the material to be used must have, depending on
the environment to which it will be exposed.

It is a crucial point since it will determine the resistance of said material to

elements such as corrosion, fatigue, fractures, resistance modules whether to
fatigue or creep, toughness, stress corrosion cracking, aging, resistance to low
or high temperatures, corrosion, fatigue, fractures, resistance modules whether
to fatigue or creep, toughness, stress corrosion cracking, aging, resistance to
low or high temperatures, among other factors. This criterion is where
materials science is present in the process of selecting a material in the design
of naval structures.

It should be noted that the most complex part in the selection of a material is
related to mechanical behavior or conduct in which the most complex part in
the selection of a material is related to mechanical behavior or conduct in
which the properties of said material are influenced by the effects of the time
in which the element is kept in service and operating.

Nowadays, most naval structures are made of iron alloys or metals with
similar properties, ceramics, plastics and composite materials. However,
constant global development makes it necessary to develop new materials that
allow for more efficient performance, whether to support greater loads or to
obtain metals with similar properties, ceramics, plastics and composite
materials. However, constant global development makes it necessary to
develop new materials that allow for more efficient performance, either to
support greater loads or to obtain better results when exposing said material to
extreme conditions.

Other tests that are of great interest in the design of naval structures and
vessels are those that allow the evaluation of aspects such as resistance to
advance, dynamic trim, planing, parallel sinking, determination of nominal
wake, splashing, emergence of propellers in waves, parametric and transverse
resonance, determination of trajectories, damping coefficients, positioning of
balance keels, increase in power in waves, resistance to advance, dynamic
trim, planing, parallel sinking, determination of nominal wake, splashing,
emergence of propellers in waves, parametric and transverse resonance,
determination of trajectories, damping coefficients, positioning of balance
keels, increase in power in waves, among others. All these tests maintain a
close relationship with materials science and engineering, since this will serve
to evaluate critical aspects at the time of applying the tests.

It is a crucial point since it will determine the resistance of said material to

elements such as corrosion, fatigue, fractures, resistance modules whether to
fatigue or creep, toughness, stress corrosion cracking, aging, resistance to low
or high temperatures, corrosion, fatigue, fractures, resistance modules whether
to fatigue or creep, toughness, stress corrosion cracking, aging, resistance to
low or high temperatures, among other factors. This criterion is where
materials science is present in the process of selecting a material in the design
of naval structures.

It should be noted that the most complex part in the selection of a material is
related to mechanical behavior or conduct in which the most complex part in
the selection of a material is related to mechanical behavior or conduct in
which the properties of said material are influenced by the effects of the time
in which the element is kept in service and operating.

The growing demand for new materials and alloys, in addition to advances in
manufacturing technology and the manufacture of parts and components, play
an essential role in naval engineering systems.
One thing that is very certain is that for a correct and adequate selection of
materials, one must have a very good theoretical basis, experimental research
and an undoubted practical basis.

The selection of the appropriate material in the design of vessels is determined

based on certain criteria that may be technical, technological and commercial.
The technical criteria cover the properties that serve to size and select the
mechanical properties that the material to be used must have, depending on
the environment to which it will be exposed.

However, history, like the development of materials, does not stop. Composite
materials are currently popular. Formed by the union of others.