Introduction to Civil Engineering Final Exam

1. Please provide a definition of Engineering. accordance with the technical specifications

civil? of the technical file.

Civil engineering is defined as the discipline 6. What is a technical file?

of engineering. Professional who deals with
the design, construction and maintenance of The technical file is the instrument prepared
environmental infrastructures designed to by the bidding entity and consists of a set of
benefit society. documents in which all the details and
characteristics of the work are recorded,
2. Mention the problems of engineering. Civil such as: plans, budget, soil study, materials,
in our country. time of execution of the work and others.

Housing and ethics. 7. What is structural engineering?

Disaster prevention and response. It is responsible for estimating the maximum

resistance of elements subjected to loads, and
Building materials. also allows the planning and design of the
Road infrastructure. parts that form the skeleton of buildings.

Maintenance of civil infrastructure. 8. What is geotechnical engineering?

3. Mention 5 areas of knowledge required in It is a branch of engineering. Civil that is

civil engineering. responsible for the study of the maximum
resistance of soil particles, in order to ensure
Geometry, calculations and mathematical the interaction of soil and structure.
manipulations.
9. What is transportation engineering?
Calculation of stresses and deformations in
structures under action. This engineering department is responsible
for the study, planning and design of traffic
Materials to be used in the execution of the on streets and roads, with the aim of
work. increasing comfort, reducing travel time and
ensuring the safety of people on the journey.
Soil behavior under structural stresses.
10. road infrastructure and pavements.
Capacity calculation techniques for road
sizing. It is the area of civil engineering responsible
for the design and maintenance of roads and
4. The civil engineer must be qualified for.
their structures.
Analyze the soil according to its type and
11. What is the notion of modern society?
bearing capacity.
Civil engineering is responsible for designing
Calculate and design hydraulic works.
and building structures to solve and provide
Regulate the circulation of cargo or humanity with its basic needs and thus
passenger vehicles. improve the quality of life, always preserving
the care of soil, air and water.
Evaluate and formulate public investment
projects (PIP). 12. define deformation.

5. Define what is technical supervision? Deformation is the change in size or shape of

a structure due to internal stresses and
It is a tool that is applied in the execution of a volumetric change in temperature.
work in order to ensure that all processes are
carried out as well as possible and in 13. What are the properties that a
structure must meet?
A structure to remain balanced must be 21. What are the accidental actions that
strong, rigid and stable. act on structures?

14. define traction. These have a variable intensity over time and
are live loads, they are not permanent,
This effort occurs when a structural element occupants and furniture, and also
is subjected to external forces that try to pull temperature changes.
and stretch it.
22. accidental actions.
15. Define what understanding is.
Those that are not due to the normal
It is an effort that tends to shorten the shape functioning of a building, occur in seconds
and size of a structural element. and minutes, such as earthquakes, waves and
16. Define what flexion is. explosions.

It is an effort in which traction and 23. which is a structural element.

compression participate at the same time, in It is each of the parts that make up a
such a way that it does not deform. structure and that has a resistant function
17. Define what torsion is. within the whole.

It is a stress that occurs when a moment is 24. which is a porticoed system.

applied to the longitudinal axis of a structural It is a reinforced concrete structure
element. consisting of beams and columns that are
18. What are the criteria for an joined together and support loads.
architectural design? 25. What are the advantages and
Start with an architectural sketch of the disadvantages of a portal system?
future building. It allows all modifications to be made to the
Evaluate alternatives regarding the material interior of a home, since the walls do not bear
to be used for construction. loads.

Define the longitudinal and transverse It has versatility in covering spaces through
dimensions of the structural elements the use of brick.

Pre-dimension the structural elements. Construction is slow, heavy and therefore

more expensive, requiring work to be carried
Evaluate the loads that the building will out backwards and forwards.
support.
26. which is a continuous foundation.
19. design process.
It is the foundation that is formed by the
Structuring stage: select materials and adopt foundation and the sub-foundation, its
an optimal solution. function is to transmit the loads from the
walls to the ground, it is used in perimeter
Estimating actions: identifying the loads that
fences.
will act on the structure.
27. which is a foundation slab or platform.
Stage of structural analysis.
It is a shallow foundation used in soils with
Sizing stage: the structure is reviewed to see
low load-bearing capacity. It has steel rods
if it meets safety requirements.
and is used when the building is tall and
20. What are the permanent actions that there is little contact area.
they exert on the structures.
28. which is a shoe.
They act continuously and are dead loads due
It is a type of shallow foundation, located
to the structure's own weight, static thrusts
under the columns and its function is to
from liquids and earth, deformations and
displacements.
transmit the loads of the structure to the The bending effect is produced by the vertical
ground. displacement (arrow) of the centroidal axis
of the beam length because the load has
29. what are the piles. reached the capacity of the element.
They are a type of deep foundation, and are Shear effect occurs when the loads act
used to reach a soil stratum where they can downwards, the stress is maximum at the
transmit the loads of the building, also when supports and decreases as it moves away
the soil has low load-bearing capacity. until reaching zero approach.
30. which is a column. 38 which is a slab.
It is a structural element that supports They are structural elements made of
vertical loads (own weight) as well as reinforced concrete or prefabricated
horizontal forces (earthquakes and winds), materials, with a solid rectangular cross
and generally works in flexocompression. section that separates one level or floor from
31. What is the ideal design in a another.
construction. 39. which is a solid slab.
It is a weak beam and a strong column, It is made of reinforced concrete that covers
because when the beam fails it generates a rectangular boards which transmit their
local failure that affects only the affected loads to the beams, these to the columns and
floor and when the column fails it affects the then to the foundation and the latter to the
entire structure causing it to collapse. ground.
32. which is a short column. 40. which is a flat slab.
It is a structural element that fails when an They are reinforced concrete elements that
earthquake occurs because it is fragile and are supported directly on the columns and
there are no expansion joints for its walls, there is no beam in between.
movement.
41. which is a ribbed slab.
33. low amount of transverse
reinforcement. They are a type of slab foundation, composed
of beams acting as ribs that work together to
When the transverse reinforcement is poorly provide great rigidity.
assembled, the diameter of the rod is
insufficient or they are too far apart, damage 42. which is a lightened slab.
to the structural elements is evident.
Commonly called roofs, they are important
34. which is a beam. structural elements that must be carefully
designed and constructed. They are made up
It is a structural element where the applied of joists, bricks and reinforcement.
loads are mainly perpendicular to the axis
that supports them and gives stability to the 43. What is called the shear strength of a
structure, working in bending and shear. soil?

35. which is a full soul. It is called the shear stress in the shear plane
and at the moment of failure. It is used to
It is when the beam has the entire cross analyze charging and other problems.
section complete, steel rods plus concrete.
44. What is soil cohesion?
36. which is lattice.
It is the quality by which the soil particles are
It is when the structural elements are hollow held together by internal forces, that is, the
section, that is, they are not complete. finer the soil particles are.
37. Talk about the effect of bending and 45. which is the consistency of the soil.
shear in beams.
It is the resistance of the soil to being These are inspection techniques that are
deformed or kneaded, that is, it depends on carried out on land at a shallow depth to
the moisture content of the material. determine the soil's bearing capacity or the
type of soil.
46. which is the angle of internal friction
of the ground. 56. which is the groundwater level.

The angle of repose or maximum possible It is the distance that exists from the natural
angle for the slope of a pile of said granular terrain to the water level found in the soil.
material when we form it.
57. According to AASHTO, granular
47. which is the ground. materials are divided into how many soil
groups?
The soil is the most superficial layer of the
Earth's crust, made up of rock fragments of In three groups A – 1 (A-1-a; A-1-b), A – 3, A –
different sizes. 2 (A-2-4; A-2-5; A-2-6; A-2-7).

48. What is weathering? A – 1: is made up of fragments of stone,

gravel and sand.
It is the destruction and decomposition of
rocks and minerals close to the earth's A – 3: is made of fine sand.
surface.
A – 2: is made up of silty or clayey gravel and
49. What are glacial soils? sand.

Glacial soils are masses of soil and ice that From group A-1-a to group A-2-5 it is an
move towards warm areas of matter due to excellent to good soil.
gravity.
58. How many groups are silt-clay soils
50. which is an aeolian soil. divided into?

They are soils produced by the action of They are A – 4, A – 5 (silty soils); A – 6, A – 7
wind, that is, they are airborne and (clayey soils).
precipitated by rain.
From group A-2-6 to group A – 7 are of
51. which are alluvial soils. acceptable to poor quality.

They are soils made of materials carried by 59. What is the function of transportation
water and deposited according to size. These engineering?
soils are suitable for construction material
and foundation soil. It is transportation planning, transportation
economics, urban cycle path design and
52. which is the settlement of soils. parking design.

It is when the foundation has deformed the 60. What are the problems of
soil on which it rests, caused by stresses transportation engineering?
induced in the foundation itself.
There are several, some are.
53. What is soil liquefaction?
Fast and safe vehicles are needed, as well as
It is the transformation of a solid material vehicles with a greater load capacity and
into a liquefied material as a consequence of more flexible transport capabilities. Better
the increase in water pressure in the soil roads with greater volume and load capacity
pores. are needed, and terminal systems need to be
improved.
54. What is the permeability of soils?
61. which is a flexible pavement.
Permeability is the soil's capacity to allow the
passage of water without altering its internal These are those that tend to deform and
structure. recover after suffering deformation,
transmitting the load laterally to the ground
55. which is a test pit. through their layers. It is composed of a thin
layer of asphalt mixtures, placed on base and
sub-base layers, generally granular.

62. which is a rigid pavement.

These are formed by a Portland concrete slab

on a base, or directly on the subgrade. It
directly transmits the efforts to the ground.