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Chapter 6: Behavioral Modeling
Multiple Choices
Ans: a
Ans: b
Ans: c
a. 4. The modeling focus of the interaction diagram is at the _____ level while the
modeling focus on the class diagram is at the _____ level.
b. a. class, object
c. b. interaction, class
d. c. class, interaction
e. d. object, class
f. e. high, low
Ans: d
a. 5. A(n) _____ is an instantiation of a class.
b. a. attribute
c. b. behavior
d. c. operation
e. d. message
f. e. object
Ans: e
Ans: a
a. 7. _____ are information that is sent to objects to tell it to execute one of its
behaviors.
b. a. attributes
c. b. operations
d. c. messages
e. d. instances
f. e. use-cases
Ans: c
a. 8. Analysts use _____ to show the objects that participate in a use case and the
messages that pass between the objects over time for one particular use case.
b. a. structural models
c. b. sequence diagrams
d. c. collaboration diagram
e. d. class diagrams
f. e. behavioral state machines
Ans: b
a. 9. When arranging actors and objects on a sequence diagram, it is nice to list them
_____.
b. a. in alphabetical order down the side of the diagram
c. b. in alphabetical order across the top of the diagram
d. c. in order in which they participate in the sequence down the side of the
diagram
e. d. in order in which they participate in the sequence across the top of the
diagram
f. e. actors and objects are not both shown on a sequence diagram
Ans: d
a. 10. Which of the following objects would be most likely to be destroyed at some
point in time in a sequence diagram?
b. a. customer
c. b. order
d. c. order item
e. d. invoice
f. e. shopping cart
Ans: e
a. 11. A systems analyst draws a lifeline with an X at the end. This lifeline represents
_____.
b. a. a message that cannot be delivered
c. b. an object that is destroyed at a point in time
d. c. a message that is delivered at that point in time
e. d. an object that is complete at that point in time
f. e. an object that arrives at its final destination
Ans: b
Ans: e
a. 13. On a sequence diagram, an object name of Students:List would indicate that
_____.
b. a. Students is an instance of the List class that contains individual student
objects
c. b. List is an instance of the Students class
d. c. List is a method of the Students class
e. d. the Students and Lists objects are combined for that step in the sequence
diagram
f. e. a message is being passed from the Students class to the List class
Ans: a
a. 14. The order of messages on a sequence diagram goes from ____ to _____.
b. a. right to left
c. b. bottom to top
d. c. left to right
e. d. top to bottom
f. e. left to right, top to bottom
Ans: d
a. 15. When an object sends a message to itself in a sequence diagram, that is referred to
as _____.
b. a. recursive-messaging
c. b. self-messaging
d. c. self-delegation
e. d. recursive-delegation
f. e. none of these
Ans: c
a. 17. In a communication diagram, a(n) _____ between actors and objects is shown
with an undirected line.
b. a. procedure calls
c. b. data flow
d. c. association
e. d. message
f. e. relationship
Ans: c
Ans: a
a. 19. A behavioral state machine is a dynamic model that shows the different state
through which a single _____ passes through its life in response to events, along with its
responses and actions
b. a. object
c. b. actor
d. c. use case
e. d. sequence diagram
f. e. communication diagram
Ans: a
a. 20. A set of rules are used for performing the verification and validation walkthrough
of behavioral model. One of the rules is: if there is a message on the sequence diagram,
there must be _________________on the communications diagram, and vice versa.
b. a. a communication
c. b. a message
d. c. a behavior
e. d. a dependence
f. e. an association
Ans: e
a. 21. A set of rules are used for performing the verification and validation walkthrough
of behavioral model. One of the rules is: all entries in a CRUDE matrix imply
_____________ being sent from an actor or object to another actor or object
b. a. a message
c. b. a transition
d. c. an association
e. d. a guard condition
f. e. a behavior
Ans: a
a. 22. A set of rules are used for performing the verification and validation walkthrough
of behavioral model. One of the rules is: all _______________ contained in a behavior
state machine must be associated with a message being sent on a sequence and
communication diagram, and it must be classified as a (C)reate, (U)pdate, or (D)elete
message in a CRUDE matrix.
b. a. messages
c. b. behaviors
d. c. transitions
e. d. associations
f. e. dependences
Ans: c
True/False
Ans: False
a. 2. As behavioral models are developed, it is likely that the use cases and structural
models will have to be modified.
Ans: True
Ans: True
Ans: False
Ans: True
Ans: True
Ans: False
a. 8. It is possible for an object to create another object, resulting in the message going
directly to the object, not its lifeline.
Ans: True
a. 9. If you are interested in the time ordering of the messages in a system, you should
use a communication diagram.
Ans: False,
a. 10. Both the communication diagram and the sequence diagram can show return
messages.
Ans: False
a. 11. A message with the information [aStudent exists] will be sent only when this
condition is true.
Ans: True
a. 12. The first step in drawing a communication diagram is to identify which objects
and associations between the objects participate in the communication.
Ans: False
Ans: True
a. 14. When creating a CRUD matrix, you should use the letter U to represent
Underline.
Ans: False
a. 15. CRUD matrices are created by creating a matrix that lists the classes across the
top and down the side.
Ans: True
a. 16. The behavioral state diagram shows the different states that an object passes
through in response to events, together with its responses and actions.
Ans: True
a. 17. The initial state in a behavioral state diagram represents the point at which the
object begins to exist.
Ans: True
Ans: True
Ans: False
a. 25. If a class represents only temporary objects, then there should be a D in the
column of the CRUD matrix.
Ans: True
a. 26. CRUD matrices are useful in the step “Set the Context” of building a
collaboration diagram?
Ans: False
a. 27. In a behavioral state diagram, an event changes a value(s) that describes an object
which in turn changes the object’s state.
Ans: True
Ans: False
Ans: False
Ans: True
a. 32. Events are the triggers that cause an object to move from one state to another.
Ans: True
Ans: True
Ans: True
a. 35. A final state in a behavioral state diagram is shown using a small filled circle.
Ans: False
a. 36. Identification of the initial, final and states of the object is the final steps of
building a behavioral state diagram.
Ans: False
Ans: True
Ans: False
a. 40. Return messages in a sequence diagram are often shown using dashed lines with
arrows labeled with the return value.
Ans: True
a. 41. For sequence, communication and behavioral state diagrams, a frame indicates the
context of the diagram
Ans: True
a. 42. One of the guidelines for creating sequence diagram is: Place the initiator of the
scenario on the right of diagram.
Ans: false
Ans: false
Ans: True
a. 45. Using detail and descriptive names for states when creating behavioral state
machine.
Ans: false
a. 46. Every actor and object included on a sequence diagram must be included as an
actor and an object on a communication diagram, and vice versa.
Ans: True
a. 48. Some entries in a CRUDE matrix does not imply a message being sent from an
actor or object to another actor or object.
Ans: False
a. 49. System analysts use behavioral models to depict the internal structural or static
view of an information system.
Ans: False
a. 50. System analysts use structural models to depict the internal structural or static
view of an information system.
Ans: True
Short Answer
Ans: Sequence diagrams are one of the types of interaction diagrams (the other being
communication diagrams). These diagrams show the objects that participate in a use case and
also the time-based ordering of the messages that pass between those objects over time for a
single use case. A sequence diagram is a dynamic model that shows explicit sequence of
messages between objects in a defined interaction. A sequence diagram can be a generic
diagrams which shows all possible scenarios for a given use case or an instance sequence
diagram which depicts a single scenario within the use case. Different components of a sequence
diagram include actors, objects, lifelines, messages, execution occurrences, and frames.
Ans: Communication diagrams are also a type of interaction diagrams. These diagrams are
essentially object diagrams that show message passing relationships instead of associations.
These diagrams help you see the pattern of activity that occurs over a set of collaborating classes.
Unlike sequence diagrams, they are unable to indicate time-ordering of messages. Primary
components of a communication diagram include actors, objects, and messages.
Ans: Behavioral state diagrams show the various states that a single object passes through during
its life in response to events; it also shows the responses and actions of the object to those events.
The focus of this diagram is a single object and how it changes over time, while the sequence
and collaboration diagrams look at the interaction among objects. Behavioral state diagrams
distinguish between an initial state and a final state. They include states and transitions from
one state to another. Another component of behavioral state diagrams is conditional state
transitions.
a. 4. What is a sequence diagram used for? Why would an analyst choose a sequence
diagram over a communication diagram?
Ans: A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram (as is the communication diagram) that looks
at the time-based order of the messages among the objects in the use case. Sequence diagrams
are constructed by placing the objects across the top of the diagram, and drawing the messages
from lifeline to lifeline, from top to bottom to reflect the time-based order of the messages.
Communication diagrams are essentially object diagrams that show message passing
relationships instead of associations. These diagrams help you see the pattern of activity that
occurs over a set of collaborating classes. Unlike sequence diagrams, they are unable to indicate
time-ordering of messages. An analyst would choose to draw a sequence diagram if this
time-based order is important to the analysis of the use case under study.
a. 5. When drawing a sequence diagram, the analyst uses lifelines and a symbol to
represent the execution occurrence. It is also possible for an object to be destroyed at
some point in time. Explain these three concepts – what is a lifeline, what does the
execution occurrence mean, and how it is possible that an object can be destroyed in a
use case. Show the diagramming symbols used to represent each of these concepts.
Ans: A lifeline extends vertically down from the object, representing literally its life in the
system. Most objects have an unlimited life in the use case, so there is nothing that denotes an
end to its life (obviously it ends at the end of the diagram). The lifeline is drawn as a dashed
vertical line.
An execution occurrence symbol is placed on the lifeline to represent when that particular object
is sending or receiving messages. Thus, it shows when, in the life of the object, it is the focus of
the use case. The focus of control is drawn as a long, narrow rectangle that is placed on top of the
vertical lifeline.
An object may be destroyed in a use case if it is a temporary object. For example, a web-based
shopping cart will disappear once checkout occurs. If there is a temporary object, the lifeline is
shortened, and an X is placed at the bottom of the lifeline to represent the end of the life.
Response: See page 241
a. 6. List the steps that an analyst should go through to build a sequence diagram.
Ans:
• Set the context – is it a system, a use case, a scenario of a use case, or an
operation of a class
• Identify which objects will participate
• Set the lifeline for each object
• Lay out the messages from the top to the bottom of the diagram based on the
order in which they are sent
• Add the execution occurrence to each object’s lifeline
• Validate the sequence diagram
a. 7. How does a communication diagram differ from a sequence diagram? Why would
an analyst choose to draw a communication diagram?
Ans: A communication diagram emphasizes the flow of messages through a set of objects, while
the sequence diagram focuses on the time ordering of the messages that are being passed. If the
focus of the analyst is on understanding how a set of collaborating objects interact with one
another, then a communication diagram is more appropriate. If the time sequence of the message
were of interest to the analyst, then he or she would create a sequence diagram.
Ans:
• Set the context, which may be a system, a use case, a scenario of a use case, or an
operation of a class
• Identify which objects (actors) and the associations between the objects that
participate in the collaboration
• Lay out the communication diagram
• Add the messages
• Validate the communication diagram
a. 9. What does the acronym CRUD stand for? Why would an analyst create a CRUD
matrix during his analysis?
Ans: CRUD stands for Create, Read or Reference, Update, and Delete. These are the four
possible interactions between classes in a system. An analyst would create a CRUD matrix to
help identify potential collaborations while building a communication diagram. (Step 2 of
building a communication diagram). CRUD matrix clearly identifies how objects create,
reference, modify and delete other objects.
Response: See pages 256
a. 10. When looking at a CRUD matrix, why would it be important to see “D” in a
column for a temporary object, or to not see “D” or “U” in a column for objects in a data
warehouse?
Ans: D represents delete, and U represents update. A temporary object is supposed to disappear
at some point in the life of the system; if there were no D in the CRUD matrix, then the analyst
failed to accurately model that particular object.
A data warehouse is supposed to maintain historical information, so one would not expect to see
the data deleted (D), and in most cases, it should not be updated either (U), since the data
warehouse should be reflecting the historical values, not updated ones. Hence, objects that
represent a data warehouse should not have U or D underneath them in the CRUD matrix.
Response: See pages 256
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