Research by Design

Statistics MultiTool for z & Normal Distribut

The z Formula: use the z formula to find z, σ, µ, or X
z Calculator: Determine proportions under the normal curve
Areas: Areas above, below, within, & outside regions of a normal curve
The z Test: Test whether a sample mean is statistically significantly different than a population mean
The Classic z Table: A table of proportions under the normal curve
Videos: Videos about the normal curve and z Scores

To Get Started:
Click on a tab at the bottom of this window to select the table or calculator

Pro Tip:
Create a new Excel workbook for each new analysis. Save a worksheet with each research project.

Todd Daniel, Ph.D.

Daniel, T. (2021). Statistics multitool for z & normal distribution. Retrieved from: https://drive.google.com/drive

Click on any tab to get started

Calculate z
Find z, σ, µ, or X Conduct a z Test
Begin here scores Areas Above, Below, etc.
 Design
& Normal Distribution

erent than a population mean

lator

with each research project.

April 2021

from: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1n9aCsq5j4dQ6m_sv62ohDI69aol3rW6Q?usp=sharing

get started
The Classic z
Videos
Table
 Use the z Formula to Find

1 Find a z Score 2 Find a Standard Devi

X µ σ X
Enter: Enter Enter Enter Enter: Enter

𝜎=(𝑋−𝜇)/𝑧
𝑧=(𝑋−𝜇)/𝜎 z =

Click to Calculate

4 Find a Population Mean (µ) 5 Find a Raw Scor

X z σ z
Enter: Enter Enter Enter Enter: Enter

𝜇=𝑋−𝑧(𝜎) µ = 𝑋=𝑧(𝜎)+𝜇

6 Sampling Distribution for the Mean

Mean: Enter X1: X1

SD: Enter X2: X2 optional
N: 1 <- leave set to 1 if you do not know sample size

Probabilities for X1 Probabilities for X2

p of x <= X1 p of x <= X2
p of x >= X1 p of x >= X2
p of X1 <= x <= X2

8 Sampling Distribution for the

 Assumptions checks
Population proportion (p) p np >= 5 p1: p1
Sample size (n) n n(1 - p) >= 5 p2: p2

Probabilities for Probabilities for

Expected value of p p of x <= p1
Std. Error of p p of x <= p2
p of p1 <= x <= p2
Formula to Find z, σ, µ, or X

nd a Standard Deviation (σ) 3 Z-Score Probabilities

z-scores from Box 1 will appear here automatically
µ z Enter z score: z
Enter Enter

=(𝑋−𝜇)/𝑧
p (mean to z = z):
σ= p (z > z):
p (z < z):

Click to Calculate

Find a Raw Score (X) Symbol Meaning

µ Population mean
σ µ σ Population standard deviation
Enter Enter X Raw score

=𝑧(𝜎)+𝜇 X =
z z score

7 Find an x value given a probability

Mean: Enter Probability: p

SD: Enter p must be between 0.0 & 1.0

x values one tail both tails

x value with p in lower tail:
x value with
x value with p in upper tail: p/2 in each tail

Distribution for the Proportion

Population size (N): optional <- for finite populations only

Std. Error of p:

Probabilities for finite populations only

p of x <= p1
p of x >= p2
p of p1 <= x <= p2
 Normal Distribution z Calculator
These tables find proportions of the normal curve based on known z scores.
The calculator will calculate areas (proportions) from the mean to z or z to infinity.
Use the pictures as an indicator of which proportion is being calculated.

The mean to z; z to infinity (and beyond) Chasing the Tails

Determine the area of mean to z Find a z-score

for a given z-score given a probability

Enter z score: z Enter probability:

p (mean to z=z): z value with p in upper tail:

p (z=z to ∞): z value with p in lower tail:
p (z=z to -∞):

Click Here to Calculate

Determine the z-score Determine the z-score

given the area of mean to z given the area of z to ∞
area of mean to ± z
(between 0 and .5) (between 0 and
Enter proportion: Enter Enter proportion:
(between 0 and .5) (between 0 and .5)

±z= ±z=

Proportions and probability are the same here * Error #NUM! -- make sure value is a proportion be
 ator

ing the Tails

d a z-score
a probability

mine the z-score

e area of z to ∞
area of ± z to ∞
(between 0 and .5)
Enter

ure value is a proportion between 0 & 0.5

 Areas Above, Below, Within, & Outside

These tables find proportions of the normal curve based on known z scores.
The calculator will calculate areas (proportions) above or below z.
Use the pictures as an indicator of which proportion is being calculated.

Positive z Scores
What proportion of the scores fall above +0.87? What proportion of the scores fall below

Proportion of scores above a positive z score Proportion of scores below a positiv

Enter +z score: Enter Enter +z score:

Proportion = Proportion =

Negative z Scores
What proportion of the scores fall above -0.91? What proportion of the scores fall below

Proportion of scores above a negative z score Proportion of scores below a negati

Enter -z score: Enter Enter -z score:

 Proportion = Proportion =

Between or Outside
What proportion of the scores fall What proportion of the scores fa

between -0.88 and + 1.20? below -1.25 and above + 1.39?

Proportion of scores between two z scores Proportion of scores outside two z

Lower z score Enter Lower z score

Upper z score Enter Upper z score

Proportion = Proportion =

On the Same Side of the Line

What proportion of the scores fall What proportion of the scores fa

between -1.38 and -0.44? between +0.42 and +1.66?

Proportion between negative z scores Proportion between positive z s

Lower z score Enter Lower z score
Upper z score Enter Upper z score

Proportion = Proportion =
n, & Outside

own z scores.

at proportion of the scores fall below +2.01?

tion of scores below a positive z score

Enter

proportion of the scores fall below -1.15?

tion of scores below a negative z score

Enter
e
What proportion of the scores fall

below -1.25 and above + 1.39?

ortion of scores outside two z scores

Enter
Enter

e Line
What proportion of the scores fall

between +0.42 and +1.66?

oportion between positive z scores

Enter
Enter
 Normal Distribution z Te

Enter the values for the sample and population

to calculate a z test

Level of significance (alpha) 0.05

Population mean μ Enter

a.k.a. Hypothesized value

Sample mean M Enter

Sample size n Enter

Population SD σ Enter

z=

Click Here to Calculate

critical values z formula

Two-Tailed z Test CV = ±

One-Tailed z Test CV = ± *

Directions
1. Determine whether you are doing a one-tail or two test; establish
2. Enter data in tan boxes to calculate the z test.
3. Check the direction of change (sign) for one tail tests.
l Distribution z Test

Determine a probability for a given z value

z value
Enter: Enter p= two-tail test

Coefficient 0.95 p= one-tail test

95
Margin of Error
Point Estimate
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
95% Confidence interval

Results:

Results: *

* One-tailed z tests are significant only if the direction of change is

the same as the direction as predicted in the alternative
hypothesis

doing a one-tail or two test; establish critical values accordingly

alculate the z test.
ge (sign) for one tail tests.
 Normal Distribution z Table

z mean to ± z z to ∞ z to -∞
Enter a z-score z

Mean to ± z From z to infinity

A B C D
z mean to ± z z to ∞ z to -∞
0.00 0.0000 0.5000 0.5000
0.01 0.0040 0.4960 0.5040
0.02 0.0080 0.4920 0.5080
0.03 0.0120 0.4880 0.5120
0.04 0.0160 0.4840 0.5160
0.05 0.0199 0.4801 0.5199
0.06 0.0239 0.4761 0.5239
0.07 0.0279 0.4721 0.5279
0.08 0.0319 0.4681 0.5319
0.09 0.0359 0.4641 0.5359
0.10 0.0398 0.4602 0.5398
0.11 0.0438 0.4562 0.5438
0.12 0.0478 0.4522 0.5478
0.13 0.0517 0.4483 0.5517
0.14 0.0557 0.4443 0.5557
0.15 0.0596 0.4404 0.5596
0.16 0.0636 0.4364 0.5636
0.17 0.0675 0.4325 0.5675
0.18 0.0714 0.4286 0.5714
0.19 0.0753 0.4247 0.5753
0.20 0.0793 0.4207 0.5793
0.21 0.0832 0.4168 0.5832
0.22 0.0871 0.4129 0.5871
0.23 0.0910 0.4090 0.5910
0.24 0.0948 0.4052 0.5948
0.25 0.0987 0.4013 0.5987
0.26 0.1026 0.3974 0.6026
0.27 0.1064 0.3936 0.6064
0.28 0.1103 0.3897 0.6103
0.29 0.1141 0.3859 0.6141
0.30 0.1179 0.3821 0.6179
0.31 0.1217 0.3783 0.6217
0.32 0.1255 0.3745 0.6255
0.33 0.1293 0.3707 0.6293
0.34 0.1331 0.3669 0.6331
0.35 0.1368 0.3632 0.6368
0.36 0.1406 0.3594 0.6406
0.37 0.1443 0.3557 0.6443
0.38 0.1480 0.3520 0.6480
0.39 0.1517 0.3483 0.6517
0.40 0.1554 0.3446 0.6554
0.41 0.1591 0.3409 0.6591
0.42 0.1628 0.3372 0.6628
0.43 0.1664 0.3336 0.6664
0.44 0.1700 0.3300 0.6700
0.45 0.1736 0.3264 0.6736
0.46 0.1772 0.3228 0.6772
0.47 0.1808 0.3192 0.6808
0.48 0.1844 0.3156 0.6844
0.49 0.1879 0.3121 0.6879
0.50 0.1915 0.3085 0.6915
0.51 0.1950 0.3050 0.6950
0.52 0.1985 0.3015 0.6985
0.53 0.2019 0.2981 0.7019
0.54 0.2054 0.2946 0.7054
0.55 0.2088 0.2912 0.7088
0.56 0.2123 0.2877 0.7123
0.57 0.2157 0.2843 0.7157
0.58 0.2190 0.2810 0.7190
0.59 0.2224 0.2776 0.7224
0.60 0.2257 0.2743 0.7257
0.61 0.2291 0.2709 0.7291
0.62 0.2324 0.2676 0.7324
0.63 0.2357 0.2643 0.7357
0.64 0.2389 0.2611 0.7389
0.65 0.2422 0.2578 0.7422
0.66 0.2454 0.2546 0.7454
0.67 0.2486 0.2514 0.7486
0.68 0.2517 0.2483 0.7517
0.69 0.2549 0.2451 0.7549
0.70 0.2580 0.2420 0.7580
0.71 0.2611 0.2389 0.7611
0.72 0.2642 0.2358 0.7642
0.73 0.2673 0.2327 0.7673
0.74 0.2704 0.2296 0.7704
0.75 0.2734 0.2266 0.7734
0.76 0.2764 0.2236 0.7764
0.77 0.2794 0.2206 0.7794
0.78 0.2823 0.2177 0.7823
0.79 0.2852 0.2148 0.7852
0.80 0.2881 0.2119 0.7881
0.81 0.2910 0.2090 0.7910
0.82 0.2939 0.2061 0.7939
0.83 0.2967 0.2033 0.7967
0.84 0.2995 0.2005 0.7995
0.85 0.3023 0.1977 0.8023
0.86 0.3051 0.1949 0.8051
0.87 0.3078 0.1922 0.8078
0.88 0.3106 0.1894 0.8106
0.89 0.3133 0.1867 0.8133
0.90 0.3159 0.1841 0.8159
0.91 0.3186 0.1814 0.8186
0.92 0.3212 0.1788 0.8212
0.93 0.3238 0.1762 0.8238
0.94 0.3264 0.1736 0.8264
0.95 0.3289 0.1711 0.8289
0.96 0.3315 0.1685 0.8315
0.97 0.3340 0.1660 0.8340
0.98 0.3365 0.1635 0.8365
0.99 0.3389 0.1611 0.8389
1.00 0.3413 0.1587 0.8413
1.01 0.3438 0.1562 0.8438
1.02 0.3461 0.1539 0.8461
1.03 0.3485 0.1515 0.8485
1.04 0.3508 0.1492 0.8508
1.05 0.3531 0.1469 0.8531
1.06 0.3554 0.1446 0.8554
1.07 0.3577 0.1423 0.8577
1.08 0.3599 0.1401 0.8599
1.09 0.3621 0.1379 0.8621
1.10 0.3643 0.1357 0.8643
1.11 0.3665 0.1335 0.8665
1.12 0.3686 0.1314 0.8686
1.13 0.3708 0.1292 0.8708
1.14 0.3729 0.1271 0.8729
1.15 0.3749 0.1251 0.8749
1.16 0.3770 0.1230 0.8770
1.17 0.3790 0.1210 0.8790
1.18 0.3810 0.1190 0.8810
1.19 0.3830 0.1170 0.8830
1.20 0.3849 0.1151 0.8849
1.21 0.3869 0.1131 0.8869
1.22 0.3888 0.1112 0.8888
1.23 0.3907 0.1093 0.8907
1.24 0.3925 0.1075 0.8925
1.25 0.3944 0.1056 0.8944
1.26 0.3962 0.1038 0.8962
1.27 0.3980 0.1020 0.8980
1.28 0.3997 0.1003 0.8997
1.29 0.4015 0.0985 0.9015
1.30 0.4032 0.0968 0.9032
1.31 0.4049 0.0951 0.9049
1.32 0.4066 0.0934 0.9066
1.33 0.4082 0.0918 0.9082
1.34 0.4099 0.0901 0.9099
1.35 0.4115 0.0885 0.9115
1.36 0.4131 0.0869 0.9131
1.37 0.4147 0.0853 0.9147
1.38 0.4162 0.0838 0.9162
1.39 0.4177 0.0823 0.9177
1.40 0.4192 0.0808 0.9192
1.41 0.4207 0.0793 0.9207
1.42 0.4222 0.0778 0.9222
1.43 0.4236 0.0764 0.9236
1.44 0.4251 0.0749 0.9251
1.45 0.4265 0.0735 0.9265
1.46 0.4279 0.0721 0.9279
1.47 0.4292 0.0708 0.9292
1.48 0.4306 0.0694 0.9306
1.49 0.4319 0.0681 0.9319
1.50 0.4332 0.0668 0.9332
1.51 0.4345 0.0655 0.9345
1.52 0.4357 0.0643 0.9357
1.53 0.4370 0.0630 0.9370
1.54 0.4382 0.0618 0.9382
1.55 0.4394 0.0606 0.9394
1.56 0.4406 0.0594 0.9406
1.57 0.4418 0.0582 0.9418
1.58 0.4429 0.0571 0.9429
1.59 0.4441 0.0559 0.9441
1.60 0.4452 0.0548 0.9452
1.61 0.4463 0.0537 0.9463
1.62 0.4474 0.0526 0.9474
1.63 0.4484 0.0516 0.9484
1.64 0.4495 0.0505 0.9495
1.65 0.4505 0.0495 0.9505
1.66 0.4515 0.0485 0.9515
1.67 0.4525 0.0475 0.9525
1.68 0.4535 0.0465 0.9535
1.69 0.4545 0.0455 0.9545
1.70 0.4554 0.0446 0.9554
1.71 0.4564 0.0436 0.9564
1.72 0.4573 0.0427 0.9573
1.73 0.4582 0.0418 0.9582
1.74 0.4591 0.0409 0.9591
1.75 0.4599 0.0401 0.9599
1.76 0.4608 0.0392 0.9608
1.77 0.4616 0.0384 0.9616
1.78 0.4625 0.0375 0.9625
1.79 0.4633 0.0367 0.9633
1.80 0.4641 0.0359 0.9641
1.81 0.4649 0.0351 0.9649
1.82 0.4656 0.0344 0.9656
1.83 0.4664 0.0336 0.9664
1.84 0.4671 0.0329 0.9671
1.85 0.4678 0.0322 0.9678
1.86 0.4686 0.0314 0.9686
1.87 0.4693 0.0307 0.9693
1.88 0.4699 0.0301 0.9699
1.89 0.4706 0.0294 0.9706
1.90 0.4713 0.0287 0.9713
1.91 0.4719 0.0281 0.9719
1.92 0.4726 0.0274 0.9726
1.93 0.4732 0.0268 0.9732
1.94 0.4738 0.0262 0.9738
1.95 0.4744 0.0256 0.9744
1.96 0.4750 0.0250 0.9750
1.97 0.4756 0.0244 0.9756
1.98 0.4761 0.0239 0.9761
1.99 0.4767 0.0233 0.9767
2.00 0.4772 0.0228 0.9772
2.01 0.4778 0.0222 0.9778
2.02 0.4783 0.0217 0.9783
2.03 0.4788 0.0212 0.9788
2.04 0.4793 0.0207 0.9793
2.05 0.4798 0.0202 0.9798
2.06 0.4803 0.0197 0.9803
2.07 0.4808 0.0192 0.9808
2.08 0.4812 0.0188 0.9812
2.09 0.4817 0.0183 0.9817
2.10 0.4821 0.0179 0.9821
2.11 0.4826 0.0174 0.9826
2.12 0.4830 0.0170 0.9830
2.13 0.4834 0.0166 0.9834
2.14 0.4838 0.0162 0.9838
2.15 0.4842 0.0158 0.9842
2.16 0.4846 0.0154 0.9846
2.17 0.4850 0.0150 0.9850
2.18 0.4854 0.0146 0.9854
2.19 0.4857 0.0143 0.9857
2.20 0.4861 0.0139 0.9861
2.21 0.4864 0.0136 0.9864
2.22 0.4868 0.0132 0.9868
2.23 0.4871 0.0129 0.9871
2.24 0.4875 0.0125 0.9875
2.25 0.4878 0.0122 0.9878
2.26 0.4881 0.0119 0.9881
2.27 0.4884 0.0116 0.9884
2.28 0.4887 0.0113 0.9887
2.29 0.4890 0.0110 0.9890
2.30 0.4893 0.0107 0.9893
2.31 0.4896 0.0104 0.9896
2.32 0.4898 0.0102 0.9898
2.33 0.4901 0.0099 0.9901
2.34 0.4904 0.0096 0.9904
2.35 0.4906 0.0094 0.9906
2.36 0.4909 0.0091 0.9909
2.37 0.4911 0.0089 0.9911
2.38 0.4913 0.0087 0.9913
2.39 0.4916 0.0084 0.9916
2.40 0.4918 0.0082 0.9918
2.41 0.4920 0.0080 0.9920
2.42 0.4922 0.0078 0.9922
2.43 0.4925 0.0075 0.9925
2.44 0.4927 0.0073 0.9927
2.45 0.4929 0.0071 0.9929
2.46 0.4931 0.0069 0.9931
2.47 0.4932 0.0068 0.9932
2.48 0.4934 0.0066 0.9934
2.49 0.4936 0.0064 0.9936
2.50 0.4938 0.0062 0.9938
2.51 0.4940 0.0060 0.9940
2.52 0.4941 0.0059 0.9941
2.53 0.4943 0.0057 0.9943
2.54 0.4945 0.0055 0.9945
2.55 0.4946 0.0054 0.9946
2.56 0.4948 0.0052 0.9948
2.57 0.4949 0.0051 0.9949
2.58 0.4951 0.0049 0.9951
2.59 0.4952 0.0048 0.9952
2.60 0.4953 0.0047 0.9953
2.61 0.4955 0.0045 0.9955
2.62 0.4956 0.0044 0.9956
2.63 0.4957 0.0043 0.9957
2.64 0.4959 0.0041 0.9959
2.65 0.4960 0.0040 0.9960
2.66 0.4961 0.0039 0.9961
2.67 0.4962 0.0038 0.9962
2.68 0.4963 0.0037 0.9963
2.69 0.4964 0.0036 0.9964
2.70 0.4965 0.0035 0.9965
2.71 0.4966 0.0034 0.9966
2.72 0.4967 0.0033 0.9967
2.73 0.4968 0.0032 0.9968
2.74 0.4969 0.0031 0.9969
2.75 0.4970 0.0030 0.9970
2.76 0.4971 0.0029 0.9971
2.77 0.4972 0.0028 0.9972
2.78 0.4973 0.0027 0.9973
2.79 0.4974 0.0026 0.9974
2.80 0.4974 0.0026 0.9974
2.81 0.4975 0.0025 0.9975
2.82 0.4976 0.0024 0.9976
2.83 0.4977 0.0023 0.9977
2.84 0.4977 0.0023 0.9977
2.85 0.4978 0.0022 0.9978
2.86 0.4979 0.0021 0.9979
2.87 0.4979 0.0021 0.9979
2.88 0.4980 0.0020 0.9980
2.89 0.4981 0.0019 0.9981
2.90 0.4981 0.0019 0.9981
2.91 0.4982 0.0018 0.9982
2.92 0.4982 0.0018 0.9982
2.93 0.4983 0.0017 0.9983
2.94 0.4984 0.0016 0.9984
2.95 0.4984 0.0016 0.9984
2.96 0.4985 0.0015 0.9985
2.97 0.4985 0.0015 0.9985
2.98 0.4986 0.0014 0.9986
2.99 0.4986 0.0014 0.9986
3.00 0.4987 0.0013 0.9987
3.01 0.4987 0.0013 0.9987
3.02 0.4987 0.0013 0.9987
3.03 0.4988 0.0012 0.9988
3.04 0.4988 0.0012 0.9988
3.05 0.4989 0.0011 0.9989
3.06 0.4989 0.0011 0.9989
3.07 0.4989 0.0011 0.9989
3.08 0.4990 0.0010 0.9990
3.09 0.4990 0.0010 0.9990
3.10 0.4990 0.0010 0.9990
3.11 0.4991 0.0009 0.9991
3.12 0.4991 0.0009 0.9991
3.13 0.4991 0.0009 0.9991
3.14 0.4992 0.0008 0.9992
3.15 0.4992 0.0008 0.9992
3.16 0.4992 0.0008 0.9992
3.17 0.4992 0.0008 0.9992
3.18 0.4993 0.0007 0.9993
3.19 0.4993 0.0007 0.9993
3.20 0.4993 0.0007 0.9993
3.21 0.4993 0.0007 0.9993
3.22 0.4994 0.0006 0.9994
3.23 0.4994 0.0006 0.9994
3.24 0.4994 0.0006 0.9994
3.25 0.4994 0.0006 0.9994

3.30 0.4995 0.0005 0.3087

3.40 0.4997 0.0003 0.3087
3.45 0.4997 0.0003 0.3086
3.50 0.4998 0.0002 0.3086

3.60 0.4998 0.0002 0.3086

3.70 0.4999 0.0001 0.3086
3.80 0.4999 0.0001 0.3086
3.90 0.5000 0.0000 0.3086
4.00 0.5000 0.0000 0.3085
Ha! You found an Easter Egg!
Good work!
n z Table

1. The proportions under the curve are the same in both directi
The mean to a +z is the same proportion as the mean to that s
(i.e. mean to z = -1.23 equals mean to z = +1.23)
2. Proportions are always positive; never negative.
(i.e mean to z = -1.23 and mean to z = +1.23 are both +.3907)
3. The proportion above a -z is the same as the proportion belo
From z to infinity (∞) (i.e proportion above z = -1.23 and proportion below z = +1.23
4. Half of the scores (p = .5000) are above (or below) the mean
5. Positive and negative z scores are interpreted the same

Scroll down for more table

Keep scrolling
More scrolling
Keep going with the scrolling
Almost there…
Now, scroll back up
e are the same in both directions
portion as the mean to that same -z
an to z = +1.23)
never negative.
o z = +1.23 are both +.3907)
same as the proportion below a +z.
nd proportion below z = +1.23 are both +.8907)
e above (or below) the mean
re interpreted the same
 Videos About z-Scores and z-Tests
Playlist
WK9 Using z Scores and the z Test in Statistics

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Week 9 - z Scores & z Tests

A Gentle Introduction to z Scores (9-1)
Three Uses for z Scores (9-2)
Why Do We Need z Scores? (Ask Antonio) (9-3)
Using a z Table to Find Proportions (9-4)
Finding Proportions Above or Below z on a z Table (9-5)
Computing z Scores from Data then Finding Probabilities from a z Table
(9-6)
A Gentle Introduction to the One Sample z Test (9-7)
How to do a One Sample z Test by Hand (9-8)
How to do a One Sample z Test in SPSS (9-9)

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ores and z-Tests

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