Grade 12 University Physics Equations

Prefixes & Constants

Prefixes
𝜂 = x 10-9 𝜇 = x 10-6 m = x 10-3 k = x 10 3 M = x 106 G = x 109

Constants
1 year = 3.16 x 107 s g = 9.8 m/s2 𝑘 = 8.99 x 109 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚2 /𝐶 2 me = 9.109 x 10-31 kg mE = 5.98 x 1024 kg
1 𝐾𝑊 ⋅ ℎ = 3.6 MJ c = 3.00 x 108 m/s h = 6.63 x 10-34 𝐽 ⋅ 𝑠 mp = 1.673 x 10-27 kg rE = 6.38 x 106 m
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h G = 6.67 x 10-11 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚2 /𝑘𝑔2 e = 1.60 x 10-19 C mn = 1.675 x 10-27 kg

Unit 1 – Forces & Motion: Dynamics

Motion Equations Force Centripetal Accceleration Universal Gravitation

 Δd  n
      v 2 4 2 r Gm1m2
v 
Δt
*can only use if a = 0
 
FNET   Fi  F1  F2  F3  ...  FN ac 
r
 2  4 2 rf 2
T
FG 
r2
 i 1
 v v v
aavg   2 1 Centripetal Force Satellite Orbital Speed
t t 2  t1
Newton’s 2nd Law Weight
    mv 2 4 2 mr 2r
v2  v1  at    Fc   F    4 2 mrf 2 v
Gm1 v
FNET  m  a Fg  m  g r T2 T
 1   r
d  v2  v1 t
2 Friction
    Orbital Period
1
d  v1t  a t 2 F f    FN 4 2 r 3
2 T 
GM P
  1 Fs max Fk
d  v2 t  a t 2 s  k 
2 FN FN
2 2  
v2  v1  2a d

Relative Velocity
  
vog  vom  vm g

Unit 2 – Energy & Momentum

Work Elastic Potential Energy Momentum Inelastic Collision
     
W  Fapp  d  Fapp  d  cos 1 p  mv E 'Tk  ETk
E e  kx 2  
2 p'T  pT
Impulse
WTotal  E K    
Hooke’s Law
 J   F t  mv  p Completely Inelastic Collision

FS  kx force exerted by a spring E 'Tk  ETk
Kinetic Energy  
Conservation of Momentum p'T  pT
1  
EK  mv 2 FS  kx force applied to a spring
𝜌⃗𝑇 = 𝜌⃗𝑇 ′
2
𝑚1 𝑣⃗1 + 𝑚2 𝑣⃗2
𝑚𝐴 𝑣⃗𝐴 +𝑚𝐵 𝑣⃗𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣⃗𝐴′ + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣⃗′𝐵 𝑣⃗′ = ( )
Simple Harmonic Motion 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
Gravitational Potential Energy
E g  mgh m Elastic Collision Stick together so same final velocity
T  2 E 'Tk  ETk
k
 
Mechanical Energy p'T  pT
ET = EK + E g 1 k
f  𝑚1 − 𝑚2
2 m 𝑣⃗′1 = 𝑣⃗1 ( ) Can only use
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 if v2 = 0
If not then
2𝑚1 make v2 = 0
𝑣⃗′2 = 𝑣⃗1 ( )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
Unit 3 – Electric, Graviational & Magnetic Fields
Universal Gravitation Coulomb’s Law Electric Potential Difference Magnetic Force
Gm1m2 kq1 q 2 E kq
FG  FE  V E V  for a point charge
r2 r2 q0 r FM  qvB sin  on a charged
particle

Gravitational Field Intensity Electric Field Intensity E E FM  IlB sin  on straight

Fg Gm 𝐹⃗𝑒 𝑘𝑞 V   d for parallel plates conductor
g  𝜀⃗ = 𝜀= near a point q
𝑞𝑜 𝑟2
m r2 charge
Millikan Oil Drop Experiment Charge to Mass Ratio
V e
Gravitational Potential Energy 𝜀=
Δ𝑑
for parallel plates q  N e  1.78  1011 C / kg
Gm1m2 m
EG  
r Electric Potential Energy q 
kq q Motion of Charged Particles 
Escape Speed EE  1 2 for point charges m B2r
r  E E  E K
2GM E
v
rE EE  qd for parallel plates

Unit 4 – The Wave Nature of Light

Wave Equation Double-Slit Interference Single-Slit Interference
v  f  Destructive Interference (n = 1, 2, …)
sin 𝜃𝑛 =
𝑛𝜆
(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎)
 1 𝑤
Pn S1  Pn S 2   n  
c  f   2
 1 1
sin  n   n   (𝑚 + ) 𝜆
Period & Frequency  2 d
sin 𝜃𝑚 = 2 (𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎)
𝑇=
∆𝑡
𝑓=
𝑁
𝑓=
1 𝑤
𝑁 ∆𝑡 𝑇 xn  1 
 n   Δ𝑦 𝜆
L  2 d =
Index of Refraction & Snell’s Law 𝐿 𝑤
sin 1 v1 1 n 2
   Constructive Interference (m = 0, 1, 2, …)
sin  2 v 2  2 n1 m
sin  m 
d
n1 sin 1  n2 sin  2
Young’s Double Slit Experiement
Critical Angle Δ𝑥 𝜆
=
n2 𝐿 𝑑
sin  C 
n1

Unit 5 – Modern Physics

Time Dilation Relativistic Momentum Photon Energy
Δ𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑣 ℎ𝑐
Δ𝑡𝑚 = 𝑝= E = hf = 𝜆
2
√1 − 𝑣2
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐 𝑐 Photoelectric Effect
Ek(max) = hf – W Ek = eV
Length Contraction Energy
𝑚𝑐 2
𝑣2 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2
𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐 2 Photon Momentum
𝐿𝑚 = 𝐿𝑠 √1 − 2 √1−𝑣2 ℎ ℎ𝑓
𝑐 𝑐 p=𝜆= 𝑐

Relativistic Kinetic Energy

Mass Increase de Broglie Wavelength
𝑚𝑠 Ek = Etotal – Erest
𝑚𝑚 = ℎ ℎ
2
√1 − 𝑣2 λ = 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑐

Miscellaneous
Right Triangle Sine Law Cosine Law Quadratic Formula
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc(cosA)
sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝 cosθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝 tanθ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = =  b  b 2  4ac
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac(cosB) x
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab(cosC) 2a