Study the nature of

∞  
X 1
arctan
n
n=1

By the mean value theorem, we have

x
≤ arctan(x) ≤ x, ∀x > 0.
1 + x2
Taking x = 1/n yields
 
1 n 1
arctan ≥ 2
> , ∀n ≥ 1
n 1+n 2n
Taking the sum on both sides yields
∞   ∞
X 1 1X1
arctan ≥ .
n 2 n
n=1 n=1
P∞ 1 P∞ 1


Since n=1 n is divergent by the comparison test n=1 arctan n is also divergent,

Exercise 1. We recall that the Riemann integral of a bounded f from a to b is defined by

Z b n  
b−aX b−a
f (x) dx = lim f a+i
a n→∞ n n
i=1

(1) We have
  n n Z 1
1 1 1 X 1 1X 1 1
lim + + ... + = lim = lim i
= dx = ln(x+1)|10 = ln 2.
n→∞ n + 1 n+2 2n n→∞ n + i n→∞ n 1+ 0 1+x
i=1 i=1 n

(2) We have
n n
! !
X mn 1X m
lim lim = lim lim m2 i2
m→∞ n→∞ m i 2 + n2
2 m→∞ n→∞ n +1
i=1 i=1 n2
Z 1
m
= lim dx = lim (arctan(m) − arctan(0)) = π/2.
m→∞ 0 m 2 x2 + 1 m→∞

(3) We have
n n k Z 1
X k 1X x 1 ln(2)
lim = lim k2
n
= dx = ln(x2 + 1)|10 = .
n→∞ k 2 + n2 n→∞ n +1 0 x2 + 1 2 2
k=1 k=1 n2
Rn
Exercise 2. (1) 0 [x] dx. We note that
n n Z k n Z k n
n(n − 1)
Z X X X n(n + 1)
[x] dx = [x] dx = (k − 1) dx = −n + k = −n + = .
0 k−1 k−1 2 2
k=1 k=1 k=1
Rb
(2) a [x] dx. Using the first integral and using the Shell rule to find
Z b Z [b] Z b
[x] dx = [x] dx + [x] dx
a a [b]
Z [a] Z [b] Z b Z a Z [a] Z [b]
= [x] dx + [x] dx + [b] dx = − [a] dx − [x] dx + [x] dx + [b](b − [b])
a [a] [b] [a] 0 0
[a]([a] − 1) [b]([b] − 1) [a]2 + [a](1 − 2a) [b](2b − 1) − [b]2
= −[a](a − [a]) − + + [b](b − [b]) = + .
2 2 2 2
R ln n
(3) 0 [ex ] dx. Taking t = ex yields

dt = ex dx = tdx, t ∈ [1, n]
1
 Substituting this into the latter integral to find
Z ln n Z n n Z k n Z k n
[t] X [t] X k−1 X
[ex ] dx = dt = dt = dt = (k − 1)[ln(k) − ln(k − 1)]
0 1 t k−1 t k−1 t
k=2 k=2 k=2
n
X n
X
= (k ln k − (k − 1) ln(k − 1)) − ln k
k=2 k=2
n
using telescoping series X
= (k ln k − (k − 1) ln(k − 1)) − ln n! = n ln n − ln n!.
k=2
R2
EX. Use the same method to calculate 0 [x2 ] dx.
Exercise 3. (Integration by parts) We recall the integration by parts formulas
Z Z
f (x)g(x) dx = f (x)g(x) + C − f (x)g 0 (x) dx.
0

Z b Z b
0
f (x)g(x) dx = f (x)g(x)|ba − f (x)g 0 (x) dx.
a a
Or Z Z
0
f (x)g (x) dx = f (x)g(x) + C − f 0 (x)g(x) dx.
Z b Z b
f (x)g 0 (x) dx = f (x)g(x)|ba − f 0 (x)g(x) dx.
a a
x2 sinh(x) dx.
R
(1) Set
f 0 (x) = sinh(x) and g(x) = x2 =⇒ f (x) = cosh(x) and g 0 (x) = 2x
Using integration by parts, we get
Z Z
2 2
x sinh(x) dx = cosh(x)x − 2 x cosh(x) dx.

Set
f 0 (x) = cosh(x) and g(x) = −2x =⇒ f (x) = sinh(x) and g 0 (x) = −2
Using integration by parts, we get
Z Z Z
2 2 2
x sinh(x) dx = cosh(x)x − 2 x cosh(x) dx = cosh(x)x − 2x sinh(x) + 2 sinh(x) dx

= cosh(x)x2 − 2x sinh(x) + 2 cosh(x) + C

(2) csc3 (x) dx. Set
R

cos x
f 0 (x) = csc2 (x) and g(x) = csc(x) =⇒ f (x) = − cot(x) and g 0 (x) = −
sin2 (x)
Using integration by parts to find
cos2 x
Z Z
3
csc (x) dx = − cot(x) csc(x) − dx
sin3 x
Note that from that fact that sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1, we have
cos2 x
Z Z Z Z
3 from ”A Brief Table of Integrals”
dx = csc (x) dx− csc(x) dx = csc3 (x) dx−ln | csc x−cot x|
sin3 x
Substituting this into the previous integral to find
cos2 x
Z Z Z
csc3 (x) dx = − cot(x) csc(x)− dx = − cot(x) csc(x)− csc3 (x) dx+ln | csc x−cot x|+C.
sin3 x
This implies
Z
1
csc3 (x) dx = (− cot(x) csc(x) + ln | csc x − cot x|) + C.
2
 R2
(3) 1 sin(ln(x)) dx. Set
1
f 0 (x) = 1 and g(x) = sin(ln(x)) =⇒ f (x) = x and g 0 (x) = cos(ln x)
x
Using integration by parts, we obtain
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
2
sin(ln(x)) dx = x sin(ln x)|1 − cos(ln x) dx = 2 sin(ln 2) − cos(ln x) dx.
1 1 1
Set
1
f 0 (x) = 1 and g(x) = − cos(ln x) =⇒ f (x) = x and g 0 (x) = sin(ln x).
x
Using integration by parts to find
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
− cos(ln x) dx = −x cos(ln x)|21 − sin(ln x) dx = −2 cos(ln 2) + 1 − sin(ln x) dx.
1 1 1
Consequently
Z 2 Z 2
sin(ln(x)) dx = 2 sin(ln 2) − 2 cos(ln 2) + 1 − sin(ln x) dx
1 1
Z 2
1
=⇒ sin(ln(x)) dx = (2 sin(ln 2) − 2 cos(ln 2) + 1) .
1 2
R3
(4) 1 (ln(x))3 dx. Set
3 2
f 0 (x) = 1 and g(x) = (ln(x))3 =⇒ f (x) = x and g 0 (x) = ln (x).
x
Using integration by parts, we have
Z 3 Z 3 Z 3
3 3 3 2 3
(ln(x)) dx = x ln (x)|1 − 3 ln (x) dx = 3 ln (3) − 3 ln2 (x) dx.
1 1 1
Set
ln x
f 0 (x) = 1 and g(x) = ln2 (x) =⇒ f (x) = x and g 0 (x) = 2 .
x
Using integration by parts to get
Z 3 Z 3
2 2 3
(ln(x)) dx = x ln x|1 − 2 ln(x) dx = 3 ln2 (3) − 2(x ln x|31 − x|31 ) = 3 ln2 (3) − 6 ln(3) + 4.
1 1
Therefore,
Z 3
(ln(x))3 dx = 3 ln3 (3) − 9 ln2 (3) + 18 ln(3) − 12.
1
R1 1
1 1
R x
Exercise 4. (1) Prove that x 1+t2 dt = 1 1+t2 dt. Set
1 1
y=⇒ dy = − 2 dt and if t = 1, y = 1 and if t = x, y = 1/x.
t t
By substitution, we find
Z 1 Z 1 1 Z 1 Z 1/x Z 1/x
1 t2 dy 1 1
2
dt = 1 dt = − 2
= 2
dy = 2
dt.
x 1+t x t2 + 1 1/x y + 1 1 y +1 1 t +1
(2) Assume that f is an odd function, that is f (−x) = −f (x). Then
Z a Z 0 Z a
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx
−a −a 0
As a substitution, taking x = −y in the first integral yields
Z 0 Z a Z a
f (x) dx = − f (y) dy = − f (x) dx.
−a 0 0
From this, we get Z a
f (x) dx = 0.
−a
 R √
Exercise 5. (1) x 1 + 4x dx. Set
u = 1 + 4x =⇒ du = 4dx
Substituting this yields
√ u − 1√ √
Z Z Z Z
1 3 1 1 5 1
x 1 + 4x dx = u du = u du −
2 u du = u 2 − u3/2 + C
16 16 16 40 6
1 5 1
= (1 + 4x) 2 − (1 + 4x)3/2 + C.
40 24
5
√x
R
(2) 1−x6
dx. Set
u = 1 − x6 =⇒ du = −6x5 dx.
Substituting this into the integral to find
x5 1√
Z Z
1 1 1p
√ dx = − √ du = − u+C =− 1 − x6 + C.
1 − x6 6 u 3 3
x
R
(3) q √ dx. Set
1+x2 + (1+x2 )3

u = x2 + 1 ⇒ du = 2xdx
Substituting this to find

1
√ 1
√ √
Z Z Z Z
x 1 1
q
2 u 2 u
q dx = p √ du = p √ du = 2 p √ du = 2 1 + u+C.
p 2 u + u3 1+ u 2 1+ u
1 + x2 + (1 + x2 )3
Consequently
Z q
x p
p dx = 2 1 + x2 + 1 + C.
1 + x2 + (1 + x2 )2
√ x
R
(4) dx. Set
1+x2 +(1+x2 )2

u = 1 + x2 =⇒ du = 2xdx.
Substituting this into the integral to get
Z Z
x 1 1
p dx = √ √ du.
2
1 + x + (1 + x ) 2 2 2 u 1+u
Set
√
v= 1 + u =⇒ u = v 2 − 1 =⇒ du = 2vdv.
Bu substituting, we find
Z Z
1 1 1
√ √ du = √ dv
2 u 1+u 2
v −1
Set
v = sec(w) =⇒ dv = sin w sec2 wdw
By substituting, we obtain
Z Z
1
√ dv = sec3 (w) dw
v2 − 1
Consequently,
Z
from ”A Brief Table of Integrals” tan w sec w 1
sec3 (w) dw = + ln | sec(w) + tan(w)|
2 2
Returning to the original integral to obtain
√ √
tan(sec−1 ( 2 + x2 )) 2 + x2
Z
x p p 
p dx = +ln 2 + x2 + tan(sec−1 ( x2 + 2)) +C.
1 + x2 + (1 + x2 )2 2
 R1 √ √
sinh x
√cosh x
(5) 0 x
dx. Set
√ 1
u= x =⇒ du = √ dx; when x = 1 =⇒ u = 1 and when x = 0 =⇒ u = 0.
2 x
By substituting this, we get
√ √
1
1 1 e − e−2u
Z Z Z 1 2u
sinh x cosh x 1 1
√ dx = sinh u cosh u du = du = e2u |10 − e−2u |10 .
0 x 2 0 0 4 8 8
R 4 3 +2x+1
Exercise 6. (1) x +3x x3 −2x
dx. Note that the degree of the numerator is greater than
the degree of the denominator. To apply the method of partial fractions, we need to
reduce this degree. Note that
x4 + 3x3 + 2x + 1 (x3 − 2x)(x + 3) + 2x2 + 8x + 1 2x2 + 8x + 1
= = (x + 3) +
x3 − 2x x3 − 2x x3 − 2x
By the partial fraction, we can write
2x2 + 8x + 1 A B C
3
= √ + √ +
x − 2x x+ 2 x− 2 x
√
To find A, we multiply the latter equality by (x + 2) to find
√ √
2x2 + 8x + 1 B(x + 2) C(x + 2)
√ =A+ √ +
x(x − 2) x− 2 x
√ √
Then by taking the limit as x → − 2, we obtain A = 54 − 2 2.
√
To find B, we use the same procedure,
√ which involves
√ multiplying by x − 2 and
taking the limit as x approaches 2, we get B = 54 + 2 2.
To find C, we multiply my x, and taking the limit as x → 0 to obtain C = − 21 .
Consequently,
√ √
5 2 5 2
x4 + 3x3 + 2x + 1 4 − √2 4 + √2 − 21
= (x + 3) + + +
x3 − 2x x+ 2 x− 2 x
Integrating this to find
Z 4 √ Z √ Z
x + 3x3 + 2x + 1 x2
Z
5 2 1 5 2 1 1 1
= + 3x + ( − ) √ dx + ( + ) √ dx − dx
x3 − 2x 2 4 2 x− 2 4 2 x+ 2 2 x
x2 5 √ √ 5 √ √ 1
= + 3x + ( − 2 2) ln |x − 2| + ( + 2 2) ln |x + 2| − ln |x| + C.
2 4 4 2
R 4 x+4
(2) 3 x3 −x2 −2x dx. Note that
x+4 x+4 A B C
= = + +
x3 2
− x − 2x x(x − 2)(x + 1) x (x − 2) x + 1
To find A, we multiply by x and take x = 0 to get A = −2. To find B, we multiply
by x − 2, and take x = 2 to obtain B = 1. To find C, we multiply by x + 1, and take
x = −1 to get C = 1. Consequently,
x+4 −2 1 1
3 2
= + +
x − x − 2x x (x − 2) x + 1
Integrating this over [3, 4] to find
Z 4 Z 4
x+4 −2 1 1
3 2
dx = + + dx.
3 x − x − 2x 3 x (x − 2) x + 1
R  x−1 2
(3) x+3 dx. Note that
2
(x + 3)2 + 16 − 8(x + 3)

x−1 16 8
= 2
=1+ 2
− .
x+3 (x + 3) (x + 3) x+3
Integrating this to find
x−1 2
Z   Z Z Z
16 8 16
dx = 1 dx + 2
dx − dx = x − − 8 ln |x + 3| + C.
x+3 (x + 3) x+3 x+3
 R2 1
(4) 1 x2 (1+x3 ) dx. Note that
1 1
= 2
x2 (1 3
+x ) x (x + 1)(x2 − x + 1)
Using the partial fraction, we find
1 A1 A2 A3 A4 x + A5
2 3
= + 2 + + 2
x (1 + x ) x x x+1 x −x+1
To find A2 , we multiply by x2 and taking the limit as x → 0 to get A2 = 1. To find A3 ,
we multiply by x + 1 and taking the limit as x goes to −1 to find A3 = 1. Therefore,
1 A1 1 1 A4 x + A5
2 3
= + 2+ + 2
x (1 + x ) x x x+1 x −x+1
To find A1 , A4 , A5 , we take x = 1, x = −2, and x = 2, to obtain
A1 + A4 + A5 = −1
−7A1 − 4A4 + 2A5 = 11
9A1 + 12A4 + 6 = −10
Solving this system of equations leads to obtaining A1 , A4 , A5 and integrating over [1, 2]
to find
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
1 2 A4 x + A5
2 3
dx = A1 1/x dx + 1/x dx + 1/(x + 1) dx + 2
dx
1 x (1 + x ) 1 1 1 1 x −x+1
First integrals are easy to compute. To find the last integral we write
Z 2
2x − 1 4(A4 /2 + A5 ) 2
Z Z
A4 x + A5 1
2
dx = A 4 /2 2
dx + 2 1 2 dx
x −x+1 1 x −x+1 3 1 ( √3 x − √3 ) + 1

Now use the integral of the arctangent function to find the result.
Rp
Exercise 7. (1) (x2 − 1)3 dx. Taking x = sec(u), yields dx = sin u sec2 du.
Substituting this to find
Z p Z Z
(x2 − 1)3 dx = (sin2 u sec2 u)3/2 sin u sec2 u du = sin4 u sec5 u du

Now by using the integration by parts, we have

Z Z Z
4 5 1 3 d 4 1 3 4 3
sin u sec u du = sin u sec u du = sin u sec u − sin2 u sec3 u du
4 du 4 4
Using again integration by parts to find
Z Z Z
2 3 1 d 2 1 2 1 1 1
sin u sec u du = sin u sec u du = sin u sec u− sec u du = sin u sec2 u− ln | sec u+tan u|+C.
2 du 2 2 2 2
Consequently
Z p
1 3 3
(x2 − 1)3 dx = sin3 u sec4 u − sin u sec2 u + ln | sec u + tan u| + C
4 8 8
1 3 3
= sin3 (sec−1 x)x4 − sin(sec−1 x)x2 + ln |x + tan(sec−1 x)| + C.
4 8 8
R3 x
(2) 1 √x2 +2x+5 dx. Observe that
Z 3
1 3
Z
x x
√ dx = q dx
1
2
x + 2x + 5 2 1 x+1 2


2 + 1
Set
x+1
= tan u ⇒ x = 2 tan u − 1 ⇒ dx = 2 sec2 u du,
2
π
when x = 3, tan u = 2 ⇒ u = arctan 2, and x = 1, tan u = 1 ⇒ u =
4
Substituting this to find
3 Z arctan 2 Z arctan 2 Z arctan 2
2 tan u − 1
Z
1 x 2
q dx = √ sec u du = − sec u du+2 tan u sec u du
2 1 x+1 2

π/4 sec2 u π/4 π/4
2 + 1
 Hence,
Z 3
1 x
q dx = − ln | sec u + tan u||arctan
π/4
2
+ 2 sec u|arctan
π/4
2
.
2 1 x+1 2


2 +1
3
√ln 2 x
R
(3) dx. Set
x ln x−4

ln x = 2 sec u ⇒ x = exp(2 sec u) ⇒ dx = 2 sin u sec2 u exp(2 sec u) du

Substituting this, we find
ln3 x
Z Z
p dx = 8 sec4 u du
2
x ln x − 4
Integrating by parts to find
Z Z Z Z Z
4 d
sec u du = tan u sec u du = tan u sec u−2 sin u sec du = tan u sec u−2 sec u du+2 sec2 u du
2 2 2 4 2 4
du
This implies
tan u sec2 u 2
Z
sec4 u du = + tan u + C
3 3
Consequently,
8 tan sec−1 ln2x ln2 x 16


ln3 x
Z   
−1 ln x
p dx = + tan sec +C
x ln2 x − 4 3 3 2
ex
R
(4) 3 dx. Note that
(e +8ex +7) 2
2x

ex ex ex
Z Z Z
1
3 dx = dx = 3/2 dx
((ex + 4)2 − 9)3/2 27 
(e2x + 8ex + 7) 2 (ex +4 2
) − 1
3

Set
ex + 4
= sec u ⇒ ex = 3 sec u − 4 ⇒ ex dx = 3 sin u sec2 udu
3
Substituting this to find
ex
Z Z   x 
1 −1 e + 4
3/2 dx = du = − cot(u) + C = − cot sec + C.
sin2 u sec u 3
 x
(e +4 2
3 ) − 1

Exercise 8. Z Z
1 1
√ dx = q dx
x x2 − a2 x|a| x 2


−1
a
Set
x = a sec(t) ⇒ dx = a sin(t) sec2 (t)dt.
By substitution, we find
Z Z
1 1 1 1 x
q
dx = dt = t + C = sec−1 +C
x 2 a a a a
xa a − 1
Z Z
1 1 1
√ dx = q
dx
2
x a +x 2 2 a x 2
x2 a + 1
Set
x = a sinh(t) ⇒ dx = a cosh(t)dt.
By substitution, we obtain
Z Z
1 1 dt 1 1 
−1 x
 
dx = 2 dt = − coth(t) + C = − coth sinh +C
sinh2 (t) a2 a2
q

x 2 a a
xa a + 1
Exercise 9. Note that
−|f (x)| ≤ f (x) ≤ |f (x)|
This implies by the properties of integral that
Z b Z b Z b Z b Z b
− |f (x)| dx ≤ f (x) dx ≤ |f (x)| dx =⇒ f (x) dx ≤ |f (x)| dx.
a a a a a
 R 1 √x √
x
Exercise 10. (1) 0 esin x−1 dx. This is not improper integral since x 7→ esin x−1 is defined
and continuous on [0, 1]. Therefore
Z 1 √
x
sin x−1
dx
0 e
exists,
R ∞ 1−5and hence it converges.
sin 2x
(2) 1 x2 + x dx. Note that
√
Z ∞ Z ∞
|1 − 5 sin 2x| 6
2+ x
√ dx ≤ 2
dx
1 x 1 x
Since Z ∞ Z R
6 6 6
2
dx = lim 2
dx = lim − + 6 = 6
1 x R→∞ 1 x R→∞ R
R ∞ 1−5 sin 2x
By the comparsion test, 1 x2 + x dx converges.
√
R +∞ 1
(3) −∞ x2 (1+e x ) dx. To study the convergence of this improper integral, we write it as

Z +∞ Z 0 Z +∞
1 1 1
2 x
dx = 2 x
dx + dx
−∞ x (1 + e ) −∞ x (1 + e ) 0 x (1 + ex )
2

We observe that for x < 0,

Z 0 Z 0 Z 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
≤ 2 x
≤ 2 =⇒ dx ≤ dx ≤ dx
2x x (1 + e ) x −∞ 2x2 −∞ x (1 + ex )
2
−∞ x2
Note that Z 0 Z a
1 1
dx = lim dx = +∞.
−∞ x2 a→0− −∞ x2
Consequently Z 0
1
dx = +∞
−∞ x2 (1 + ex )
R +∞ 1
and hence −∞ x2 (1+ex ) dx is divergent.
R ∞ 1+e−x
(4) 1 x dx. Note that
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ −x
1 + e−x 1 e
dx = dx + dx = +∞,
1 x 1 x 1 x
since Z ∞
1
dx = +∞.
1 x
R∞ 1+e−x
Hence, 1
dx is divergent.
x
R1 1
(5) 0 cos x2
dx. Set
1 1
x = =⇒ dx = − 2 dt.
t t
Substituting this yields
Z 1 Z ∞
cos(t2 )
 
1
cos dx = dt
0 x2 1 t2
Since Z ∞ Z ∞
| cos(t2 )| 1
2
dt ≤ dt = 1.
1 t 1 t2
R1
By the comparison test, 0 cos x12 dx is convergent.

Exercise 11. For x > 0, we have

Z +∞
Γ(x) = tx−1 e−t dt.
0
Thus Z +∞
Γ(x + 1) = tx e−t dt
0
Using integration by parts, we get
Γ(x + 1) = −tx e−t |+∞
0 + xΓ(x) = xΓ(x).
Replacing x by n and iterating this n times to find
Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n) = n(n − 1)Γ(n − 2) = n(n − 1)(n − 2)Γ(n − 3)...1.Γ(1) = n!Γ(1)
It is easy to see that Γ(1) = 1.
Rπ
Exercise 12. Let f (π) = 2 and 0 (f (x) + f 00 (x)) sin x dx = 5. Compute f (0). In doing so, we
integrate twice by parts to find
Z π Z π Z π
00 0
π
(f (x) + f (x)) sin x dx = − cos xf (x)|0 + cos xf (x) dx + sin xf 00 (x) dx
0 0 0
Z π Z π
0 π
= f (π) + f (0) + sin xf (x)|0 − sin xf 00 (x) dx + sin xf 00 (x) dx = 5
0 0
Notice that sin xf 0 (x)|π0 = 0 and f (π) = 2, this implies f (0) = 3.
Exercise 13. We recall that for any A, B ∈ R
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + sin B cos A.
sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − sin B cos A.
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin B sin A.
cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin B sin A.
From this if we take A = mx and B = nx, we get
sin((n + m)x) = sin mx cos nx + sin nx cos mx.
sin((n − m)x) = sin mx cos nx − sin nx cos mx.
Adding these formulas together, we find
sin((n + m)x) + sin((n − m)x)
sin mx cos nx = .
2
Integrate this, and assuming that m 6= n we obtain
Z 2π Z 2π
sin((n + m)x) + sin((n − m)x)
sin mx cos nx = dx
0 0 2
1 1
= cos((n + m)x)|2π
0 + cos((n − m)x)|2π
0 =0
2(n + m) 2(n − m)
If n = m, we get
Z 2π Z 2π
sin((n + m)x) 1
sin mx cos nx = dx = cos((n + m)x)|2π
0 = 0.
0 0 2 2(n + m)
Exercise. Solve the second part in the exercise 13.
Exercise 14. We have
Z x Z x
1 1 1
f (x) = 2 2
dt = 2 t2
dt
−x x +t x −x 1+ x2
Set y = t/x. This implies dy = 1/xdt, and hence dt = xdy. When t = x, y = 1 and when
t = −x, y = −1. Substituting this, we find
Z x
1 1
Z Z 1
1 1 0 1 1
f (x) = 2 + t2
dt = 2
dy =⇒ f (x) = − 2
dy.
−x x x −1 1 + y x −1 1 + y2
Notice that Z x2 Z x2
sin(xt) sin(xt)
f (x) = dt = x dt
− x2 t − x2 xt
Set
y = xt =⇒ dy = xdt
when t = x2 , we have y = x3 and when t = −x/2, we have y = −x2 /2. Substituting this to
obtain
2
Z x3 Z − x2 Z x3
sin(y) sin(y) sin(y)
f (x) = dy = − dy + dy = −g(−x2 /2) + g(x3 )
− x2
2 y 0 y 0 y
where Z X
sin(y) sin X
g(X) = dy =⇒ g 0 (X) =
0 y X
Using this and the chain rule to get
2 2
0 0 2 2 0 3 sin x2 sin x3 −2 sin x2 + 3 sin x3
f (x) = −xg (−x /2) + 3x g (x ) = −2 +3 =
x x x
Let Z x
2 2
f (x) = et dt =⇒ f 0 (x) = ex
0
Using the chain rule we find
2
x t2
R
0 0 0 x2 0 e dt
g (x) = f (x)f (f (x)) = e e =⇒ g(0) = 1