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Topic-1-Introduction-edited

The document introduces hydraulics, defining it as the study of fluids at rest and in motion, and outlines its relevance in water resources engineering. It details the branches of hydraulics—hydrostatics, hydrokinetics, and hydrodynamics—and distinguishes between ideal and real fluids, including their properties and types. Additionally, it compares fluid mechanics and hydraulics with hydrology, emphasizing their practical applications in civil engineering.

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vincebonnag
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3 views

Topic-1-Introduction-edited

The document introduces hydraulics, defining it as the study of fluids at rest and in motion, and outlines its relevance in water resources engineering. It details the branches of hydraulics—hydrostatics, hydrokinetics, and hydrodynamics—and distinguishes between ideal and real fluids, including their properties and types. Additionally, it compares fluid mechanics and hydraulics with hydrology, emphasizing their practical applications in civil engineering.

Uploaded by

vincebonnag
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 1: Introduction to Hydraulics

Learning Outcomes: After the discussion, the students should be able to;

1. Define hydraulics and relate it in the actual fields in water resources engineering
activities.
2. Perform calculations involving properties of fluid.

Lesson Proper:

Hydraulics
 Fluid mechanics and hydraulics represent that branch of applied mechanics that
deals with the behaviour of fluids at rest and in motion, respectively.

Fluids
 Substances capable of flowing, having particles that easily move and change their
relative position without separating the mass.
 No resistance to change of form; they readily conform to the shape of the solid body
with which they come in contact.
 Fluids embrace both liquids and gasses.

Three Branches of Hydraulics


1. Hydrostatics - the study of liquids at rest
2. Hydrokinetics - deals with the geometry of the motion of liquids without considering the
forces causing that motion.
3. Hydrodynamics - deals with the forces exerted by or upon liquids in motion, including
relations between velocities and accelerations involved in such fluid motion.
Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics vs. Hydrology
Hydrology:
 Hydrology is the science that encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement,
and properties of the waters of the earth and their relationship with the environment
within each phase of the hydrologic cycle.
Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics:
 The physical science and technology of the static and dynamic behaviour of fluids.
 The branch of engineering that focuses on the practical problems of collecting,
storing, measuring, transporting, controlling, and using water and other liquids.
TYPES OF FLUID:

1. Ideal Fluids – also known as Perfect fluids


 Assume to have no viscosity (viscidness/stickiness) and hence no resistance to
shear.
 Incompressible
 Have uniform velocity when flowing
 No friction between moving layers of fluid
 No turbulence (disorder/instability)
 Practically, no ideal fluid exists.

2. Real Fluids (Definite/tangible/actual)


 Inhibit infinite viscosities
 Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
 Compressible
 Experience friction and turbulence flow
Ex. Water, honey, Kerosene, petrol oil

 Real fluids are further divided into Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids.
- Newtonian Fluids – are those that obey Newton’s Law of Viscosity.
- For a Newtonian fluid, viscosity is entirely dependent upon
the temperature and pressure of the fluid.
- In such fluids, the viscosity μ remains constant even under the
- Influence of shear stress.
Ex. Water, air, emulsions (mixtures)

Non-Newtonian Fluids – are those that don’t obey Newton’s Law of Viscosity.
- In such fluids, viscosity μ changes with shear stress
Ex. Cosmetics, toothpaste, paints
 Viscosity
 Characterises the resistance experienced by fluids during their flow.
 Defined as the ability of a fluid or solid to resist the change in its shape and
structure concerning stress or force from the adjacent layer; in other words, it is
the opposite of fluidity/flexibility.

 Newton’s law of viscosity is a theory that informs about the relationship between two
physical quantities: shear stress and velocity gradient.

 Newton’s Law of Viscosity states that “the shear stress in a flowing fluid is
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain or velocity gradient”.

τ = μ du/dy ; τ = shear stress, μ = viscosity, du/dy = velocity gradient


du – velocity difference
dy – distance between the layer
Ideal Fluids

Fluids
Newtonian Fluids
Real Fluids Pseudoplastic Fluids
Non-Newtonian Dilatant Fluids
Bingham Fluids

 Principal Differences Between Liquids and Gasses:


1. A liquid has a free surface and a given mass of a liquid occupies only a given
volume in a container, whereas a gas does not have a free surface and a given
mass occupies all portions of its container.
2. Liquids are practically incompressible and usually maybe so considered without
introducing appreciable error whereas gasses are compressible.

Assessment task:

1. Define hydraulics and give some importance as to actual/real life practice


in civil engineering activities.

Hydraulics
Fluid mechanics and
hydraulics represent that
branch of applied
mechanics that deals with
the
behavior of fluids at rest
and in motion,
respectively.
Fluids
- substances capable of
flowing, having particles
that easily move and
change their relative
position without separating
the mass.
- No resistance to change
of form; they readily
conform to the shape of
the solid body with which
they come in contact.
Three Branches of
Hydraulics
1. Hydrostatics
- the study of liquids at
rest
2. Hydrokinetics
- deals with the geometry
of the motion of liquids
without considering the
forces causing that
motion
3. Hydrodynamics
- deals with the forces
exerted by or upon liquids
in motion, including
relations between
velocities
and accelerations involved
in such fluid motion.
Fluid Mechanics &
Hydraulics vs.
Hydrology
Hydrology
Fluid Mechanics &
Hydraulics
Hydrology is the science
that encompasses the
occurrence, distribution,
movement, and
properties of the waters of
the earth and their
relationship with the
environment within each
phase of the hydrologic
cycle
 The physical science and
technology of the
static and dynamic
behavior of fluids.
 The branch of
engineering that focuses
on the
practical problems of
collecting, storing,
measuring, transporting,
controlling, and using
water and other liquids.

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