PART - A (1 mark each)

1)a. Control Unit

2)a. Virtual Keyboard
3)a. Nibble
4)c. Python
5)a. UPSC
6)d. E
7)b. AR
8)d. All of these
9)b. Internet
10)c. Testing and Debugging
11)a. IF
12)a. Top to bottom
13)c. Object
14)b. Set
15) a. 3
II (Fill in the blanks)
16)import
17)in
18)Operators
19)Comments
20)riables

PART - B (Short Answer)

any 4.

21)Define Operating System: An Operating System (OS) is

software that manages computer hardware and provides
common services for computer programs. Example:
Windows, macOS, Linux.

22)Define source code and object code: Source code is

the code written by a programmer in a high-level
language. Object code is the machine-readable code
generated from source code after compilation.
23)Differentiate between RAM and ROM: RAM is volatile
memory used for temporary data storage while a
program is running, while ROM is non-volatile memory
that stores firmware or system-level code.

24)Characteristics of algorithms: (1) Finiteness, (2)

Definiteness.

25)Advantages of flowchart: Flowcharts make the logic of

a program easier to understand and identify problems.

26)Pseudocode and coding: Pseudocode is an informal

way of writing a program's logic using plain language,
while coding involves writing in a programming
language.

PART - C (3 marks each) any 4

29. Differences between compiler and interpreter:
 A compiler translates the entire source code into
machine code at once, while an interpreter translates
it line by line.
 A compiler is faster in execution, as it produces an
executable file, while an interpreter is slower as it
executes each line individually.
 Examples: C and C++ use compilers, while Python
and Ruby use interpreters.
30. Cache memory:
 Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory
located close to the CPU.
 It stores frequently accessed data and instructions,
reducing the time the CPU spends accessing data
from the main memory.
 Cache memory improves processing speed and
efficiency.
31. ASCII Number System:
 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) is a character encoding standard.
 It represents text using numerical codes, where each
character (letters, numbers, symbols) is assigned a
unique value between 0 and 127.
 Example: 'A' is represented by 65 in ASCII, 'a' by 97,
and '0' by 48.
32. Conversion of 11101.11₂ to Octal and
Hexadecimal:
 To Octal: Convert binary to groups of three digits
(starting from decimal point both ways) and convert
each group.
o 11101.11 in binary is 35.6 in octal.

 To Hexadecimal: Convert binary to groups of four

digits and convert each group.
o 11101.11 in binary is 1D.C in hexadecimal.

33. Virtual Reality (VR) vs. Augmented Reality

(AR):
 VR immerses users in a completely virtual
environment, whereas AR overlays virtual objects
onto the real world.
 VR requires special equipment like VR headsets,
while AR can be experienced with a smartphone or
tablet.
 VR applications include gaming and simulations,
while AR is used in navigation and retail.
34. Cloud-based services:
 Examples of cloud-based services include Google
Drive, Dropbox, Microsoft OneDrive, and Amazon
Web Services (AWS).
  These services offer storage, processing power, and
software services over the internet.
35. Algorithm to find the largest of two numbers:
python
def find_largest(a, b):
if a > b:
return a
else:
return b

# Example usage
print(find_largest(5, 3)) # Output: 5
36. Logical operators with examples:
 AND: Returns true if both conditions are true.
o Example: True and False gives False.

 OR: Returns true if at least one condition is true.

o Example: True or False gives True.

 NOT: Returns the opposite of the condition.

o Example: not True gives False.

part D any 4

Question 38: Write the difference between

microprocessor and microcontroller.
Answer:
1. Definition:
o Microprocessor: A microprocessor is an

integrated circuit designed to perform computing

tasks. It is the central component of a computer
system that requires external components like
memory and input/output ports to function.
o Microcontroller: A microcontroller is a compact

integrated circuit with a CPU, memory, and

input/output peripherals, designed for embedded
applications.
2. Application:
o Microprocessor: Used in general-purpose

computers and devices that require complex

computing, such as desktops and laptops.
o Microcontroller: Used in embedded systems for

specific control tasks, such as in home

appliances and automotive systems.
3. Components:
o Microprocessor: Needs external RAM, ROM,

and peripherals to operate.

o Microcontroller: Has built-in RAM, ROM, and

I/O ports, making it self-contained.

4. Power Consumption:
o Microprocessor: Higher power consumption

due to the need for external components.

 oMicrocontroller: Lower power consumption, as
it is optimized for specific tasks.
5. Cost:
o Microprocessor: Generally more expensive due

to its complexity.
o Microcontroller: More cost-effective for

dedicated tasks.
Question 40: Explain ASCII number system.
Answer: The ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange) number system is a character
encoding standard used to represent text in computers and
electronic devices. Each character (letters, digits,
symbols) is assigned a unique 7-bit binary code, ranging
from 0 to 127.
 Example:
o A has an ASCII code of 65 (binary: 1000001).

o a has an ASCII code of 97 (binary: 1100001).

o 0 has an ASCII code of 48 (binary: 0110000).

ASCII allows computers to communicate text across

different devices and platforms. Extended ASCII extends
the 7-bit code to 8 bits, supporting 256 characters,
including special symbols and non-English characters.
Question 41: Explain the applications of Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning.
Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine
Learning (ML) are transforming various industries. Key
applications include:
1. Healthcare: AI assists in diagnostics, drug
discovery, personalized medicine, and predicting
patient outcomes. ML algorithms analyze medical
images and predict disease progression.
2. Finance: Used for fraud detection, risk assessment,
algorithmic trading, and customer service
automation. AI systems analyze transaction patterns
to detect anomalies.
3. Automotive: AI powers self-driving cars, enabling
autonomous navigation, object detection, and traffic
management. Companies like Tesla use AI for driver
assistance.
4. Retail: AI personalizes customer experiences,
optimizes inventory management, and enhances
recommendation systems for e-commerce.
5. Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI-driven
chatbots, voice assistants, and language translators
improve customer service and communication.
AI and ML are enabling automation, improving decision-
making, and enhancing productivity across various
sectors.
Question 42: Explain the stages involved in problem
solving.
Answer: The main stages in problem-solving are:
1. Problem Definition: Understand and define the
problem clearly, including identifying the goals and
constraints.
2. Planning: Develop a strategy to solve the problem.
This may involve choosing algorithms, identifying
resources, and determining the steps.
3. Design and Algorithm Development: Create a
detailed plan or flowchart to represent the solution
steps. Develop an algorithm that outlines each action
required.
4. Implementation: Write the code or execute the plan.
Test each step to ensure accuracy and make
adjustments as needed.
5. Evaluation and Testing: Check if the solution meets
the original requirements. Testing involves
identifying errors and ensuring reliability.
6. Documentation and Maintenance: Document the
solution and maintain it for future updates or
modifications.
These stages ensure a structured and efficient approach to
solving problems.
Question 44: Explain the features of Python
programming language.
Answer: Python is a popular high-level programming
language known for its simplicity and versatility. Key
features include:
1. Easy Syntax: Python’s syntax is simple and
readable, making it beginner-friendly and easy to
learn.
2. Interpreted Language: Python code is executed
line-by-line, allowing for quick testing and
debugging.
3. Dynamic Typing: Python handles variable types
dynamically, so programmers don’t need to declare
data types explicitly.
4. Extensive Libraries: Python has a vast standard
library and support for third-party libraries, which
make it suitable for web development, data science,
machine learning, and more.
5. Cross-Platform Compatibility: Python runs on
various platforms, including Windows, macOS, and
Linux, making it highly versatile.
6. Support for Multiple Paradigms: Python supports
object-oriented, procedural, and functional
programming styles.
 Part E any 2

Question 45: Explain the functions of an operating

system.
Answer: An operating system (OS) is a software layer
that manages hardware and software resources on a
computer and provides services for computer programs.
Its main functions include:
1. Process Management: The OS handles the
scheduling of processes, manages process creation,
execution, and termination, and ensures fair and
efficient CPU usage.
2. Memory Management: It allocates and deallocates
memory space as needed by various programs. It also
manages virtual memory, allowing larger programs to
run by using disk space as additional RAM.
3. File System Management: The OS organizes, stores,
retrieves, and manages data files on storage devices,
providing a user-friendly file hierarchy.
4. Device Management: The OS manages input and
output devices such as keyboards, printers, and
network interfaces through device drivers, ensuring
smooth data transfer between the CPU and
peripherals.
 5. Security and Access Control: It protects system
resources and data from unauthorized access,
ensuring user authentication and providing data
integrity.

Question 46: Write a Python program to swap two

numbers without using a third variable.
Answer: Here’s a Python program to swap two numbers
without using a third variable:
python
# Python program to swap two numbers
without a third variable
a = int(input("Enter the first number:
"))
b = int(input("Enter the second number:
"))

# Swapping
a = a + b
b = a - b
a = a - b

print("After swapping:")
print("First number:", a)
print("Second number:", b)
Explanation:
1. The program takes two numbers as input.
2. It adds a and b and assigns the result to a.
3. Then it calculates b as a - b, which results in the
original value of a.
4. Finally, it calculates a as a - b, resulting in the
original value of b.
5. This successfully swaps a and b without using any
extra variable.

Question 47: Explain the various types of errors with

examples.
Answer: In programming, errors are issues that prevent
the program from running as expected. Common types
include:
1. Syntax Errors: These occur when the syntax rules of
the programming language are violated. For example:
python
Copy code
print("Hello World # Missing
closing quotation mark
This will raise a syntax error due to the missing
quotation mark.
2. Runtime Errors: These errors occur while the
program is running and are often caused by invalid
operations, such as dividing by zero. For example:
python
Copy code
num = 10 / 0 # This will raise a
ZeroDivisionError
3. Logical Errors: These occur when the program runs
without crashing but produces incorrect results due to
a mistake in logic. For example:
python
Copy code
def add(a, b):
return a - b # Logical error;
should be a + b
Here, the function should add two numbers but
mistakenly subtracts them.
4. Type Errors: These occur when an operation is
applied to an inappropriate type. For example:
python
Copy code
result = "string" + 10 # This will
raise a TypeError
 Concatenating a string and an integer without
conversion will cause a type error.
5. Name Errors: These occur when the code tries to
use a variable that hasn’t been defined. For example:
python
Copy code
print(x) # This will raise a
NameError if x is not defined