Scribd
Upload
12 views34 pages

Rate of Reaction

The document discusses the rate of chemical reactions, emphasizing factors that influence it such as surface area, concentration, temperature, catalysts, and pressure. It explains collision theory, which states that reactions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation. Additionally, it highlights the role of catalysts in speeding up reactions and includes examples of reactions involving limestone and magnesium with hydrochloric acid.

Uploaded by

ssestanley.sentosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views34 pages

Rate of Reaction

The document discusses the rate of chemical reactions, emphasizing factors that influence it such as surface area, concentration, temperature, catalysts, and pressure. It explains collision theory, which states that reactions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation. Additionally, it highlights the role of catalysts in speeding up reactions and includes examples of reactions involving limestone and magnesium with hydrochloric acid.

Uploaded by

ssestanley.sentosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Chemical

Energetics:
Rate of Reaction
IGCSE Chemistry: Topic 7
Rate of Reaction
The mass/concentration/volume
of reactants decrease/increase
per time, depends on the
reaction.
Phase 2: Phase 3: Reaction stops
Reaction become (Graph becomes flat)
slower (Graph
becomes flatten)

Phase 1: Reaction start


(Graph is steeper)
The speed of chemical reaction varies hugely...

Slow Fast
Slow or Fast Reaction?
Why are
some
reactions
faster than
others?
01

Let’s take a look at


“Collision Theory”
Reactions take place
when:
Collision Orientation
The particles collide Needs correct
to each other orientation

Energy
It needs enough
energy
So the rate of chemical reaction will
be determined by....

Frequency Energy
of the with which
particles
collision collide
02

Factors that
affect the RoR
The factors are:
03 Temperature
01 Surface Area
for solid reactants

04 Catalyst

02 Concentration Pressure
05
of gas
1. Surface area of solid reactants

Smaller Particles =
Bigger Surface Area

Lump of sugar Powdered sugar


Which one dissolves faster?
Surface area and collision theory
1. Reactions involving solids take place on the surface
of the solids.

2. A solid has a much larger surface area when it is


powdered than when it is in larger pieces.

3. Larger surface area = larger area to collide =


amount of collision will be increased per time
Example: limestone reaction
1. The reaction between limestone or marble chips (two forms of
calcium carbonate: small chips and large chips) and dilute
hydrochloric acid
2. CaCo3(s) + 2HCl (aq) 🡪 CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
3. The experiment is carried out twice, once with large chips and
once with small chips.
4. In each experiment, the mass of sample used is the same, and
the same volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid is
used.
Graph
1. Small marble chips is
faster in reaching the end
of reaction, showed by the
gradient is steeper
compared to the large one.
2. The total loss of mass
shows no difference
between both experiment
because the amount of
reactant are same between
both experiment.
2. Concentration
1. The higher concentration of solution, the more
solute there are in a given volume (Concentrated
Solution).

2. The lower concentration of solution, the less solute


there are in a given volume (Dilute Solution).
Concentration and collision theory
When there are more solute particles in a
given volume (concentrated solution), they are
more likely to collide with each other. It
increases the rate of reaction.
Example: magnesium and HCl
1. The reaction between magnesium and different
concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid.
2. Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) 🡪 MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
3. The experiment is carried out twice, with 2.0 M and
0.5 M HCl with same volume, same mass of Mg, and
same apparatus. The total volume of gas produced
will be measured
Graph
3. Temperature
A reaction can be made to go faster or slower by
changing the temperature of the reactants.
Temperature and Collision Theory
1. When the temperature increases, the particles get
more kinetic energy to move.

2. The particles move faster.

3. They collide more often per time.

4. It increases the rate of reaction.


4. Catalyst
1. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical
reaction by lowering activation energy.
2. At the end of reaction, there is the same amount of catalyst as
the beginning and it is chemically unchanged. Why?
3. Catalyst can be re-used since it is not consumed during
reaction.
4. Industrially, catalyst is very important. If catalyst doesn’t exist,
many chemical processes will go very slowly and some
reactions will need much higher temperatures and pressures to
proceed at a reasonable rate. It will be uneconomic.
Catalytic Converter
1. Car exhaust fumes contains gases such as carbon monoxide
(CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), and unburnt hydrocarbon (CxHy)
from the fuel which cause pollution in the air.

2. One way to reduce the polluting effects of car exhaust fumes


is to fit the car with a catalytic converter.

3. The catalytic converter converts the harmful gases to the less


harmful gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and
water (H2O).
Reactions in Catalytic Converter
1. 2CO(g) + O2 (g) 🡪 2CO2 (g)

2. 2NO(g) + 2CO(g) 🡪 N2(g) + 2CO2(g)

3. 2NO(g) 🡪 N2(g) + O2(g)

4. Hydrocarbon + oxygen 🡪 carbon dioxide + water


Biological Catalyst
1. Living cells also produce catalyst.
2. They are protein molecules called enzymes.
3. Enzymes increase the rate of reaction.
4. Enzymes are specific, each enzyme controls one reaction.
5. They are generally temperature-sensitive. They are inactivated
(denatured) by heat (most stop working above 45oC).
6. They are sensitive to ph. Most enzymes work best in neutral
conditions around ph 7.
5. Pressure
1. For reactions involving gases, increasing the
pressure has the same effect as increasing the
concentration.
2. The rate of reaction between gases increases with
pressure.

You might also like