a Q PRECAUTIONS: 1 Tips of the pins should be thin so that the paral- a can be removed easily. . 2. Tip ofthe pin and the optical centre of ens should be at the same height. 3. To form a sharp image, polish the pin with a white chalk, 4. The line joining the tip of both pins and optical centre of lens should be parallel to optical bench. 5, Bye should be 25 cm away from pin at the time of removing parallax. 6. Always place a len: bench. 1, Whats the virtual difference bet-woen con- vex and concave lens? ‘Ans. A convex lens is thicker at the centre and thinner at the edges while a concave lens is thin- ner at the centre and thicker at the edges. 2, How many are principal focus ? ‘Ans, Principal focus are of two types ? G) First principal focus, Gi) Second principal focus. 3. What is the property of the optical centre? ‘Ans. A ray of light passing through the optical centre of the lens suffers no refraction. 4. How many focal lengths are of lens ? Ans. Twi in the middle of the optical EXPERIMENT. © OBJECT :7o find the focal length of a convex mir- ror, using a convex lens, 3 APPARATUS: Optical bench, convex mirror, con- vex lens, two pins.and T-rod. J PRINCIPLE : Images formed by convex mirror are always virtual but in the presence of convex lens real image can be formed by convex mirror. If convex mirror MjMp, ‘convex lens L and object pin AB are put on a table as shown in figure 1. (a). ‘The light rays from the pin-object AB falls on con- vex mirror M,M; after refraction by convex lens L. and reflecting from there again passes through lens and form a real image A,B, towards the pin AB. If by moving convex mirror in forward or backward direction parallax between object pin AB and its im- age A,B, can be removed. In such condition, the light rays are incident normally over the convex mirror to retrace their path. In the absence of con- vex mirror, these rays would have met at centre of curvature (C) of the convex mirror. Itis clear that if mirror is removed, then these light rays will converge at the centre of curvature (C) of the mirror. The distance PC from the pole P to the Laboratory Manual in Physics (XID Q PROCEDURE; contre of curvature © will be the radius of euy ture (R. ' PC can be determined by subtracting distance from the distance OC. So, radius of curvature (R) = PC *. Focal length, Image of object pin, Fig. 1. Mount the given convex Jens L, convex mirror ‘M,M; at P and an object pin (or needle) O on an optical bench upto a height so that the line join- ing the tip of pin and optical centre of convex Jens and convex mirror are at the same height 2. Fix the object pin at one end of bench and adjust the position of convex lens with respect to mirror on the bench by moving backward and forward so that a real inverted image of AB is formed on itself. Remove the parallax between the inverted image of the needle and itself tip to tip. Note the positions of AB, lens L and mirror MyM. 3. Now removing convex mirror MyMz mount another pin CD (image-pin) in this stand [Figure 1. ()]. The position of lens and object-pin AB should not be disturbed. Adjust the position of the pin or needle CD so that here is no parallax between CD and the inverted image of object pin AB formed by the lens, i.e,, ApBy is formed Note the position of image pin on the bench in the observation table. ‘Take three-four sets of observations for the different positions. of object pin AB and conver lens L. ; 5, Determine the bench error with the help of T- rod between lens L and image pin CD and lens 1 and convex mirror M;Mp. 6.'By determining bench-error correction in observed value of radius of curvature and by calculating half of corrected radius of curvature, find the focal length of convex mirror. I— SSS Experiment ame | ition of | Poa ‘s.No. object pin 0 sition of i z 7 oe same | oat, | ae | aay | Se, . f in L 5.0 2 fem) e(em) | Gem | ewan wed 25.0 2 5.0 mS 65.0 85.0 209 3. 5.0 a 475 675 20.0 0} 40.0 60.0 20.0 ‘TIONS :: g CALCULA’ Focal length f= 2 = 4.10.0 em, behind the mirror. So, its position can't be find by Q RESULT : The focal length of i image pin directly. 0.0m. mirror = g PRECAUTIONS: Q OBJECT: 7o find the focal length of a concave lens, a using a convex lens. 2, The pins should be sharp so that par allax may | @ APPARATUS: Optical ‘bench, given concave lens, be Femoved easily: convex lens of less focal length, two pins (needle) . Tip of object pin, optical centre O of convex lens and T-rod. and pole of mirror should be in a horizontal line and should be parallel to the length of optical bench. 4, In the second part of experiment positions of convex lens and object pin should not be disturbed only by moving image pin backward or forward parallax should be removed. . Bye should be at a distance 25 em to 30 cm from the pin at the time of removing parallax. 1, Both mirror and lens should be cleaned, a