International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2022, pp. 1870~1886

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i3.pp1870-1886  1870

Sub-synchronous resonance in wind energy integrated grid –

problem and mitigation techniques – a review

Chethan Hiremarali Ramalingegowda, Mageshvaran Rudramoorthy

School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: When wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are integrated with the Grid
system then there are power quality issues arises. The fluctuation in the wind
Received May 11, 2022 power delivery to the grid demands robust control for a better power quality.
Revised Jun 19, 2022 Therefore, voltage and frequency stability due to integration of wind to the
Accepted Jul 4, 2022 grid is the primary concern to improve the overall grid integration capability
for WECS. This paper reviews the power quality issues in the power grid
due to introduction of WECS. The WECS integration with the grid
Keywords: introduces dynamic issues that include sub-synchronous resonance (SSR),
low voltage ride through (LVRT), frequency support from wind generation,
Doubly fed induction generator synchronization, and transients. Also, it focusses on the sub synchronous
Grid integration resonance introduced due to introduction of doubly-fed induction generator
Series compensation (DFIG) wind turbines to the transmission lines with capacitive series-
Sub synchronous resonance compensation. The review of various power quality issues and methods used
Wind energy conversion system by the researcher’s mitigations are discussed and detailed further research
perspective.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Mageshvaran Rudramoorthy
School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology
Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Research on renewable energy resources exploration and integration to the grid is carried out in
large with higher penetration of renewable energy in the power sector with the advantages like lower carbon
imprint and lesser power production cost in the long run. One of the important power quality issues is that
pops up while wind energy conversion system WECS is integrated to power system is the sub synchronous
resonance. Oscillation that are less than the synchronous frequency that occurs while the WECS is connected
to the series compensated power system is called the sub-synchronous resonance (SSR). SSR occurs while
the Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is integrated with the series compensated power system.
Discussion on DFIG integration to the grid and occurrence of SSR is discussed along with the different
mitigation techniques that compensates SSR.
Kinetic energy of the wind while falling on the rotor converts it to mechanical energy. Rotor is
coupled to the generator through the gear system. Generator which gets the mechanical input from the gear
system would convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy as evident in Figure 1. Aerodynamic
design of the rotor blades is articulated to enhance power conversion capability from kinetic energy in air to
the rotor mechanical energy. The ratio of power that the rotor blades can convert from the air kinetic energy
is defined as power efficiency coefficient. Construction of the wind turbine is categorized according to the
few wind turbine-based parameter selection [1]. Different types of such wind turbines are as given in the
following.

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1871

− Speed: Wind turbines that work near a specific rotor speed that is in a narrow range are called the fixed
speed wind turbines. Maintaining better aerodynamic efficiency is the consideration where the rotational
speed is adjusted according to the incoming wind speed in the variable speed wind turbine.
− Pitch angle: Both the fixed pitch angle and variable pitch angle setup for WECS.
− Direct or Indirect: Indirect drive doubly fed topology of squirrel cage induction motor with both gear
system and the frequency converter, and direct drive synchronous generator with the frequency converter
without gearbox. Pitch control in both these drives are relevant and also both are variable speed drives.
Wind turbine condition monitoring using the electrical parameters that are processed using the signal
processing methods are detailed for different methods in the paper. Equations that govern the working of the
WECS are important to understand the fault detection methods and parameters that are involved for detecting
the faults. Input that drives the WECS is the wind speed that is the starting point of the energy conversion
system. Kinetic energy of the wind falling on the turbine rotor is converted into electrical energy.
Conversion of the wind power to usable electrical power is defined by the term as power efficiency
coefficient (Cp) that is dependent on the losses that are incurred due to gear and the generator and it’s given by.

𝑃𝑀 = 𝐶𝑃 𝑃𝑊 (1.1)
1
𝑃𝑊 = 𝜋𝑅2 𝑉 3 𝜌𝐴𝐼𝑅 (1.2)
2

In (1.1) defines the mechanical power generated from the wind 𝑃𝑀 , which is the fraction of the wind power
𝑃𝑊 . Power efficiency coefficient (Cp) depicts the amount of energy conversion from wind power to
mechanical power. Wind power 𝑃𝑊 is defined as given in (1.2) with rotor radius R, air density ρAIR and wind
speed V.

Figure 1. Wind turbine structure

Wind turbine is a complex electromechanical device with the components which combine the wind
turbine, generator and the converter systems. The model in Figure 2 is utilized for understanding the
mathematically constructed WECS [2]. Overall WECS as shown in Figure 1 illustrates the power conversion
stages of the wind turbine. The only physical input to the WECS is the wind speed which is measured using
Anemometer. Two modes of operation are set in the WECS according to the wind speed, one is the lower
limit of speed at which the WECS starts the energy conversion stage. Wind turbine cut-out occurs when the
wind speed is too high for conversion [3]. Braking is applied to the turbine in different ways which include
applying a brake which is mechanical, electrical or hydraulic that is called parking brakes. Rotational speed
of the wind turbine is increased by introducing the gear system hence producing the generator energy from
the mechanical input. Produced energy is in terms of Megawatts in a typical wind turbine. Rotor side has the
low-speed shaft while the generator side has the high-speed shaft for energy conversion. Rotor blades and the
hub combine to make the wind turbine. Rotor blades are connected to the hub through the low-speed shafts.
Wind turbine working is limited between two speed limits (lower and higher) between which the power
production is stable for any wind turbine. Controlling the pitch of the blades helps in maximizing and
minimizing the power conversion efficiency while in low winds and high winds respectively and also to
protect from any structural damage of the wind turbine. Rotor is connected to the gearbox through the low-
speed shaft [4]. An enclosure that contains gearbox, low and high-speed shafts, generators and the brakes on
the top of the tower is called Nacelle. Rotor and the Nacelle is setup on the tower which is designed for
observing more wind from the environment for obtaining more electrical energy. Direction of the wind is
Sub-synchronous resonance in wind energy integrated grid –… (Chethan Hiremarali Ramalingegowda)
1872  ISSN: 2088-8694

detected by the wind vane, which helps the yaw mechanism to maintain the wind turbine to be oriented
perpendicular to the wind. Electrical motors are used to adjust the wind turbine with the yaw mechanism.
Control technique of variable pitch variable speed wind turbines are discussed in the following section [5].

Figure 2. Main components of a horizontal-axis wind turbine

2. GENERAL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR WIND TURBINE

Operating trajectory of the wind turbine is maintained by the wind speed limits. Every control
strategy of the wind turbine is to follow the best operating trajectory. Control of the wind turbine with the
variable speed and variable pitch control is discussed in this section. Closed loop operation of the wind
turbine needs the fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control to maximize the power generated and to minimize
the shutdown time. Shutdown or curtailment of the wind turbine increases the cost of power production.
Steady power production is possible if wind turbine operates on a certain trajectory depicted in Figure 3.
Control strategy is coined as shown in Figure 4 to obtain the trajectory given in Figure 3. Power trajectory as
depicted in Figure 4 has two portion I and II according to the wind speed variation. Income from the power
generated below the cut-in speed, 𝑉𝑤,𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 is less than the operational costs and thus incurring loss if
generated. Wind turbine can’t produce useful power when made to work above the cut-out wind speed
𝑉𝑤,𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑢𝑡 since it is shutdown citing structural damages. Active power production is possible between cut-in
speed, 𝑉𝑤,𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 and cut-out wind speed 𝑉𝑤,𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑢𝑡 . The trajectory in Figure 3 is split into two portions, one
being the partial load region I and second being the full load region II. In the benchmark model considered
the full load is 4.8MW [6]. The pitch angle control for obtaining the desired output power is depicted in
Figure 4. Pitch angle variation shown in green affects the torque generated and power generated depicted as
red and blue waveforms. The input to the model wind speed 𝑉𝑤 is used to obtain the torque and the power
from the model. Power generated between rated wind speed 𝑉𝑤,𝑁 and the cut-out wind speed 𝑉𝑤,𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑢𝑡 is the
full load region. The control between the two modes of operation I and II is approached by shifting between
different controllers for different speed range as shown in Figure 5. A reference controller that generates the
torque and pitch reference value for the model to switch between the two modes of operation is shown.
During mode I operation the generator torque reference and the optimum bitch reference is generated from
the reference model and given to the wind turbine model [7]. Switching action between mode I and mode II
is decided according the wind speed.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2022: 1870-1886
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1873

Figure 3. Ideal power curve for the wind turbine

During the mode II operation a constant generator torque is considered and pitch control action is
applied on the wind turbine while maintaining a constant power from the wind turbine. Oscillations are
damped in the drive train by using the drive train stress damper in both the modes. Trajectory shown in
Figure 4 and control action Figure 5 is obtained by this reference controller. Reference controller is
universally used for every model in the current research. The recent fault detection methods are recently
developed and are presented in the following section. The complete benchmark model encompasses of the
mathematical representation of the generator/converter, blade, pitch, drive train models in the WECS [6]. A
random speed reference is applied on the mathematical model denoted by which is the starting point of
the bench mark model development. Considering the random values generated from the vector as the wind
input to the mathematical bench mark model the dynamic torque generated from the rotor is approximated to
in (1.1).

𝜌𝜋𝑅 3 𝐶𝑞 (𝜆(𝑡).𝛽(𝑡))𝑣𝑤 (𝑡)2

𝜏𝑟 (𝑡) = (1.3)
2

For every instant ‘t’ variation of wind speed is 𝑣𝑤 (𝑡) instantaneous aerodynamic torque 𝜏𝑟 (𝑡) defined in
(1.3). Where ρis Air density (kg/m3) R is rotor radius, Cq is rotor torque coefficient λ is tip speed ratio and β is
blade pitch angle.

Figure 4. Typical control strategy for following the Figure 5. Structure of the reference controller
ideal power curve \

Overall block diagram for the wind generator model is as given in Figure 6. Since the number of blades for
any wind turbine is more than one usually the torque is a cumulative term that is the summation of torque
generated in all the blades. Cumulative torque generated in the rotor is defined in the in (1.4). pitch angle for
each blade is considered for the total torque generated in the rotor term.

𝜌𝜋𝑅 3 𝐶𝑞 (𝜆(𝑡).𝛽𝑖 (𝑡))𝑣𝑤 (𝑡)2

𝜏𝑤 (𝑡) = ∑1≤𝑖≤3 (1.4)
6

Sub-synchronous resonance in wind energy integrated grid –… (Chethan Hiremarali Ramalingegowda)

1874  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 6. Overall block diagram of WECS bench mark model

In (1.4) denotes the pitch angle value β with a suffix ‘i’ which denotes the blade number. Three blades are
considered in the bench mark model. The multiple Hydraulic cylinders are used for controlling the blade
angle even without the electrical supply which is called as the “Hydraulic pitch system” and the equation
governing the hydraulic pitch system is as defined as (1.5).
𝛽(𝑠) 2
𝜔𝑛
= 2 (1.5)
𝛽𝑐 (𝑠) 𝑠 2 +2𝜍𝜔𝑛 𝑠+𝜔𝑛

It is defined as the second order system where is the natural frequency and is the damping factor. All
blades have similar pitch model and if there is no disturbance in the pitch system there will be no occurrence
of the damping factor in the system. A decrease in hydraulic power for increased air pressure will be
observed if fault occurs in the system. Air pressure and the damping factor both would be the reason for the
hydraulic power drop. Pitch sensor data are given to the actuators to control the blade movement. Sensor gain
is bound to affect the actuators since the blade movement control will get affected. In order to reduce this
effect, the pitch reference is calculated. The dynamics in the blade pitch gain value affects the actuators and
the control of the blade movement is affected. Thus, to avoid this the average of the gradient value is used
with the difference to the pitch reference value. In (1.6) defines the reference value of the pitch and 𝛽𝑟,𝑓,𝑖 [𝑛]
defined the sensor values and is given by.
∆𝛽𝑖,𝑚1 [𝑛]+∆𝛽𝑖,𝑚2 [𝑛]
𝛽𝑟,𝑓,𝑖 [𝑛] = 𝛽𝑟,𝑖 [𝑛] − (1.6)
2

During the disturbance in the sensor values the term 𝛽𝑟,𝑓,𝑖 [𝑛] gets generated to avoid the actuator
mismanagement. Here, i indicate the blade number 𝑖 ∈ {1,2,3}.Pitch reference value gets shifted from
𝛽𝑟,𝑖 [𝑛] to 𝛽𝑟,𝑓,𝑖 [𝑛] due to the irregular gain in the sensors. The rotor torque generated in (1.3) is converted to
useful electrical power by using the drive train. The drive train comprises of both the gear box and the
generator. Two mass mathematical model are used for this purpose and are given by in (1.7) and (1.8).

̇ − 𝐾𝑑𝑡 𝜃∆ (𝑡) − (𝐵𝑑𝑡 + 𝐵𝑟 )𝜔𝑟 (𝑡) + 𝐵𝑑𝑡 𝜔𝑔 (𝑡)

𝐽𝑟 𝜔𝑟 (𝑡) = 𝜏𝑟 (𝑡) (1.7)
𝑁𝑔

𝜂𝑑𝑡 𝐾𝑑𝑡 𝜂𝑑𝑡 𝐵𝑑𝑡 𝜂𝑑𝑡𝐵𝑑𝑡

𝐽𝑔 𝜔̇ 𝑔 (𝑡) = 𝜃𝛥 (𝑡) + 𝑤𝑟 (𝑡) − ( 2 + 𝐵𝑔 ) 𝜔𝑔 (𝑡) − 𝜏𝑔 (𝑡) (1.8)
𝑁𝑔 𝑁𝑔 𝑁𝑔

The in (1.5) and (1.6) are the torque equations for rotor and generator product of low-speed shaft moment of
inertia 𝐽𝑟 and angular velocity term 𝜔𝑟 . Drive train modeling of both the gear system and the generator
system is defined in in (1.5) and (1.6). Where drive train’s torsional stiffness is 𝐾𝑑𝑡 , torsional damping
coefficient is 𝐵𝑑𝑡 , high speed shaft’s viscous friction is 𝐵𝑔 . Torsion angle of drive train is 𝜃𝛥 (𝑡) and
efficiency is 𝜂𝑑𝑡 respectively. Efficiency deviation 𝜂𝑑𝑡2 act as the fault condition and not the efficiency 𝜂𝑑𝑡 .
𝑁𝑔 is the gear ratio and 𝐽𝑔 is the high-speed shaft’s moment of inertia. Second Order Transfer function of the
generator to converter model is defined as (1.9).
𝜏𝑔 (𝑠) 𝛼𝑔𝑐
= (1.9)
𝜏𝑔,𝑟 (𝑠) 𝑠+𝛼𝑔𝑐

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2022: 1870-1886
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1875

Measured generator torque and the reference generator torque are defined as 𝜏𝑔 and 𝜏𝑔,𝑟 respectively. The
gain parameter for converter conversion parameter 𝛼𝑔𝑐 is the transfer function parameter. In (2.0) defines the
power generated in the generator.

𝑃𝑔 (𝑡) = 𝜂𝑔 𝜔𝑔 (𝑡)𝜏𝑔 (𝑡) (2.0)

Where 𝜂𝑔 the generator efficiency, generator angular velocity is 𝜔𝑔 (𝑡) , generator torque is 𝜏𝑔 (𝑡). The offset
fault detection in generator model is defined as given in (2.1). When the generator speed crosses the nominal
speed set, the power generation will cross the reference power generation. The offset speed that would trigger
the offset fault is defined as 𝜔𝛥 . The drive train damper is avoided to simplify the implementation of fault
detection model.

𝑃𝑔 [𝑛] ≥ 𝑃𝑟 [𝑛]⋁𝜔𝑔 [𝑛] ≥ 𝜔𝑛𝑜𝑚 (2.1)

There are two modes of operation in the WECS. One is when the generator speed is more than the nominal
speed and another is when generator speed is less than the nominal speed. The decision between these two
modes is set up by the offset value 𝜔𝛥 .

3. DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR (DFIG)

DFIG is the variable speed wind turbine system that is most widely used since the start of the
millennium. DFIG adopts the wound induction machine i.e., stator and the rotor with windings. Stator of the
DFIG is connected directly to the grid while the rotor is connected through the back-to-back converter again
connected to the grid. A partial scale converter is used with the capacity of 30% of power of the capacity of
the wind turbine [8]. The purpose of the converter is to adjust the voltage and frequency of the wind turbine
output integrated to the grid [9]. The bidirectional nature of the back-to-back converter proves to be useful
for the control of voltage and frequency from the turbine to the grid.
In the Figure 7 there are two converters denoted as RSC and GSC. Rotor side converter (RSC) and
grid side converter (GSC) are the converters that are used for the bidirectional power flow in from the WECS
rotor and the main grid through the transformer [10]. The Wind farms are located at places where the wind
speeds are higher and usually far from the consumption area. Long transmission line is inevitable in order to
deliver the power generated from the WECS to reach the grid and consumption area. Series compensation is
adopted in the long transmission to obtain the efficient power delivery in to the consumer area.

Figure 7. Doubly fed induction generator with partial scale converter

4. SUB SYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE IN DFIG INTEGRATED GRID

The oscillation introduced leads to instability when the series compensation in the line interacts with
the DFIG topology [11]. Instability or oscillations are introduced in the converter section of the DFIG and
reaches till the rotational speed of the DFIG. Negative resistance at lower frequency than the fundamental
frequency causes this oscillation [12]. Occurrence of sub synchronous resonance (SSR) is recorded at
different wind farms located in different places of the world [13]-[16]. An SSR phenomenon is modeled in
order to understand the phenomena better to reduce the oscillations in the DFIG. Series compensated
transmission line connected to the DFIG with LCL filter in the GSC is as shown in the Figure 8 [17].
Stability analysis of power systems usually uses the Eigen analysis using the linear state space
matrix. The closed loop state space matrix is developed and stability analysis is carried out on the power
system [18]-[24]. Parameters like the participation factor and sensitivity analysis confirms that the main
factors for that defines the stability of the DFIG are control loop gains, series compensation levels and wind
speed [19]-[24]. SSSRs can also be analyzed using different modeling techniques usually used by power
electronics engineers like the impedance modeling discussed in [25], [26]. Complex vector method is also
used for modeling [27]-[29]. Transfer function matrix-based modeling [30] is possible which can be rotated

Sub-synchronous resonance in wind energy integrated grid –… (Chethan Hiremarali Ramalingegowda)

1876  ISSN: 2088-8694

between different reference frames and used to model multiple input multiple output MIMO system either
symmetrical or non-symmetrical without adding complexity unlike the complex transfer function [31], [32].
Combining independent models to form the complete model is possible [33]. Model with circuit
representation combining the transfer functions can be developed for different wind turbine topology for
which the stability analysis can be carried out drawing bode diagram. Resonance damping control also can be
developed in the same manner [34].

Figure 8. DFIG WECS connected to series compensated power system

5. POWER QUALITY ISSUES WITH GRID

Different power quality issues that get introduced due to the integration of the wind energy in the
power system is discussed in the following section.

5.1. Reactive power/voltage support

Wind generators inherently use the induction generators for wind energy generation thus requiring
reactive power injection for excitation. Unlike synchronous machines they cannot support reactive power to
the grid [35]. Reactive power support is maintained within the limits of the wind integrated grid system by
overloading the voltage source converter at the transient fault scenario [36]. Overloading of voltage source
converter VSC avoids increase in DC link voltage. Reactive power compensation by checking the voltage
within limits and improving the voltage profile is possible using the wind generator [37]. Wind generator
exhibits the capability of observing and producing wind reactive power by coordinating among different
reactive power sources [38]. Among the fixed and variable speed wind turbine generators fixed speed
generators introduce more voltage variations while variable speed drive reduces about 75% of the voltage
variations [39]. Another reason for voltage fluctuation is the short circuit impedance at the point of common
coupling PCC. Also, it is observed that more the impedance more the fluctuation [40]. The Weak network
includes FACTS devices with the Wind turbine to get rid of the voltage fluctuation and thus compensating
the reactive power [41]. Voltage fluctuation is also dependent percentage of wind energy penetration in the
grid. It is observed that voltage fluctuation is more pronounced when there is a penetration of power is more
than 40% is seen in the grid [42].

5.2. Impact of the frequency

Apart from the voltage deviations discussed in the previous section the frequency deviation also
affects the grid power. Introduction of wind energy to the grid affects the overall system inertia. In isolated
systems this effect is substantial [43]. Torque set point is adjusted in the wind turbine control to adjust the
grid frequency variation [44]. Wind turbine mechanical system is isolated from the electrical system to avoid
network inertia problems in the grid [45]. Converter based wind turbine generator is utilized to regulate the
frequency adapting to the power system variations [46]. The Kinetic energy extraction, energy storage
systems and load control are other methods used for the frequency regulation while higher penetration of
wind energy is expected [47].

5.3. Impact of the harmonics/power quality issues

Limitation in harmonic emissions is one the conditions to a fair power delivery from the wind
turbine [48]. At different parts of the power network levels the harmonic is introduced. To understand how to
mitigate the harmonics knowing from where the harmonics is introduced is necessary. Literatures [49]-[51]
indicate that power electronic converters, filters, capacitors, turbine transformers, collector bus and power
factor correcting devices introduce harmonics Type 1 to Type 4 of the wind turbine models have different
harmonics models [52]-[54]. 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, and 17 th are the most common harmonics injected from
wind turbines [55]. PMSG based wind turbine generator with of 2 kHz to 150 kHz frequency range can lead
to malfunctioning of communication in power lines [56]. Active Filter [57] and energy storage devices [58]
are used to mitigate the harmonics from the wind turbine to the grid. Converter based wind turbine is
combined with the filter that mitigates the current harmonics in the wind turbine integrated power system [59].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2022: 1870-1886
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1877

6. SUB SYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE MITIGATION TECHNIQUES

There are three major types of SSR damping available in the literatures published and they includes,
flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) [60], [61], existing HVDC links [62] and modified DFIG
controllers [63], [64]. Since economic SSR damping will be an important criterion for any power electronics
engineer modification of DFIG controller is a better option for the SSR mitigation implementation. Both the
RSC and GSC mentioned in Figure 1 can be used to control the SSR or damping SSR. Stability can be
brought intact by tweaking the controllers meant for both RSC and GSC. GSC based SSR damping is
implemented in [11], [14]. Both the implementation stressed on controlling the voltage across the series
capacitor used for line compensation as used in Figure 2 ‘Vcg’ for SSR damping. Estimators were used to
obtain the series capacitor voltage to develop the SSR damping using the GSC. RSC based SSR damping is
detailed in [15], [17], [21], [22]. RSC based SSR damping is the most preferred controller since the SSR
damping can be implemented for higher dynamic conditions. GSC and RSC both are used in few of the
literature [16], [63]. Pour and Santi [21] linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is used for adjusting the complex
gains for damping the SSR. Instead of aligning with the stator voltage an observer is used to align the dq axis
with the grid voltage vg thus reducing the SSR. Knowledge of grid impedance parameter knowledge is
important for the estimation of grid voltage. Narendra et al. [15] RSC based damping controller is developed
that controls the stator and rotor current to damp the SSRs. Although the control depends on the grid
impedance parameters the RSC based controller has performed well compared to the reactive current
reference based GSC controller. The phase compensation implementation [17] with the gain control is
applied for damping action. Active power is phase compensated and filtered with the band pass filter to act
on the desired range of frequencies. Leon and Solsona [22] virtual resistor in series with stator and virtual
inductance in series with rotor winding. A proportional and derivative action is combined here that acts as a
high pass filter thus damping the SSR. The notch filters at GSC DC-voltage control loop are adopted [63] or
in RSC’s inner current loop. A Line impedance compensation level if varied all the above methods may not
respond and work for damping the SSR. A method that depends on the line impedance compensation level is
adopted in [10]. Transfer function-based method is introduced with the phase locked loop (PLL) which
affects the system stability. Frequency response analysis for open loop is used to obtain the dynamic of
instability and apply the damping control.

7. MULTIFREQUENCY OSCILLATION -LARGE SCALE WIND POWER INTEGRATION

Apart from the SSR discussed in the previous section there are other oscillation issues which are
evident when DFIG based WECS is introduced in the power system. Different oscillation issues that get
introduced in the power system with the DFIG based WECS include high frequency resonance, super -
synchronous oscillations, Shafting Torsional oscillations. The significant discussion is presented about SSR
implementation in the previous section thus, this section will deal about the other oscillation issues.

7.1. Shafting torsional oscillations (STO)

Mass blocks of the turbine in the DFIG based WECS interact with each other to create the torsional
vibrations. Tortional vibrations thus caused introduce a 1.4Hz oscillation components in the generator speed,
torque generated from the turbine and electromagnetic torque generated from the generator. This process is
called the STO. Drive shaft continues to tighten and relax because of which the damage is observed in the
turbine mechanical shaft. Low frequency oscillations and the STO resonates between them to create even
worse instability in the WECS system.

7.2. High frequency resonance (HFR)

The occurrence of the HFR is evident in a wind farm in Germany [65]. Interaction of power
electronics involved in the voltage source converter (VSC)-high voltage DC (HVDC) system along with the
AC grid introduced the HFR. The HFR is in the range between 250Hz to 350Hz. The LCL filters are used
instead of the traditional L filter used in the GSC since its lower cost and better filtering capacity. Since LCL
filter is a third order multivariate system where resonance is introduced to the GSC from the filter. Power
system which is compensated using shunt capacitors for power factor enhancement when connected with the
DFIG based WECS introduces HFRs. Condition of HFR usually occurs when the weak grid condition
prevails which lacks the grid inertia. The range of this HFR frequency is found to be between 300Hz to
2000Hz discussed in the publication [66], [67]. Figure 9 shows the HFR evaluation using impedance
analysis.
Analysis of the HFR is carried out using the impedance analysis as discussed in [68]. A shunt
compensated grid system is modeled using the impedance modeling and defined as Z SYSTEM and the DFIG
WECS with both RSC and GSC is modeled using impedance modeling and defined as Z DFIG. It is also
discussed in [69] that when the LCL is decided unreasonably there is a HFR between the rotor part and the

Sub-synchronous resonance in wind energy integrated grid –… (Chethan Hiremarali Ramalingegowda)

1878  ISSN: 2088-8694

grid part of the DFIG. Phase frequency characteristics of the power system is affected when the hysteresis
controller of the DFIG system is unstable and this analysis is found by discrete control action [70]. The Wide
control bandwidth of the Wind turbine’s GSC also introduces HFR as discussed in [71].

Figure 9. HFR evaluation using impedance analysis

8. MULTIFREQUENCY OSCILLATION -ANALYSIS METHODS

Linearized average models of the system is developed for the power system and the steady state
values of all the state variables are gathered. Using the steady state values of the state variables the eigen
analysis is carried out that clearly evaluates the stability or instability in the power system as discussed in
[72]. The Real part of the eigen value mentions the describes the oscillation stability while the imaginary part
of the eigen value evaluate the frequency of oscillations as discussed in [73], [74]. Eigen value sensitivity and
participation factors [75] detects the parameters that affect the oscillation mode and also by checking the
eigen values locus moving trend [76], [77]. For the eigen analysis process the complete modeling of both the
electrical and mechanical blocks of the system must be included. Frequency scanning method is obtained by
generating multiple frequency of current and injecting in the generator side and screen the resonance threat in
the system. The method is discussed in [78]. Combination of both the Eigen value analysis and the frequency
scanning method is termed as complex torque coefficient method. Both electrical and mechanical modeling
of the wind turbine is utilized and separately analyzed complex torque coefficient is obtained for both the
electrical and mechanical model by scanning the frequencies. This method is used primarily for finding the
STO in the wind turbines and discussed in [79], [80]. Same method is used for developing the mitigation
measures for the oscillations by developing the damping controller [81]. In few incidents it is also used for
damping the sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) [82]. Equivalent model has been developed for the different
components of the wind turbine and are used to develop a single complete model for further analysis is the
Time domain simulation analysis method. Wind turbines, power electronics involved and the grid
components developed as equivalent model and then integrated to get the complete time domain model.
Integrating the differential equations defining the complete power system time domain curves of different
variables involved is observed in the analysis [83]. Impedance based models are utilized for analyzing the
SSO and HFR due to the wind power integration with the grid in the system as discussed in [19], [84].
Harmonic linearizing [19] or state space method [85] is used to obtain the impedance model of the system in
a static reference frame either using the positive or negative sequence impedances. After creating the
impedance model, which is two order matrices, the stability is found by introducing the Gershgorin theorem,
general Nyquist criteria, or evaluating zeros at certain range of the impedance matrix [86]. While at the same
time if the impedance matrix is a decoupled expression, then an equivalent circuit is obtained and stability is
analyzed using the damping stability criterion and also the intuitive physical meaning [84]. Although
neglecting few control loops affect the accuracy of stability criteria by considering the actual operational
conditions would improve the accuracy.

8.1. Mitigation of shafting torsional oscillations (STO)

Mitigating STO is dealt using two major methods, one is adding virtual inertia controller or the
additional damping controller. A control loop that controls the active power to damp the oscillations and
improves the STO damping is called the additional damping controller [87]. Two control loops one is
electrical damping and the other is the electrical stiffness control is used for the shaft stabilizers [88].
Electrical stiffness coefficients and the electrical damping coefficients are used to control the damping

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2022: 1870-1886
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1879

characteristics in the STO situation. Virtual inertia controller uses the technique of controlling the
electromagnetic torque generated from the turbine while a resonance occurring in the shaft. If found that the
STO is due to resonance then the electromagnetic torque is adjusted to move the frequency to another value
[89]. This change in frequency escapes the resonance and thus the STO. Inertia based control is discussed in
damping the STO in [90]. Al though Sub-synchronous oscillations are applied using the control of both the
GSC and RSC in the previous sections the SSO damping using the FACTS devices also is used extensively
in the researchers.

8.2. FACTS based oscillation reduction

The stochastic nature of the power electronic converters is exploited to obtain higher performance in
the transmission lines that can enable it to work near to its thermal limits. The switched converters are
capable of producing different voltage amplitudes, with different phase delay, frequency and can also absorb
or inject real and reactive from and to the transmission line while a DC input is either from a source or a
storage unit. The stochastic nature of the voltage source converter is exploited to obtain the desired condition
of power which makes up the flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) Controllers. The SSO is damped
by introducing the SVC [91] at the point of common coupling as shown in Figure 10. Wind generation and
the series compensation levels is considered to be unchanged for the oscillation damping implementation.
SVC is introduced with the damping controller that converts the shunt compensation into the oscillation
damping controller.

Figure 10. SSO Damping using SVC

The rating of the SVC is kept to very low power such that the purpose of the SVC is only to
compensated for the SSO damping. Design of the damping controller needs to be carefully designed for this
purpose. Performance comparison of two FACTS devices series static synchronous compensator (SSSC) and
series vectorial compensator (SVC) are discussed in [92] with synchronous generator-based wind farm
connected to the grid. Both Mechanical and the Exciter mode of the permanent magnet synchronous
generator (PMSG) is tested for damping controller that is applied by properly designing the SSSC and SVC.
Same complex plane is used for both the frequency domain eigen analysis and time domain based nonlinear
model simulation. It is concluded that SVC offer a better damping action as compared both the mechanical
and exciter mode. SSSC based damping controller in a multimachine system with WECS penetration is
developed for damping observed in the system with short circuit occurrence in the system. Adaptive neural
fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based damping controller is used for a nonlinear system model with the time
domain system model. SSSC controlled using the ANFIS controller proved to be effective in damping
oscillations [93]. SSR or SSO reduction using the FACTS devices are discussed in the literature [94] which
compares the performance of both SVC and thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) in damping. A self-
excited induction generator based WECS connected to the grid is applied with each of the FACTS devices
considered for comparison of damping performance. It is observed that TCSC is found to be bettered among
the FACTS devices in damping SSR when a closed loop current control is applied on the device. Both
normal and faulted conditions [94] are considered for checking the oscillation damping performance while
SSSC is used in the WECS penetrated grid system. Inclusion of SSSC has shown a larger participation factor
with the wind turbine generators in damping the oscillations.

8.3. Various controls in action

By using the appropriate controller, the wind turbine can be controlled to reduce the structural
oscillations [95] the classical proportional integral and derivative controller (PID) is compared with full state
feedback controller and input-output pole placement controller. The UPFC is one of the best devices used to
damp the oscillation. The UPFC [96] is used for off-shore wind and seashore wave farms to damp the
oscillations [97]. UPFC is used for mitigation of sub-synchronous resonances. And also, the damping
performances are compared with dynamic simulations. The multi damping controller is proposed in [98],

Sub-synchronous resonance in wind energy integrated grid –… (Chethan Hiremarali Ramalingegowda)

1880  ISSN: 2088-8694

which uses the power system stabilizers (PSS), static var compensator and DFIG oscillation damper. The
dynamic simulation results shown in [98] shows the performance comparison. The UPFC is used to enhance
the damping with PI control, fuzzy control [99], robust finite time control [100], and add-on self-tuning
control [101]. To maintain the supply and demand in power system, when the wind farm is highly penetrated
by using the UPFC with adaptive fractional integral terminal sliding mode power controller [102] and a novel
damping controller in DFIG [103], [104] are developed.

9. VARIOUS OPTIMIZATION IN POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION DAMPING

To damp the low frequency oscillation the bacterial foraging algorithm (BFOA) is used in SSSC
controller for single machine infinite bus system (SMIB) in [105]. The same technique is used for lead-lag
compensator which uses the time-based objective function. Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is used for
same above said problem in [106], [107]. The hybrid algorithm of particle swarm optimization (PSO) with
BFOA is used for the same problem in [108]. Here the lead lag structure and control gains are optimized.
This hybrid PSO-BFOA is used in Lozi map based chaotic optimization algorithm is discussed in [109]. Then
the multi-objective genetic algorithm is used in [110], [111] in SSSC controller for minimization of power
angle, voltage and power flow time deviations. The Table 1 shows the various optimization techniques and
objective functions used in the literatures.
All FACTS devices are meant for different parameter control which is defined in Table 1. The
voltage, angle, real power and reactive power are controlled by using the different controllers in order to get
an oscillation damping in all parameters. Other oscillation damping algorithms that are similar to the
previously discussed methods are published in different publications [112]-[132] which has similar
methodologies that are discussed in the previous sections.

Table 1. Comparison of various optimization and objective function for power oscillation damping
Paper Technique Objective function Description
𝑡=𝑡1
[105] BFA Δω (t, X) denotes the rotor speed deviation for a set of controller
𝐽 = ∫ [|∆𝜔(𝑡, 𝑋)|]𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 parameters X (note that here X represents the parameters to be optimized,
𝑡=0
i.e., the parameters of the SSSC controller), and t1 is the time range of the
simulation. With the variation of the parameters X, the Δω (t, X) will also
be changed.
𝑡1
[106] GSA Where, ‘e’ is the error signal () and 1t is the time range of simulation.
𝐽 = ∫ 𝑡|𝑒(𝑡)|𝑑𝑡
0
[107] GSA 𝐽 where, ∆ωL and ∆ω1 are the speed deviations of inter-area and local
𝑡=𝑡1 modes of oscillations respectively and tsim is the time range of the
= ∫ (∑ ∆𝜔𝐿 + ∑ ∆𝜔1 ) 𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 simulation.
𝑡=0
𝑡=𝑡1
[108] Hybrid Δω (t, X) denotes the rotor speed deviation for a set of controller
PSO+BFO 𝐽 = ∫ [|∆𝜔(𝑡, 𝑋)|]𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 parameters X (note that here X represents the parameters to be optimized,
A 𝑡=0
i.e., the parameters of the SSSC controller), and t1 is the time range of the
simulation. With the variation of the parameters X, the Δω (t, X) will also
be changed.
[109] Hybrid 𝐽 where, ∆ωL and ∆ω1 are the speed deviations of inter-area and local
PSO+BFO 𝑡=𝑡1 modes of oscillations respectively and tsim is the time range of the
A = ∫ (∑ ∆𝜔𝐿 + ∑ ∆𝜔1 ) 𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 simulation.
𝑡=0
𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑚
[110] ILCOA 𝐽 = where Δω denotes the rotor speed deviation of the generator and tsim is the
𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑚
∫𝑡=0 𝑡. |∆𝜔|. 𝑑𝑡 𝐽 = ∫ 𝑡. |∆𝜔|. 𝑑𝑡 time range of the simulation
𝑡=0
[111] GA 𝐹 = (𝐹1 , 𝐹2 , 𝐹3 ) Δδ, ΔVT and ΔPL denote the rotor angle, terminal voltage and tie-line
Where power flow deviations with respect to time, and t sim is the time range of
𝑡=𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑚
the simulation.
𝐹1= ∫ (∆𝛿. 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡=0
𝑡=𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑚

𝐹2= ∫ (∆𝑉𝑇 . 𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝑡=0
𝑡=𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑚

𝐹3= ∫ (∆𝑃𝐿 . 𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝑡=0

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2022: 1870-1886
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1881

To Mitigate sub synchronous integration (SSI) in DFIG based wind farms, supplementary
modulating control signal, is added in GSC, full scale frequency converter (FFC) and the HVDC onshore
MMC [112]. The detailed model used [112] captured SSI at 50%,60% and 70%. The efficacy of the different
supplementary regulation methods is checked by time domain studies. The Stability of the wind energy
conversion based on DFIG connected to a series compensated line is analyzed [113], [114] considering the
dynamics of the components of DFIG and Wind turbine. The rotor side current control methods show the
most substantial impact on the system stability. The sub synchronous control interaction (SSCI) and torsional
interaction (TI) have discussed [116] frequency scanning method, calculation of electrical damping by test
signal method, electromagnetic transient (EMT) analysis. The presence of SSCI is confirmed by collectively
using the first and third methods. The different risks of SSTI are identified using EMT analysis. The analysis
and mitigation of Sub synchronous interaction is presented in [118]. Where the state variables are identified
by using participation factors which involved in interaction, mitigation method is determined by
controllability indices.
Damping oscillations, inner turbine oscillations in grid connected wind power generation system are
reviewed [119]. Wind turbine torsional dynamics interaction with the active, reactive power modulation in
Wind energy conversion system based on DFIG is analyzed [120]. Implementation of static and dynamic
performance at different operating conditions for the optimization of controller parameters of MSC and GSC
are explained [121]. Eigen structure assignment method [122] is designed and implemented with the
controller of Wind energy conversion system based on DFIG which works for the purpose of power system
stabilization, active damping controller. Supplemental damping controller is implemented in order to
incorporate and to compensate for the phase lag caused by the rotor voltage input. To enhance the damping in
the system, Power oscillation damping controller is also designed and implemented [123]. Coordinated
control of wind farms based on DFIG for power oscillation damping is highlighted [124]. The consequence
of changing synchronous generator combined with the power system stabilizer by a DFIG on different modes
and mode shapes are also investigated. Modified small signal stability analysis SSSA [125] is incorporated in
order to handle the probability density function of wind power output. Optimization problem is solved and
damping controller parameters is found out by using particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. The effect
of SSR [128] in DFIG based wind energy conversion system is studied using simple model and stability of
the system is analyzed using bifurcation method [126]. Power system sub synchronous oscillation damper is
designed and implemented [127] for the mitigation of SSCI.
To improve the operating range and to damp sub synchronous oscillations (SSO) of wind farms with
series compensator is studied with supplementary damping control [128], [129]. SSR is mitigated using novel
auxiliary damping controller (ADC) [100]. The performance of the ADC is effective with minimal additional
cost under different operating conditions. Voltage source converter based HVDC line is implemented as a
closed loop interconnected model and remaining part of the power systems are demonstrated as two open
loop system. Sub synchronous oscillation [129] in the power systems caused due to the open loop modal
coupling. The Sub synchronous interactions in AC power system with multi terminal DC network is
examined using open loop modal analysis [130] which reveals that strong SSI is introduced by the selected
Voltage source converter in an open loop condition in turn reduce the damping of SSOs. Sub synchronous
interactions induced by wind power system based on DFIG without series compensated transmission lines is
studied [131] using closed loop interconnected dynamic model and two open loop subsystems. When Open
loop modal resonance is strong, generator causes the poorly damped SSO’s in power system. Wind farms
with series compensation protected against unstable Sub synchronous control interactions is analyzed [132]
which consists of centralized protection coordinator and distributed protection relays. Different oscillation
reduction techniques are also detailed in survey carried out and the inferences from those publications are
discussed.

10. CONCLUSION
The method of wind power generation and the problem associated with the grid when integration is
done has been presented in detail. Oscillation is generally introduced in wind integrated system and found
they are found to be more severe when the connected to grid system. The detailed analysis of various
methods that are used for detecting the different oscillation parameters from different researchers have been
presented. The problems due to this are found to be severe, When the mitigation techniques that are need to
be adopted for damping the oscillation problems are discussed from recently published research work. The
overall power quality issues depend on disturbances that get introduced while the wind energy system
integrated to the grid is discussed in the paper with the issues like the sub-synchronous resonance and the
oscillations in the line. Few literatures have implemented the methods through which we can mitigate the
power quality disturbances with the WECS integrated to the grid. The series compensation techniques that
can reduce this voltage and SSR is discussed in detail. The detailed literature survey is carried out on the

Sub-synchronous resonance in wind energy integrated grid –… (Chethan Hiremarali Ramalingegowda)

1882  ISSN: 2088-8694

topics of power system oscillation and damping using the FACTS devices for wind power generation. The
advantages and shortcomings are presented in this paper. This paper able to provide better insight to focuses
the reader to have an overview of the power system oscillation damping control in wind power generation.
Also, the paper shows that there is a gap between the usage of recent new mathematical controller and the
optimization techniques. The UPFC is costlier than SSSC since it requires two converters. The SSSC is
found to be capable of solving the problem like oscillation using only one converter. Which implies the
advantage of the controller as compared to other existing controlled.

REFERENCES
[1] Thomas Ackermann, “Wind Power in Power System,” John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005, doi: 10.1002/0470012684.
[2] J. N. Sorensen and C. W. Kock, “A model for unsteady rotor aerodynamics,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial
Aerodynamics, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 259-279, 1995, doi: 10.1016/0167-6105(95)00027-5.
[3] T. Esbensen, B. T. Jensen, M. O. Niss and C. Sloth, “Joint Power and Speed Control of Wind Turbines,” Aalborg University,
2008.
[4] S. Krohn, “Danish Wind Turbines: An Industrial Success Story,” Danish Wind Industry Association, 2002.
[5] J. Layton, “How Stuff Works,” howstuffworks, 2006, [Online] Available:
https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/wind-power.htm.
[6] D. Darling “The Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy and Sustainable Living,” Wind Turbine, 2005. [Online] Available:
https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/W/AE_wind_turbine.html.
[7] T. Esbensen and C. Sloth, “Fault Diagnosis and Fault tolerant Control of Wind turbines,” Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Science
and Medicine Department of Electronic Systems Section for Automation and Control, Aalborg University,Denmark, 2009.
[8] B. H. Chowdhury and S. Chellapilla, “Double-fed induction generator control for variable speed wind power generation,” Electric
Power Systems Research, vol. 76, no. 9, pp. 786-800, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2005.10.013.
[9] S. Muller, M. Deicke and R. W. De Doncker, “Doubly fed induction generator systems for wind turbines,” IEEE Industry
Applications Magazine, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 26-33, 2002, doi: 10.1109/2943.999610.
[10] D. Xu, F. Blaabjerg, W. Chen, and Nan Zhu, “Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems,”
Wiley-IEEE Press, 2018.
[11] L. Fan, R. Kavasseri, Z. L. Miao and C. Zhu, “Modeling of DFIG-Based Wind Farms for SSR Analysis,” IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2073-2082, 2010, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2050912.
[12] E. V. Larsen, “Wind generators and series-compensated AC transmission lines,” PES T&D, 2012, pp. 1-4, doi:
10.1109/TDC.2012.6281548.
[13] J. Daniel, C. Han, S. Hutchinson, R. Koessler, D. Martin, G. Shen, and W. Wong, ‘‘Ercot crez reactive power compensation
study,’’ ABB Inc., Power Syst. Division, Grid Syst. Consulting, Raleigh, NC, USA, Tech. Rep. E3800-PR-00, 2010.
[14] M. Bongiorno, A. Petersson, and E. Agneholm, ‘‘The impact of wind farms on subsynchronous resonance in power systems,’’
ELFORSK, Copenhague, Denmark, Elforsk Rep. 11:29, 2011, p. 29, vol. 11.
[15] K. Narendra et al., “New microprocessor-based relay to monitor and protect power systems against sub-harmonics,” IEEE
Electrical Power and Energy Conference, 2011, pp. 438-443, doi: 10.1109/EPEC.2011.6070241.
[16] L. Wang, X. Xie, Q. Jiang, H. Liu, Y. Li and H. Liu, “Investigation of SSR in Practical DFIG-Based Wind Farms Connected to a
Series-Compensated Power System,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2772-2779, Sept. 2015, doi:
10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2365197.
[17] J. Samanes, E. Gubia, J. Lopez and R. Burgos, “Sub-Synchronous Resonance Damping Control Strategy for DFIG Wind
Turbines,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 223359-223372, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3043818.
[18] L. Fan and Z. Miao, “Mitigating SSR Using DFIG-Based Wind Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 3,
no. 3, pp. 349-358, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2012.2185962.
[19] H. A. Mohammad pour and E. Santi, “Sub-synchronous resonance analysis in DFIG-based wind farms: Definitions and problem
identification — Part I,” IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2014, pp. 812-819, doi:
10.1109/ECCE.2014.6953480.
[20] H. A. M. Pour and E. Santi, “Sub-synchronous resonance analysis in DFIG-based wind farms: Mitigation methods — TCSC,
GCSC, and DFIG controllers — Part II,” IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2014, pp. 1550-1557, doi:
10.1109/ECCE.2014.6953603.
[21] H. A. M. Pour and E. Santi, “SSR Damping Controller Design and Optimal Placement in Rotor-Side and Grid-Side Converters of
Series-Compensated DFIG-Based Wind Farm,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 388-399, 2015, doi:
10.1109/TSTE.2014.2380782.
[22] A. E. Leon and J. A. Solsona, “Sub-Synchronous Interaction Damping Control for DFIG Wind Turbines,” IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 419-428, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2327197.
[23] P. -H. Huang, M. S. El Moursi, W. Xiao and J. L. Kirtley, “Subsynchronous Resonance Mitigation for Series-Compensated
DFIG-Based Wind Farm by Using Two-Degree-of-Freedom Control Strategy,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 30, no.
3, pp. 1442-1454, May 2015, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2348175.
[24] A. E. Leon, “Integration of DFIG-Based Wind Farms Into Series-Compensated Transmission Systems,” IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 451-460, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2015.2498312.
[25] L. Fan and Z. Miao, “Nyquist-Stability-Criterion-Based SSR Explanation for Type-3 Wind Generators,” IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 807-809, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2012.2193491.
[26] I. Vieto and J. Sun,”"Sequence Impedance Modeling and Analysis of Type-III Wind Turbines,” IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 537-545, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2017.2763585.
[27] Z. Miao, “Impedance-Model-Based SSR Analysis for Type 3 Wind Generator and Series-Compensated Network,” IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 984-991, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2012.2211019.
[28] H. J. Baesmat and M. Bodson, “Suppression of Sub-Synchronous Resonances Through Excitation Control of Doubly Fed
Induction Generators,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 4329-4340, 2019, doi:
10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2922406.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2022: 1870-1886
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1883

[29] X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, R. Fang and D. Xu, “Impedance Modeling and SSR Analysis of DFIG Using Complex Vector Theory,”
IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 155860-155870, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2949198.
[30] D. N. Zmood, D. G. Holmes and G. Bode, “Frequency domain analysis of three phase linear current regulators,” Conference
Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370), 1999, pp.
818-825 vol.2, doi: 10.1109/IAS.1999.801601.
[31] B. Wen, D. Boroyevich, R. Burgos, P. Mattavelli and Z. Shen, “Analysis of D-Q Small-Signal Impedance of Grid-Tied Inverters,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 675-687, 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2398192.
[32] A. Rygg, M. Molinas, C. Zhang and X. Cai, “A Modified Sequence-Domain Impedance Definition and Its Equivalence to the dq-
Domain Impedance Definition for the Stability Analysis of AC Power Electronic Systems,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and
Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1383-1396, 2016, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2016.2588733.
[33] J. Samanes, A. Urtasun, E. Gubia, and A. Petri, “Robust multisampled capacitor voltage active damping for grid-connected power
converters,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 105, pp. 741-752, 2019, doi:
10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.09.014.
[34] J. Samanes et al., “Control Design and Stability Analysis of Power Converters: The MIMO Generalized Bode Criterion,” IEEE
Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1880-1893, 2020, doi:
10.1109/JESTPE.2019.2941829.
[35] Q. Li, Y. Zhang, T. Ji, X. Lin and Z. Cai, “Volt/Var Control for Power Grids With Connections of Large-Scale Wind Farms: A
Review,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 26675-26692, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2832175.
[36] M. Mohseni, “Enhanced reactive power support capability of fully rated converter-based wind generators,” IECON 2011 - 37th
Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2011, pp. 2486-2491, doi: 10.1109/IECON.2011.6119700.
[37] J. Li, F. Liu, Z. Li, C. Shao, and X. Liu, “Grid-side flexibility of power systems in integrating large-scale renewable generations:
A critical review on concepts, formulations and solution approaches,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 93, pp.
272–284, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.109.
[38] A. Basit, F. Ali, M. Ishaq, S. Rashid and S. Saher, “Overhead line length impact on reactive power support from wind power
plant,” 19th International Multi-Topic Conference (INMIC), 2016, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/INMIC.2016.7840146.
[39] M. H. Albadi and E. F. El-Saadany, “Overview of wind power intermittency impacts on power systems,” Electric Power Systems
Research, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 627-632, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2009.10.035.
[40] Z. Chen, “Issues of Connecting Wind Farms into Power Systems,” IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference &
Exposition: Asia and Pacific, 2005, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/TDC.2005.1547160.
[41] J. Liu et al., “Impact of Power Grid Strength and PLL Parameters on Stability of Grid-Connected DFIG Wind Farm,” IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 545-557, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2019.2897596.
[42] E. A. Feilat, S. Azzam, and A. Al-Salaymeh, “Impact of large PV and wind power plants on voltage and frequency stability of
Jordan’s national grid,” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 36, pp. 257–271, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2017.10.035.
[43] S. Sang, C. Zhang, X. Cai, M. Molinas, J. Zhang and F. Rao, “Control of a Type-IV Wind Turbine With the Capability of Robust
Grid-Synchronization and Inertial Response for Weak Grid Stable Operation,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 58553-58569, 2019, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2914334.
[44] J. Morren, S. W. H. de Haan, W. L. Kling and J. A. Ferreira, “Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency
control,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 433-434, 2006, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2005.861956.
[45] J. Ekanayake and N. Jenkins, “Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to
changes in network frequency,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 800-802, 2004, doi:
10.1109/TEC.2004.827712.
[46] Siemens, “Wind Turbine Technical Features - Turbine Technology” [Online]. Available:
https://www.siemens.com/global/en/home/markets/ wind/turbines/technology/features.html.
[47] A. B. Attya, J. L. D. Garcia, and O. A. Lara, “A review on frequency support provision by wind power plants: Current and future
challenges,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 81, pp. 2071–2087, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.016.
[48] E. Muljadi, C. P. Butterfield, J. Chacon and H. Romanowitz, “Power quality aspects in a wind power plant,” IEEE Power
Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006, pp. 8, doi: 10.1109/PES.2006.1709244.
[49] M. H. J. Bollen and K. Yang, “Harmonic aspects of wind power integration,” Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean
Energy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 14-21, 2013, doi: 10.1007/s40565-013-0001-7.
[50] V. Preciado, M. Madrigal, E. Muljadi and V. Gevorgian, “Harmonics in a wind power plant,” IEEE Power & Energy Society
General Meeting, 2015, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2015.7285774.
[51] I. Colak, S. Sagiroglu, G. Fulli, M. Yesilbudak, and C.-F. Covrig, “A survey on the critical issues in smart grid technologies,”
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 54, pp. 396-405, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.036.
[52] C. Ruiz, M. Znbiaga, G. Abad, D. Madariaga and J. Arza, “Validation of a Wind Turbine Harmonic Model based on the Generic
Type 4 Wind Turbine standard,” 20th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'18 ECCE Europe),
2018, pp. P.1-P.10.
[53] A. Y. Goharrizi, J. C. Garcia Alonso, E. Borisova, F. Mosallat and D. Muthumuni, “Benchmark Model of Type-III Wind Turbine
for Research and Development Applications,” IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (CCECE),
2018, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/CCECE.2018.8447781.
[54] E. H. Mayoral, M. Ángel Hernández López, H. J. C. Marrero, and R. I. Cortez, “Harmonic Analysis of the Wind Energy
Conversion System Connected with Electrical Network,” IntechOpen, 2018, doi: 10.5772/intechopen.74584.
[55] H. García, J. Segundo, O. Rodríguez-Hernández, R. Campos-Amezcua, and O. Jaramillo, “Harmonic Modelling of the Wind
Turbine Induction Generator for Dynamic Analysis of Power Quality,” Energies, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 1-19, 2018, doi:
10.3390/en11010104.
[56] J. B. Noshahr, “Emission phenomenon of supra-harmonics caused by switching of full-power frequency converter of wind
turbines generator (PMSG) in smart grid,” IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering
(EEEIC), 2016, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/EEEIC.2016.7555625.
[57] C. Pazhanimuthu and S. Ramesh, “Grid integration of renewable energy sources (RES) for power quality improvement using
adaptive fuzzy logic controller based series hybrid active power filter (SHAPF),” Journal of Intelligent {&} Fuzzy Systems, vol.
35, no. 1, pp. 749-766, 2018, doi: 10.3233/jifs-171236.
[58] J. G. Ndirangu, J. N. Nderu, A. M. Muhia and C. M. Maina, “Power quality challenges and mitigation measures in grid
integration of wind energy conversion systems,” IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), 2018, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/ENERGYCON.2018.8398823.

Sub-synchronous resonance in wind energy integrated grid –… (Chethan Hiremarali Ramalingegowda)

1884  ISSN: 2088-8694

[59] A. Reis, L. P. Moura and J. C. de Oliveira, “Mitigation of harmonic current produced by wind turbine throughout converter
switching control,” 17th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), 2016, pp. 255-260, doi:
10.1109/ICHQP.2016.7783477.
[60] R. K. Varma, S. Auddy and Y. Semsedini, “Mitigation of Subsynchronous Resonance in a Series-Compensated Wind Farm Using
FACTS Controllers,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1645-1654, 2008, doi:
10.1109/TPWRD.2008.917699.
[61] M. S. El-Moursi, B. Bak-Jensen and M. H. Abdel-Rahman, “Novel STATCOM Controller for Mitigating SSR and Damping
Power System Oscillations in a Series Compensated Wind Park,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 2, pp.
429-441, 2010, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2009.2026650.
[62] T. Joseph, C. E. Ugalde-Loo, S. Balasubramaniam, J. Liang and G. Li, “Experimental Validation of an Active Wideband SSR
Damping Scheme for Series-Compensated Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 58-70, 2020, doi:
10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2924730.
[63] H. Liu, X. Xie, Y. Li, H. Liu, and Y. Hu, “Mitigation of SSR by embedding subsynchronous notch filters into DFIG converter
controllers,” IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2888-2896, 2017, doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0138.
[64] J. Samanes, L. Rosado, E. Gubia and J. Lopez, “Sub-Synchronous Resonance Damper Based on the Stator Voltage Feedback for
DFIG Wind Turbines,”IEEE 21st Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL), 2020, pp. 1-8, doi:
10.1109/COMPEL49091.2020.9265761.
[65] C. Buchhagen, C. Rauscher, A. Menze and J. Jung, “BorWin1 - First Experiences with harmonic interactions in converter
dominated grids,” International ETG Congress 2015; Die Energiewende - Blueprints for the new energy age, 2015, pp. 1-7.
[66] Y. Song and F. Blaabjerg, “Overview of DFIG-Based Wind Power System Resonances Under Weak Networks,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 4370-4394, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2601643.
[67] Y. Chi et al., “Overview of mechanism and mitigation measures on multi-frequency oscillation caused by large-scale integration
of wind power,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 433-443, 2019, doi:
10.17775/CSEEJPES.2019.01100.
[68] Y. Song, X. Wang and F. Blaabjerg, “High-Frequency Resonance Damping of DFIG-Based Wind Power System Under Weak
Network,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1927-1940, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2555846.
[69] Y. Song, X. Wang and F. Blaabjerg, “Impedance-Based High-Frequency Resonance Analysis of DFIG System in Weak Grids,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 3536-3548, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2584118.
[70] S. J. Sun, W. Zhai, X. H. Qu, et al, “Anti-aliasing active damping control strategy adaptable for wide band,” Proceedings of the
CSEE, vol. 35, no. 20, pp. 5310-5316, 2015, doi: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.2015.20.024.
[71] X. Wang, H. Liu, X. B. HuH. Lan and W. Lin, “Analysis of risk and impacting factors of oscillation in wind farms integration via
a flexible HVDC system based on equivalent circuit damping stability criterion,” Journal of Global Energy Interconnection, vol.
1, no. 1, pp. 48-55, 2018.
[72] W. S. Wang, C. Zhang, G. Q. He, G. Li, J. Zhang and H. Wang, “Overview of research on subsynchronous oscillations in large-
scale wind farm integrated system,” Power System Technology, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 1050-1060, 2017, doi: 10.13335/j.1000-
3673.pst.2017.0069.
[73] L. Shuai, et al., “Eigenvalue-based stability analysis of sub-synchronous oscillation in an offshore wind power plant,” 17th
International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for
Offshore Wind Power Plants, Stockholm, Sweden, 16–18, 2018.
[74] Z. H. Hao, and Y. X. Yu, “Analysis and identification for electromechanical coupling and shaft stability of doubly-fed induction
generator,” Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 134-139, 2011.
[75] L. X. Wang, L. Cheng, and Y. Z. Sun, “A method for evaluating influence of ancillary control on torsional oscillations of DFIG-
based wind turbines,” Automation of Electric Power Systems, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 34-40, 2015, doi: 10.7500/AEPS20140605006.
[76] L. Fan, C. Zhu, Z. Miao and M. Hu, “Modal Analysis of a DFIG-Based Wind Farm Interfaced With a Series Compensated
Network,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1010-1020, 2011, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2011.2160995.
[77] X. Wu, Y. J. Guan, W. Ning, P. Jiang and Y. Yu, “Mechanism of interactive effect of RSC parameters in DFIG on SSO and its
application,” Power System Technology, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 2536–2543, 2018, doi: 10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2017.2721.
[78] C. Shijie, Y. Cao, and Q. Jiang, “Theory and method of subsynchronous oscillation in power system,” China Science and
Technology Press, Beijing, 101-146, 2009.
[79] J. Yao, X. Zeng, J. W. Li, “Shaft oscillation characteristics of grid connected doubly-fed induction generator-based wind power
generation system,” Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 123-135, 2017.
[80] C. Zhang, Z. Li, and Q Gao, “Damping effects on torsional oscillation of DFIG drive-chain using different control strategies,”
Proceedings of the CSEE, 2013, vol. 33, no. 27, pp. 135–144.
[81] Y. Long, J. Liu, and W. Yao,“Complex torque analysis of the operating speed’s impacts on the torsional oscillation mode of
doubly-fed wind turbine generation system,” High Voltage Engineering, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 350-358, 2017, DOI:10.13336/j.1003-
6520.hve.20170527046.
[82] B. F. Gao, R. Li, and D. Y. Yang, “Damping characteristics and countermeasure of DFIG sub-synchronous oscillation,” Electric
Power Automation Equipment, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 11–20, 2015, doi: 10.16081/j.issn.1006-6047.2015.12.002.
[83] Y. X. Ni, S. S. Chen and B. L. Zhang, “Theory and analysis of dynamic power systems,” Tsinghua University Press, Beijing,
China, 2002, pp. 300-303.
[84] K. Y. Liao, S. Tao, L. T. Yao, and L. Yang, “Study on frequency-domain modeling and time-varying characteristics of DFIG
input impedance with excitation under static reference frame,” Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 38, no. 16, pp. 4886-4897, 2018,
doi: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.171858.
[85] H. K. Liu, X. R. Xie, G. Q. He, and C. Liu, “Synchronous reference frame based impedance model and stability criterion for grid-
connected renewable energy generation systems,” Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 37, no. 14, pp. 4002-4007, 2017, doi:
10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.162235.
[86] W. Liu, X. R. Xie, J. K. Huang, C. Hang and C. Yin, “Frequency-coupled impedance model and stability analysis of grid-
connected converter,” Automation of Electric Power Systems, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 138–146, 2019,
doi: 10.1109/POWERCON53785.2021.9697693.
[87] Z. Xie, H. T. Li, X. Zhang, and S. Yang, “Improved doubly fed induction generator drive-chain oscillation restrain control
strategy under grid voltage swell,” Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1714–1723, 2016, doi: 10.13334/j.0258-
8013.pcsee.2016.06.028.
[88] C. Zhang, Z. Li, and C. Xi, “Stability and control of shaft torsional oscillation for doubly fed wind power generator,”
Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 301-310, 2015.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2022: 1870-1886
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1885

[89] I. P. Girsang, J. S. Dhupia, E. Muljadi, M. Singh and J. Jonkman, “Modeling and Control to Mitigate Resonant Load in Variable-
Speed Wind Turbine Drivetrain,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 277-286,
2013, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2013.2284096.
[90] X. Z. Xi, H. Geng, and G. Yang, “Inertia control of the grid connected doubly fed induction generator based wind farm with
drive-train torsion active damping,” Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 136-144, 2017.
[91] D. H. R. Suriyaarachchi, U. D. Annakkage, C. Karawita, D. Kell, R. Mendis and R. Chopra, “Application of an SVC to damp sub-
synchronous interaction between wind farms and series compensated transmission lines,” IEEE Power and Energy Society
General Meeting, 2012, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2012.6344797.
[92] L. Wang and D. Truong, “Comparative Stability Enhancement of PMSG-Based Offshore Wind Farm Fed to an SG-Based Power
System Using an SSSC and an SVeC,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1336-1344, 2013, doi:
10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2211110.
[93] D. N. Truong, Q. C. Tran, P. N. Tran and M. S. N. Thi, "ANFIS Damping Controller Design for SSSC to Improve Dynamic
Stability of a Grid Connected Wind Power Systems,” International Conference on System Science and Engineering (ICSSE),
2018, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ICSSE.2018.8520210.
[94] M. Al-Sarray and R. A. McCann, “Control of an SSSC for oscillation damping of power systems with wind turbine generators,”
IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), 2017, pp. 1-5, doi:
10.1109/ISGT.2017.8085974.
[95] M. Jelavi´c, N. Peri´c, and I. Petrovi´c, “Damping of wind turbine tower oscillations through rotor speed control,” Proceedings of
the Ecologic Vehicles and Renewable Energies International Exhibition and Conference (EVER), Monte Carlo, Monako, 2007;
pp. 1–10.
[96] L. Wang, H. Li and C. Wu, “Stability Analysis of an Integrated Offshore Wind and Seashore Wave Farm Fed to a Power Grid
Using a Unified Power Flow Controller,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 2211-2221, 2013, doi:
10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2237928.
[97] S. Golshannavaz, F. Aminifar and D. Nazarpour, “Application of UPFC to Enhancing Oscillatory Response of Series-
Compensated Wind Farm Integrations,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1961-1968, 2014, doi:
10.1109/TSG.2014.2304071.
[98] J. Zuo, Y. Li, D. Shi, and X. Duan, “Simultaneous robust coordinated damping control of power system stabilizers (PSSs), static
Var compensator (SVC) and doubly-fed induction generator power oscillation dampers (DFIG PODs) in multimachine power
systems,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1-23, 2017, doi: 10.3390/en10040565.
[99] A. Mohanty, S. Patra and P. K. Ray, “Robust fuzzy-sliding mode based UPFC controller for transient stability analysis in
autonomous wind-diesel-PV hybrid system,” IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 1248-1257, 2016,
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.1000.
[100] A. M. Shotorbani, A. Ajami, m. p. Aghababa and S. H. Hosseini, “Direct lyapunov theory-based method for power oscillation
damping by robust finite-time control of unified power flow controller,” IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 7, no.
7, pp. 691–699, 2013, doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0274.
[101] U. Malhotra and R. Gokaraju, “An Add-On Self-Tuning Control System for a UPFC Application,” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 2378-2388, 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2272272.
[102] P. K. Dash, R. K. Patnaikand S. P. Mishra, “Adaptive fractional integral terminal sliding mode power control of UPFC in DFIG
wind farm penetrated multimachine power systems,” Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, vol. 3, pp. 79-92, 2018,
doi: 10.1186/s41601-018-0079-z.
[103] Z. Miao, L. Fan, D. Osborn and S. Yuvarajan, “Control of DFIG-Based Wind Generation to Improve Interarea Oscillation
Damping,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 415-422, 2009, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2009.2015980.
[104] A. Tan et al., “A novel DFIG damping control for power system with high wind power penetration,” Energies, vol. 9, no. 7, pp.
1-15, 2016, doi: 10.3390/en9070521.
[105] G. Panda and P. K. Rautraya, “Designing of SSSC-based damping controller using bacterial foraging algorithm to improve power
system stability,” International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 172–83, 2014, doi:
10.1504/IJMIC.2014.060010.
[106] R. K. Khadanga and J. K. Satapathy, “Gravitational search algorithm for the static synchronous series compensator based
damping controller design,” Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Students' Technology Symposium, 2014, pp. 356-361, doi:
10.1109/TechSym.2014.6808075.
[107] G. Panda and P. K. Rautraya, “Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) optimized SSSC based FACTS controller to improve power
system oscillation stability,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 408-415, 2014, doi:
10.5281/zenodo.1337141.
[108] E. S. Ali, S. M. A. Elazim, “Optimal SSSC design for power systems via hybrid approach,” International Journal Electrical
Engineering, vol. 14, pp. 138-147, 2014.
[109] S. Panda, N. K. Yegireddy and S. K. Mohapatra, “Hybrid BFOA-PSO approach for coordinated design of PSS and SSSC-based
controller considering time delays,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 49, pp. 221-233, 2013, doi:
doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.01.006.
[110] M. Alizadeh, M. Alizadeh, and S. Ganjefar, “Simultaneous coordinated design of PSS and SSSC using improved Lozi map based
chaotic optimization algorithm (ILCOA),” Neurocomputing, vol. 122, pp. 181-192, 2013, 2013, doi:
10.1016/j.neucom.2013.06.032.
[111] S. Panda, S. C. Swain, A. K. Baliarsingh and A. K. Mohanty, “SSSC-based controller design employing a multi-objective
optimisation technique,” International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 284-293, 2013, doi:
10.1504/IJMIC.2013.052823.
[112] U. Karaagac, S. O. Faried, J. Mahseredjian and A. Edris, “Coordinated Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems for
Mitigating Subsynchronous Interaction in DFIG-Based Wind Farms,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 2440-
2449, 2014, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2330453.
[113] A. Ostadi, A. Yazdani and R. K. Varma, “Modeling and Stability Analysis of a DFIG-Based Wind-Power Generator Interfaced
With a Series-Compensated Line,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1504-1514, 2009, doi:
10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2013667.
[114] G. D. Irwin, A. K. Jindal and A. L. Isaacs, “Sub-synchronous control interactions between type 3 wind turbines and series
compensated AC transmission systems,” IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/PES.2011.6039426.
[115] NERC, “Lesson learned—Sub-synchronous interaction between series-compensated transmission lines and generation,” [Online].
Available: http://www.nerc.com/files/LL_45_Sub-Synchronous_Interaction.pdf.
Sub-synchronous resonance in wind energy integrated grid –… (Chethan Hiremarali Ramalingegowda)
1886  ISSN: 2088-8694

[116] B. Badrzadeh, M. Sahni, D. Muthumuni, Y. Zhou and A. Gole, “Sub-synchronous interaction in wind power plants — part I:
Study tools and techniques,” IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012, pp. 1-9, doi:
10.1109/PESGM.2012.6344894.
[117] J. Adams, V. A. Pappu and A. Dixit, “Ercot experience screening for Sub-Synchronous Control Interaction in the vicinity of series
capacitor banks," IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345409.
[118] D. H. R. Suriyaarachchi, U. D. Annakkage, C. Karawita and D. A. Jacobson, “A Procedure to Study Sub-Synchronous
Interactions in Wind Integrated Power Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 377-384, 2013, doi:
10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2204283.
[119] D. G. José Luis, G. B. Oriol, D. B. Fernando, and S. Andreas, “Power oscillation damping supported by wind power: A review,”
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 4982-4993, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.063.
[120] L. Fan, H. Yin and Z. Miao, “On Active/Reactive Power Modulation of DFIG-Based Wind Generation for Interarea Oscillation
Damping,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 513-521, 2011, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2010.2089985.
[121] L. Yang, G. Y. Yang, Z. Xu, Z. Y. Dong, K. P. Wong, and X. Ma, “Optimal controller design of a doubly-fed induction generator
wind turbine system for small signal stability enhancement,” IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 579–
597, 2010, doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2009.0553.
[122] N. Kshatriya, U. D. Annakkage, F. M. Hughes and A. M. Gole, “Optimized Partial Eigenstructure Assignment-Based Design of a
Combined PSS and Active Damping Controller for a DFIG,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 866-876,
2010, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2032190.
[123] A. H. M. A. Rahim and I. O. Habiballah, “DFIG rotor voltage control for system dynamic performance enhancement,” Electric
Power Systems Research, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 503-509, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2010.10.014.
[124] N. R. Chaudhuri and B. Chaudhuri, “Considerations Toward Coordinated Control of DFIG-Based Wind Farms,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1263-1270, 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2263429.
[125] H. Huang and C. Y. Chung, “Coordinated Damping Control Design for DFIG-Based Wind Generation Considering Power Output
Variation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1916-1925, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2190110.
[126] F. Bizzarri, A. Brambilla and F. Milano, “Simplified Model to Study the Induction Generator Effect of the Subsynchronous
Resonance Phenomenon,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 889-892, 2018, doi:
10.1109/TEC.2018.2799479.
[127] H. K. Nia, F. Salehi, M. Sahni, N. Karnik and H. Yin, “A filter-less robust controller for damping SSCI oscillations in wind power
plants,” IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2017, pp. 1-1, doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2017.8274466.
[128] P. Dattaray, D. Chakravorty, P. Wall, J. Yu and V. Terzija, “A Novel Control Strategy for Subsynchronous Resonance Mitigation
Using 11 kV VFD-Based Auxiliary Power Plant Loads,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 728-740,
2018, Doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2711624.
[129] W. Du, Q. Fu and H. Wang, “Subsynchronous Oscillations Caused by Open-Loop Modal Coupling Between VSC-Based HVDC
Line and Power System,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 3664-3677, 2018, doi:
10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2771764.
[130] W. Du, Q. Fu and H. Wang, “Method of Open-Loop Modal Analysis for Examining the Subsynchronous Interactions Introduced
by VSC Control in an MTDC/AC System,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 840-850, 2018, doi:
10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2774811.
[131] W. Du, C. Chen and H. Wang, “Subsynchronous Interactions Induced by DFIGs in Power Systems Without Series Compensated
Lines,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1275-1284, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2781289.
[132] X. Xie, W. Liu, H. Liu, Y. Du and Y. Li, “A System-Wide Protection Against Unstable SSCI in Series-Compensated Wind Power
Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 3095-3104, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2829846.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Chethan Hiremarali Ramalingegowda received the B.E degree in Electrical

and Electronics Engineering from DBIT, Bangalore in 2013 and M.Tech. in Electrical Power
Systems from ACTS, Hyderabad in 2015. Working as Assistant Professor in E&E
Department, GSSSIETW, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. Currently, he is pursuing a Ph.D. in the
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at VIT University, Vellore (India). His area
of research includes Power system optimization and FACTS devices. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Mageshvaran Rudramoorthy received the PhD degree in Power System

Engineering from VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India, in 2015. Currently, he is
serving as Associate professor in School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore,
Tamilnadu, India. He has published papers in international conferences and journals. His
area of interests is in Power system optimization, Optimal power flow and Optimal load
shedding. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2022: 1870-1886