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CHE 111Week12_Objective15

The document outlines the learning objectives related to electron configurations, including the application of the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund's Rules. It discusses concepts such as electron configurations, sublevel energy splitting, effective nuclear charge, and periodic trends in the periodic table. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding valence and core electrons in chemical bonding.

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12 views28 pages

CHE 111Week12_Objective15

The document outlines the learning objectives related to electron configurations, including the application of the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund's Rules. It discusses concepts such as electron configurations, sublevel energy splitting, effective nuclear charge, and periodic trends in the periodic table. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding valence and core electrons in chemical bonding.

Uploaded by

rubiannesimon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week 12

Objective 15
Brianna Campmier, PhD
Objective 15: Chapter 9, Sections 1-9

Learning objectives: Electron Configurations


● Apply the Aufbau principle, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and
Hund’s Rules to determine the electronic structure of atoms, and
explain how this structure dictates the atom’s location on the
periodic table.
9.3 Electron configurations: How electrons
occupy orbitals

Reminder: quantum mechanical theory - describes the behavior of


electrons in atoms

Electron configuration - shows the particular orbitals that electrons


occult that atom

Ground state (lowest energy state) for a hydrogen atom

H 1s1

Orbital diagram

H or ________

Orbital diagram: represent the electron configuration in a different


way (similar information but symbolizes the electron with an arrow
and the orbital as a box or line)
The direction of the
Practice: Write the electron configuration and arrow, represents
orbital diagram for He the spin, Recall:
ms was +½ and -½

He
2
Question: How do the spins of the two electrons in helium align
relative to each other and why?

SUBLEVEL ENERGY SPLITTING IN MULTILEVEL ATOMS

For hydrogen, the energy of the orbital only depends on n (3 > 2 > 1)
and the 3s, 3p, 3d orbitals all had the same energy or were
degenerate

In atoms with multi levels, this depends on the l as well.

E(s orbital) E(p orbital) E(d orbital)

But why?
1. Coulomb’s Law
2. Shielding and penetration

3
Definition: The potential energy (E) of two charged particles
depends on their charges (q1 and q2) and their separation, r

Important conclusions from Coulomb’s Law


1. Like charges repel
2. Opposite charges attract
3. Magnitude of the interaction increases with charge

CONCEPT CHECK:

According to Coulomb’s Law, what happens to the potential energy


of two oppositely charged particles as they get closer together?
a. Their potential energy decreases.
b. Their potential energy increases.
c. Their potential energy does not change.
4
Shielding and Penetration
Question: What element is represented in the diagram
below?How do you know?

What forces is an electron in an atom experiencing?

Term to know: Zeff (Effective Nuclear Charge) 5


Electron Spacial Distributions and Sublevel
Splitting

Reminder: Radial distribution function of an atomic orbital shows the


total probability of finding an e- within a thin spherical shell at a
distance, r, from the nucleus (s, p, d, f, etc.)

Question: Which has lower energy?


2p or 2s? Why?

1. Shielding is less effective here


2. High probability of finding an e- in
this area

Note: When the 1s is empty (of e-) the 2p and 2s are degenerate

Question: Looking at this graph to the


left, are the 3s, 3p, and 3d orbitals
degenerate? Why or why not?

6
Electron configurations for multielectron atoms
Note: electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals available first when
the atom is in the ground state

Our rules * We will review as we work through the notes*


1. Pauli Exclusion Principle:

2. Aufbau principle:

3. Hund’s rule:

7
Periodicity and the Periodic Table

14
Valence versus core electrons
Valence electrons: are those that the most important for chemical
bonding. For main group elements, the valence electrons are
those in the outermost principal energy level.

Core electrons:

Practice: Write the electron configuration for Ge. Identify the valence
electrons and the core electrons.

15
16
Periodic Trends
❏ Atomic size
❏ Effective nuclear charge (ENC or Zeff)
❏ Atomic radii
❏ Chemical reactivity
❏ Ionization energy
❏ Ionic radii
❏ Magnetic Properties
❏ Electronegativity
❏ Electron affinity
❏ Metallic character

For the above listed periodic trends, you must be able to compare
elements in terms of their trends and explain the reason for the trend.

If we do not cover a trend in depth in class, it is your responsibility to


investigate further.

17
21
Definition: electronegativity -

28
This will then lead to lots of information about bonding…..

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