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B.Chap 2p2

The document discusses measures of dispersion, which quantify the spread of data around an average value, and categorizes them into absolute and relative measures. It details common measures such as range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, variance, and standard deviation, along with their calculations and characteristics. Additionally, it highlights the importance of using relative measures for comparing variability across different distributions.

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10 views

B.Chap 2p2

The document discusses measures of dispersion, which quantify the spread of data around an average value, and categorizes them into absolute and relative measures. It details common measures such as range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, variance, and standard deviation, along with their calculations and characteristics. Additionally, it highlights the importance of using relative measures for comparing variability across different distributions.

Uploaded by

fedhasamerga
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

2 Measures of Dispersion(variation)
-The scatter or spread of items of a distribution is known
as dispersion or variation.
 In other words the degree to which numerical data
tend to spread about an average value is called
dispersion or variation of the data.
-Measures of dispersions are statistical measures which
provide ways of measuring the extent in which data are
dispersed or spread out. There are two types of measure
of dispersions. These are relative and absolute measure
of dispersions
Absolute and Relative Measures of Dispersion
 The measures of dispersion which are expressed in
terms of the original unit of a series are termed as
absolute measures.
 Relative measures of dispersions are a ratio or
percentage of a measure of absolute dispersion to an
appropriate measure of central tendency and are thus
pure numbers independent of the units of
measurement.
 For comparing the variability of two distributions
(even if they are measured in the same unit), we
compute the relative measure of dispersion instead of
absolute measures of dispersion.
Common Measures of Dispersion
Various measures of dispersions are in use.
The most commonly used measures of
dispersions are:
 Range and relative range
 Quartile deviation and coefficient of
Quartile deviation
 Mean deviation and coefficient of Mean
deviation
 Standard deviation and coefficient of
variation.
1) The Range (R)
I) For Discrete Data
 The range is the largest score minus the smallest score.
It is a quick and dirty measure of variability, although
when a test is given back to students they very often wish
to know the range of scores.
 Because the range is greatly affected by extreme
scores, it may give a distorted picture of the scores.
 The following two distributions have the same range,
13, yet appear to differ greatly in the amount of
variability.
Distribution 1: 32 35 36 36 37 38 40 42 42 43 43 45
Distribution 2: 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 35 45
 For this reason, among others, the range is not the
most important measure of variability.

II) For grouped Data


If data are given in the shape of continuous frequency
distribution, the range is computed as:

This is some times expressed as:


R  X k  X1 , X k is class mark of the last class.
X 1 is classmark of the first class.
III) Merits
 It is rigidly defined.
 It is easy to calculate and simple to understand.
IV) Demerits:
 It is not based on all observation.
 It is highly affected by extreme observations.
 It is affected by fluctuation in sampling.
 It is not liable to further algebraic treatment.
 It can not be computed in the case of open end
distribution.
 It is very sensitive to the size of the sample.
V) Relative Range (RR)
It is also some times called coefficient of range
and given by:

Example:
1. Find the relative range of the above two
distribution. (Exercise!)
2. If the range and relative range of a series are 4
and 0.25 respectively. Then what is the value of:
a) Smallest observation
b) Largest observation
Do it!
2) The Quartile Deviation (Semi-inter quartile range)
Q.D
The inter quartile range is the difference between the third
and the first quartiles of a set of items and semi-inter
quartile range is half of the inter quartile range.

I) Coefficient of Quartile Deviation (C.Q.D)


(Q3  Q1 2 2 * Q.D Q3  Q1
C. Q.D   
(Q3  Q1 ) 2 Q3  Q1 Q3  Q1
 It gives the average amount by which the two
quartiles differ from the median.
Remark: Q.D or C.Q.D includes only the middle 50%
of the observation.
3) The Mean Deviation (M.D)
a. Mean Deviation about the mean
Denoted by M.D( ) and given by;

For the case of frequency distribution it is given as:

Steps to calculate M.D ( )


1. Find the arithmetic mean,
2. Find the deviations of each reading from
3. Find the arithmetic mean of the deviations, ignoring
sign.
b. Mean Deviation about the median.
 Denoted by M.D( ) and given by:

 For the case of frequency distribution it is given as:

~
Steps to calculate M.D ( X ):
~
1. Find the median, X
~
2. Find the deviations of each reading from X .
3. Find the arithmetic mean of the deviations, ignoring sign.
c. Mean Deviation about the mode.
Denoted by M.D( ) and given by

• For the case of frequency distribution it is given as:

Examples:
1. The following are the number of visit made by ten
mothers to the local doctor’s surgery. 8, 6, 5, 5, 7, 4, 5, 9,
7, 4
Find mean deviation about mean, median and mode.
Solutions:_______________
2. Find mean deviation about mean, median and mode for
the following distributions.(exercise)
Class Frequency
40-44 7
45-49 10
50-54 22
55-59 15
60-64 12
65-69 6
70-74 3
d) Coefficient of Mean Deviation (C.M.D)

Example: calculate the C.M.D about the mean, median


and mode for the data in example 1 above.
4) The Variance
a) Population Variance
If we divide the variation by the number of values in the
population, we get something called the population
variance.
 This variance is the "average squared deviation from
the mean".
1
Population Varince   
N
2
 i
( X   ) 2
, i  1,2,.....N

For the case of frequency distribution it is expressed as:


1
Population Varince   2 
N
 fi ( X i   )2 , i  1,2,.....k
b) Sample Variance
Is the sum of the squares of the deviations divided by one
less than the sample size.

For the case of frequency distribution it is expressed as:

We usually use the following short cut formula.


n

X  nX 2
2
i
S2  i 1
, for raw data.
n 1

k
 i i  2 2
f X nX
S2  i 1
, for frequency distribution.
n 1
c) Standard Deviation
There is a problem with variances. Recall that the
deviations were squared. That means that the units were
also squared. To get the units back the same as the
original data values, the square root must be taken

Population s tan dard deviation    2


Sample s tan dard deviation  s  S2
amples: Find the variance and standard deviation of the following sample data
1. 5, 17, 12, 10.
2. The data is given in the form of frequency distribution.
Class Frequency
40-44 7
45-49 10
50-54 22
55-59 15
60-64 12
65-69 6
70-74 3

Solutions:
Cont..
Measures of Shapes
Cont…
Cont…
Cont…
Kurtosis
Cont…
THE END

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