Engineering Mathematics-II

Unit - 1
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations
❖ Topics to be covered

• Order and degree of differential equations

• Solution of differential equations (General solution and particular solution)
• Formation of ordinary differential equations
• Differential equations in Variable Separable Form
• Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous differential equations
• Exact differential equations
• Equations reducible to exact form by using Integrating Factor
• Linear Differential Equations of the first order
• Equations reducible to linear form (Bernoulli’s Differential Equations)
❖ Applications of Differential Equations
1. Population growth and decay
2. Spread of epidemics
3. Newton’s law of cooling
4. Analysis of electrical networks
5. Glucose absorption by body
6. Exponential decay of radioactive material
7. In studying the blood flow through the various organs of the body
*Equation
An equation is a mathematical sentence that has two equal sides separated by an equal
sign.

*Differential equation
An equation which contains a derivative is called differential equation.
Differential equation involves dependent variable,an independent variable and
differential coefficients of various orders.

*Some examples of differential equations

𝑑𝑦
1. + 5𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Here, 𝑦 is the dependent variable, 𝑥 is an independent variable and is a derivative.
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 2
2. + 𝑦 = 𝑥2 3. 2 +
𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
4. 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑧 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 5. + 2 =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦

Differential Equations

Ordinary Differential Equations Partial Differential Equations

• It involves only one independent • It involves two or more independent
variable and one or more dependent variable and one or more dependent
variables variables

• Examples 1,2,3 • Examples 4,5

* We have to study First Order Ordinary Differential Equations *

▪ Order of a Differential Equation

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative appears in the
equation.

▪ Degree of a Differential Equation

The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order derivative,
provided the derivatives are free from radicals and fractions.
* Some examples to find Order and Degree of differential equation
𝑑𝑦
1. + 1 = 𝑥2 Order = 1 , Degree = 1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
2. + +1=0 Order = 2 , Degree = 1
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑2 𝑦
3. + 3𝑦 = Order = 2 , Degree = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
4. 1 + =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

We have to remove square root.Hence,squaring on both sides,we get

2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦
1+ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
Order = 2 , Degree = 2
 3
𝑑𝑦 2 2 𝑑2 𝑦
5. 1 + =5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
3
We have to remove fraction . Hence,squaring on both sides,we get
2
3 2 2
2 2 2
𝑑 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 25
1+ 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

2 3 2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦
1+ = 25
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 Note:The degree of a differential
equation can be found only when it is
Now the above equation is free from fraction. free from radicals and fractions.
Order = 2 , Degree = 2
6. 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑦 = − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2
Order = 1 , Degree = 1

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧
7. + =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Order = 2 , Degree = 1
 ❖ Solution of a Differential Equation
Solution (also known as primitive) of a differential equation is any relation
between the dependent and independent variables. Solution is always free from
derivatives and it satisfies the given differential equation.

Solution

General solution / complete integral Particular solution/Particular integral

▪ It contains arbitrary constants ▪ It is obtained by assigning

▪ Number of arbitrary constants is equal particular values to the arbitrary
to the order of differential equation constants
Consider the differential equation of order 1
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥2 (1)
𝑑𝑥
To find the solution of (1), integrate both sides with respect to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 + 𝐶 where 𝐶 is the only one arbitrary constant.
𝑥3
𝑦= +𝐶
3 (2)

This is general solution of (1) which contains one arbitrary constant.

No. of constants = Order of diff.equation
Now,substitute 𝑥=1 𝑦=2 and in equation (2)
1 1 5
2= + 𝐶 => 𝐶=2− => 𝐶=
3 3 3
𝑥3 5
𝑦= +
3 3
This is the particular solution of (1)
❖ Formation of Ordinary Differential Equations
• General solution involving n arbitrary constants is given. We need to find Differential
equation of which it is the solution.
• This differential equation is obtained by eliminating arbitrary constants
• Differentiate general solution n times with respect to the independent variable.
* Examples on formation of Differential Equation
Ex.1 Obtain the differential equation whose general solution is 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 𝐶 ,where 𝐶 is
arbitrary constant

Sol. Given , 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 𝐶 (1)

It consists of only one constant 𝐶.
To eliminate 𝐶 , differentiate equation (1) on both sides with respect to 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 1
= (Use formula: If 𝑦 = 𝑥 then = )
𝑑𝑥 2 5𝑥+𝐶 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 5
= From equation (1)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦

𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 =5
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 −5=0
𝑑𝑥
This is the required differential equation having order =1 and degree=1

Ex.2 Obtain the differential equation whose general solution is 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 − 𝐴 2 ,where 𝐴 is

arbitrary constant
Sol. Given , 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 − 𝐴 2
(1)
Here , 𝐴 is arbitrary constant which needs to be eliminated.
To eliminate 𝐴 , differentiate equation (1) on both sides with respect to 𝑥
 𝑑𝑦
=4×2 𝑥−𝐴 =8 𝑥−𝐴
𝑑𝑥
Squaring both the sides,
2
𝑑𝑦 2
= 64 × 𝑥 − 𝐴
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−𝐴 =
64
Substitute value of 𝑥 − 𝐴 2 in equation (1)
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 =4× =
64 16
2
𝑑𝑦
= 16𝑦
𝑑𝑥
This is the required differential equation having order =1 and degree=2
 Ex.3 Form the diff. equation of which a general solution is 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos log 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin log 𝑥
Sol.
Given, 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos log 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin log 𝑥 (1)
𝐴 and 𝐵 are two arbitrary constants.We have to eliminate both the constants.
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to 𝑥 on both sides, we get
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= −𝐴 sin log 𝑥 + 𝐵 cos log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = −𝐴 sin log 𝑥 + 𝐵 cos log 𝑥 (2)
𝑑𝑥
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to 𝑥 we get,
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑥 2+ = −𝐴 cos log 𝑥 − 𝐵 sin log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(Derivative of L.H.S. is obtained by using product rule of derivative)
Multiplying both sides by 𝑥,
2
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2
+𝑥 = −𝐴 cos log 𝑥 − 𝐵 sin log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑥 = −𝑦 From equation (1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑥 2
+𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

This is the required differential equation of order = 2 and degree = 1

 𝑐
Ex.4 Form the diff. equation of which a general solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐2 +
𝑥

Sol. Given, 𝑦 = 𝑐 2 +
𝑐
𝑥 (1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑐 𝑐
=0− 2 =− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑐= −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Substitute the value 𝑐 in equation (1)
2 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑦=𝑥 4 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥4 −𝑥 −𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
This is the required differential equation of order = 1 and degree = 2
Solve:
Ex.1 Form the differential equation whose general solution is 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥

Ex.2 Obtain the differential equation having general solution 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

−𝑥 2
Ex.3 Obtain the differential equation having general solution 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒
❖Differential Equations in Variable Separable Form (V.S.form)
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥
▪ The differential equation which can be written in the form = is said
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑦
to be present in the variable separable form.
▪ Variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 are separated so that 𝑥 appears only on one side of the
equation and 𝑦 appears only on the other side.
▪ The solution is obtained by integrating both the sides of equation
‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬ = 𝑦𝑑 𝑦 𝑔 ׬‬+ 𝐶 , where 𝐶 is constant of integration
𝑑𝑦
Ex. 1 Solve: +𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥
Sol. 𝑑𝑦
Given +𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥𝑑𝑥
This is v.s. form. Integrating both the sides,we get

න 𝑑𝑦 = න −𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶′

−𝑥 2
𝑦= + 𝐶′
2
2𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝐶′
2𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 𝐶 2𝐶 ′ = 𝐶 , constant
𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 = 𝐶

This is the required General Solution.

Ex. 2 Solve: 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
Sol.
Given , 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
Dividing both sides by 𝑥𝑦 we get
𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦

1 1
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
This is v.s. form. Integrating both the sides,we get
1 1
න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑦 = log 𝐶 Note: An arbitrary constant may be
𝑥 𝑦 written in such a form as to make the
log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = log 𝐶 answer simple.
log 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝐶
𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶 This is the General Solution.
 𝑑𝑦
Ex. 3 Solve: + tan 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
Sol.
𝑑𝑦
Given, + tan 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= − tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
This is v.s. form. Integrating both the sides,we get

න 𝑑𝑦 = න −tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑦 = log cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑦 − log cos 𝑥 = 𝐶

This is the required General Solution.

 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Ex. 4 Solve: 4 +𝑒 = 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Sol. 𝑑𝑦
Given, 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 4+𝑒
This is v.s. form. Integrating both the sides,we get
1 1 2𝑒 2𝑥
න 𝑑𝑦 = න 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + log 𝐶
𝑦 2 4+𝑒
𝑓′ 𝑥
Use formula : ‫𝑥𝑓׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑓 𝑥
1
log 𝑦 = log 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + log 𝐶
2
2log 𝑦 = log 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2log 𝐶
 log 𝑦 2 = log 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + log 𝐶 2
log 𝑦 2 = log 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝐶 2

𝑦 2 = 4 + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝐶1 𝐶 2 = 𝐶1 , 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

This is the required General Solution.

𝑑𝑦
Solve : = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 2 1
Solve : +
1+𝑥 2
=0 Use formula: ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
 ❖ Homogeneous Differential Equation
▪ The differential equation in the form 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is said to
be homogeneous if 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 are homogeneous functions in 𝑥 and
𝑦 of the same degree.
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥,𝑦
▪ It can also be represented as = where f 𝑥, 𝑦 and g 𝑥, 𝑦 are
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥,𝑦
homogeneous functions in 𝑥 and 𝑦 of the same degree.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
▪ To solve these equations , we can substitute 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 and = 𝑢 +𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
so that these equations will reduced to variable separable form and can
be solved further.
Examples:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 −3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
1) = 2) 𝑥4 + 𝑦4 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 3)𝑥 + = 𝑦 4)𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 3 −3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

❖ Non-Homogeneous Differential Equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1 𝑦+𝑐1
A differential equation of the form = is known as non-
𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑦+𝑐2
homogeneous differential equation.
❖Exact differential equations
▪ Let 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 be the differential equation.
▪ It is said to be an exact differential equation if there exists a function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 such that
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑓
▪ The condition for 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 to be exact is
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
▪ When the condition for exactness is satisfied , the general solution is given by

න 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
OR sometimes we may use

න 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + න 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶

𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Ex. 1. Solve: 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Sol.
Here, M = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 and N = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = , given equation is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Hence,general solution is

න 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

න 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + න 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
 න 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + න 0 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦 2 න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 න 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 0 = 𝐶

𝑥 2 𝑥 3
𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 =𝐶
2 3

𝑥2𝑦2
+ 𝑥3𝑦 = 𝐶
2

This is the general solution.

Ex.2 Solve: 3 + 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 − 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Sol.
Here , M = 3 + 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 and N = 2 sin 𝑥 − 4𝑦 3
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2 cos 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = , given equation is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence,general solution is

න 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

න 3 + 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න −4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

න 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 න 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

3𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦 4 = 𝐶

This is the general solution.

Ex. 3 Solve: 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Sol.
Here, M = 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑦 and N = 𝑒 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 1 𝜕𝑁
= 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = , given equation is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Hence,general solution is

න 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

න 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + න 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
 න 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + log 𝑦 න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥2
2 + 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑦 = 𝐶
2

𝑥 2 + 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑦 = 𝐶 This is the general solution.

Ex.4 Solve : 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Sol.
Here, M = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 and N = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −4𝑥 − 4𝑦 = −4𝑦 − 4𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = , given equation is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 Hence,general solution is

න 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

න 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑦 න 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑦 3
− 4𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 x + =𝐶
3 2 3

𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 = C This is the general solution.

❖ Equations Reducible to Exact form by using Integrating Factor
Integrating Facor is a multiplying factor by which the equation
can be made exact.
* Steps to find solution of non-exact differential equation by finding integrating factor
1. Consider the equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is Non-Exact Differential Equation. It
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
means ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

2. Find Integrating Factor by applying appropriate rule.

3. Multiply given Non-Exact equation throughout by an integrating Factor. Due to this
multiplication the equation becomes Exact.
4. Now,solve this Exact differential equation by using the formula

‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 ׬‬+ ‫𝐶 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑁 𝑓𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑇 ׬‬

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
❖Rules for finding integrating factors (I.F)
Rule 1 : Let the equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 be Non-Exact but Homogeneous , and if
1
𝑥𝑀 + 𝑦𝑁 ≠ 0 then I.F.=
𝑥𝑀+𝑦𝑁

Rule 2 : Let the equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 be Non-Exact but has the form
1
𝑦𝑓1 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 , and if and if 𝑥𝑀 − 𝑦𝑁 ≠ 0 then I.F.=
𝑥𝑀−𝑦𝑁

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
−
= 𝑓 𝑥 then I.F.=𝑒 ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Rule 3 : Let the equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 be Non-Exact and if
𝑁
Here, 𝑓 𝑥 indicates some function of 𝑥 only

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
−
= 𝑔 𝑦 then I.F.=𝑒 ‫𝑔 ׬‬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Rule 4 : Let the equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 be Non-Exact and if
𝑀
Here,𝑔 𝑦 indicates some function of 𝑦 only
❖Examples on Differential Equations Reducible to Exact form by using
Integrating Factor

Ex 1. Solve : 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)

Sol. 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Here, = −3𝑥 + 4𝑦 , = 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 ≠ hence, equation is non-exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

But equation is homogeneous.Also, 𝑥𝑀 + 𝑦𝑁 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 ≠ 0

1 1
Hence,by Rule 1 , I.F.= =
𝑥𝑀+𝑦𝑁 𝑥3
1
Now multiply given equation (1) by
𝑥3
1 3𝑦 2𝑦 2 3 2𝑦
− 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥 + − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (2)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Equation (2) is now exact. (No need to check condition of exactness)
Solution of equation (2) is ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 ׬‬+ ‫𝐶 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑁 𝑓𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑇 ׬‬
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1 1 2
1
න 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑦 න 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 න 3 𝑑𝑥 + න 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1 2
1
log 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑦 2
=𝐶 This is general solution.
𝑥 2𝑥

Ex. 2 Find Integrating factor of 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Sol. Given equation is non-exact but homogeneous.

Also , 𝑥𝑀 + 𝑦𝑁 = 𝑦 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 𝑥 = 4𝑦 2 𝑥 ≠ 0
1 1
Hence ,by Rule 1 I.F.= =
𝑥𝑀+𝑦𝑁 4𝑦 2 𝑥
Ex. 3 Solve: 1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
Sol.
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Here, 𝑀 = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑁=𝑥 − 𝑥2y , = 1 + 2𝑥𝑦 , = 1 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ hence, equation is non-exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Given equation can be written as 𝑥 0 𝑦 0 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 0 𝑦 0 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

Also, 𝑥𝑀 − 𝑦𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ≠ 0
1 1
Hence,by Rule 2 , I.F.= =
𝑥𝑀−𝑦𝑁 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2
1
Now,multiply equation (1) by
2𝑥 2 𝑦 2
1 1 1 1
2
+ 𝑑𝑥 + 2
− 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (2)
2𝑥 𝑦 2𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦

Equation (2) is now exact. (No need to check condition of exactness)

Solution of equation (2) is ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 ׬‬+ ‫𝐶 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑁 𝑓𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑇 ׬‬
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1 1 1 1 1 1
න 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
2𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑦

1 1 1
− + log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = 𝐶 This is general solution.
2𝑦𝑥 2 2

1
Ex. 4 Find solution of 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 with integrating factor
3𝑥 3 𝑦 3
Sol. 1
Multiply given equation by
3𝑥 3 𝑦 3
1 2 2 2
+ 3 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 3
− 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3𝑥 3𝑥 𝑦 3𝑥 𝑦 3𝑦
This is now exact. (No need to check condition of exactness)
Solution is ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 ׬‬+ ‫𝐶 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑁 𝑓𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑇 ׬‬
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1 2 1 2 1
න 𝑑𝑥 + 2 න 3 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
3𝑥 3𝑦 𝑥 3 𝑦

1
log 𝑥 − 2 2 − 2 log 𝑦 = 3𝐶 = 𝐶1 This is general solution.
𝑦 𝑥

Ex. 5 Solve: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Sol. 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Here, = 2𝑦 , = −2𝑦 ≠ hence, equation is non-exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2𝑦− −2𝑦 4𝑦 2
Also, = = = − =𝑓 𝑥
𝑁 −2𝑥𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦 𝑥

2
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬ ‫ ׬‬−𝑥𝑑𝑥 −2 1
Hence,by Rule 3 , I.F.=𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 −2 log 𝑥 = 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 −2 =
𝑥2
 1
Now,multiply given equation by
𝑥2
𝑦2 1 2𝑦
1 + 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0 This is an Exact equation.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

Solution is ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 ׬‬+ ‫𝐶 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑁 𝑓𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑇 ׬‬

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1 1
න 1𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 න 2
𝑑𝑥 + න 2 𝑑𝑥 − න 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦2 1
𝑥− − =𝐶 This is general solution.
𝑥 𝑥
 𝑦3 𝑥2 𝑥+𝑥𝑦 2
Ex.6 Find integrating factor of differential equation 𝑦 + + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3 2 4
Sol.
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1+𝑦 2
Here, =1+ 𝑦2 , =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 4

1 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 + 𝑦2 − 3
− 4 1 + 𝑦2 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 4
= =𝑥 = =𝑓 𝑥
𝑁 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 1 + 𝑦2 𝑥
4 4
3 3
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥׬‬
Hence,by Rule 3 , I.F.=𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 3 log 𝑥 = 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 3
I.F.= 𝑥 3
Ex. 7 Find integrating factor of equation 𝑦 log 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − log 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Sol.
Here, 𝑀 = 𝑦 log 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥 − log 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 1 𝜕𝑁
Here, = 𝑦. + log 𝑦 = 1 + log 𝑦 , =1
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 1−1−log 𝑦 − log 𝑦 1
Also, = = = − =𝑔 𝑦
𝑀 𝑦 log 𝑦 𝑦 log 𝑦 𝑦

−1
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦 𝑔 ׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬ −1 1
Hence,by Rule 4 , I.F.=𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 −1 log 𝑦 = 𝑒 log 𝑦 = 𝑦 −1 =
𝑦
1
I.F.=
𝑦

Ex.8 Solve : 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Sol.
2 𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 , 𝑁 = −𝑒 , = 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 , = −𝑒 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠ hence, equation is non-exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 −𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦+𝑒 𝑥 −2𝑒 𝑥 −4𝑥𝑦 −2 𝑒 𝑥 +2𝑥𝑦 −2
Also, = = = = =𝑔 𝑦
𝑀 2𝑥𝑦 2 +𝑦𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 2 +𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦+𝑒 𝑥 𝑦
−2
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬ −2 1
Hence,by Rule 4 , I.F.=𝑒 ‫𝑔 ׬‬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=𝑒 = 𝑒 −2 log 𝑦 = 𝑒 log 𝑦 = 𝑦 −2 =
𝑦2
1
Now,multiply given equation by
𝑦2

𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
2𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 =0 This is an Exact equation.
𝑦 𝑦

Solution is ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 ׬‬+ ‫𝐶 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑥 𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑁 𝑓𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑇 ׬‬

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1
න 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − න 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑦
2
1 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑒 =𝐶 This is general solution.
𝑦
Solve
1. 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒 1

2. 1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒 2

3. 𝑦 4 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒 4

4. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒 3

❖ Linear Differential Equations of the First Order
A differential equation is said to be linear if

▪ The degree (or power) of dependent variable and its derivatives is 1.

▪ No term involves product of derivatives and dependent variables.

▪ General form of the linear differential equation is given by,

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 , where 𝑃 𝑥 and 𝑄 𝑥 are functions of 𝑥 or constants.
𝑑𝑥

▪ Similarly, a linear differential equation can also be given by

𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑦 , where 𝑃 𝑦 and 𝑄 𝑦 are functions of 𝑦 or constants.
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
▪ Coefficient of or is 1.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
❖ Examples :
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1) + 𝑥2𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 is linear equation. 2)
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 = 5 is linear equation.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
3) + 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 is not linear equation. 4) − 3𝑥 4 𝑦 + 1 = 0 is not linear equation.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1+𝑥 2 −𝑥 2
5) + 1+𝑦 𝑥 = 3𝑦 3 is linear equation. 6)
𝑑𝑥
−
𝑥
𝑦= 𝑒 is linear equation.
𝑑𝑦

❖ Solution of linear differential equations

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
▪ For the equation +𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑄 𝑥 ▪ For the equation +𝑃 𝑦 𝑥 =𝑄 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Integrating Factor(I.F.)= 𝐼 = 𝑒 ‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating Factor(I.F.)= 𝐼 = 𝑒 ‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Solution is 𝐼. 𝑦 = ‫𝐼 ׬‬. 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 Solution is 𝐼. 𝑥 = ‫𝐼 ׬‬. 𝑄 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶

 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 2
Ex.1 Solve : + 1 + 2𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
Sol. 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 2
Given equation is of the form + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 where 𝑃 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑥 , 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
Hence, it is linear differential equation.
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑃 ׬‬ ‫ ׬‬1+2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑥 2
Integrating Factor(I.F.)= 𝐼 = 𝑒 =𝑒 =𝑒
General solution is 𝐼. 𝑦 = ‫𝐼 ׬‬. 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑥+𝑥 2 −𝑥 2
𝑒 .𝑦 = න𝑒 .𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

2 2 2
𝑒 𝑥+𝑥 . 𝑦 = න 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 2 −𝑥 2
𝑒 .𝑦 = න𝑒 .𝑒 .𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑥+𝑥 2
𝑒 . 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶 This is the general solution.
 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Ex. 2 Find the integrating factor of the differential equation + = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
Sol. 𝑑𝑦
Given equation is linear differential equation of the form +𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑄 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
where 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
1+𝑥 2
1
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑃 ׬‬ ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 −1
Integrating Factor(I.F.)= 𝐼 = 𝑒 =𝑒 1+𝑥2 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥

tan −1 𝑥
𝐼= 𝑒

𝑑𝑦
Ex. 3 Find the integrating factor of the differential equation + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Sol. 𝑑𝑦
Given equation is linear differential equation of the form +𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑄 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
where 𝑃 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
Integrating Factor(I.F.)= 𝐼 = 𝑒 ‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

𝐼 = sin 𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑒𝑥
Ex.4 Find the general solution of + 𝑦 = with integrating factor 𝑥 3 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
Sol. 3 𝑒𝑥
Given equation is linear differential equation with 𝑃 = , 𝑄 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = 𝑥 3
𝑥 𝑥2
Solution is 𝐼. 𝑦 = ‫𝐼 ׬‬. 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 3 𝑦 = න 𝑥 3 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 = න 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑥 − 1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥

𝑥3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 This is the general solution.

𝑑𝑦 1 1
Ex.5 Find the general solution of + tan 𝑥 + 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 with integrating factor 𝑥 sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Sol. 1 1
Given equation is linear diff. equation with 𝑃 = tan 𝑥 + , 𝑄 = sec 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = 𝑥 sec 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
Solution is 𝐼. 𝑦 = ‫𝐼 ׬‬. 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1
𝑥 sec 𝑥 . 𝑦 = න 𝐼. 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 = න 𝑥 sec 𝑥 . sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 = න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
𝑥 sec 𝑥 . 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 This is the general solution.
❖ Equations reducible to the Linear Form ( Bernoulli’s Differential Equation)
𝑑𝑦
A differential equation of the form + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 . 𝑦 𝑛 is called Bernoulli’s
𝑑𝑥
Differential Equaton.
❖ Steps to find solution of Bernoulli’s equation:
1. Divide given equation by 𝑦 𝑛
𝑑𝑦
2. So it becomes 𝑦 −𝑛 + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑄 𝑥 (1)
𝑑𝑥
1−𝑛 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
3. Substitute 𝑦 = u Hence, 1 − 𝑛 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
4. (1) becomes, + 1 − 𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑛 𝑄 𝑥 which is linear equation.
𝑑𝑥
1−𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. Integrating factor=𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝐼 = 𝑒 ‫׬‬
6.General solution is 𝐼. 𝑢 = ‫𝐼 ׬‬. 1 − 𝑛 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
7. Back substitute u = 𝑦1−𝑛
 𝑑𝑥
❖ An equation + 𝑃 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑦 . 𝑥 𝑛 is also called Bernoulli’s Differential Equaton. It can be
𝑑𝑦
solved in the similar way by substituting 𝑥 1−𝑛 = u
▪ Integrating factor=𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝐼 = 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬1−𝑛 𝑃 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
▪ General solution is 𝐼. 𝑢 = ‫𝐼 ׬‬. 1 − 𝑛 𝑄 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
▪ Back substitute u = 𝑥 1−𝑛
𝑑𝑦
❖ An equation of the form 𝑓 ′ 𝑦 + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 is reducible to the linear form.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
▪ Substitute 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓′ 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
▪ Hence,equation converts into + 𝑃 𝑥 . 𝑢 = 𝑄 𝑥 which is linear in 𝑢 and can be
𝑑𝑥
solved further.
𝑑𝑥
❖ An equation of the form 𝑓′ 𝑥 + 𝑃 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑦 is reducible to the linear form.
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
▪ Substitute 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
▪ Hence,equation converts into + 𝑃 𝑦 .𝑢 = 𝑄 𝑦 which is linear in 𝑢 and can be
𝑑𝑦
solved further
 𝑑𝑦 3 −𝑥 2
Ex.1 Reduce the Bernoulli’s equation − 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑦 𝑒 to the linear form.
𝑑𝑥
Sol.
𝑑𝑦 2
Given equation is of the form +𝑃 𝑥 𝑦=𝑄 𝑥 . 𝑦𝑛 where 𝑃 𝑥 = −𝑥 , 𝑄 𝑥 = −𝑥
−𝑒 , 𝑛 =3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Substitute 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑦1−3 = 𝑦 −2 = 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 − 𝑛 𝑦 −𝑛 = 𝑖. 𝑒. −2𝑦 −3 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Hence, given equation becomes + 1−𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 1−𝑛 𝑄 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 −𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥𝑢 = 2𝑒 which is linear.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3 −𝑥 2
Ex.2 Find the integrating factor of − 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑦 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
Sol. Given equation 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑦 3 𝑒 −𝑥 2 is Bernoulli’s equation where 𝑃 𝑥 = −𝑥 , 𝑛 = 3
𝑑𝑥
‫ ׬‬1−𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫ ׬‬2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝐼 = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒
𝑥 2
𝐼= 𝑒
 𝑑𝑦 2 2
Ex. 3 Find the general solution of − 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑦 3 𝑒 −𝑥 with integrating factor 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
Sol.
𝑑𝑦 3 −𝑥 2 −𝑥 2 𝑥 2
Given equation − 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑦 𝑒 is Bernoulli’s equation where Q 𝑥 = −𝑒 , 𝑛 = 3, 𝐼 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥

General solution is 𝐼. 𝑢 = ‫𝐼 ׬‬. 1 − 𝑛 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 where u = 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑦 −2

𝑥2 𝑥2 −𝑥 2
𝑒 . u = න 𝑒 . 2𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 = න 2𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶

Back substitute u = 𝑦 −2

𝑥 2
𝑒 . 𝑦 −2 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶 This is the general solution.

𝑑𝑦
Ex.4 Reduce the equation tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 cos 𝑦 to the linear form..
𝑑𝑥
Sol.
𝑑𝑦
Multiplying given equation by sec 𝑦, we get sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 + sec 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Now substitute sec 𝑦 = u so that sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑢
Equation (1) becomes, + 𝑢 tan 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 which is linear with P = tan 𝑥 and Q= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

* Further solution can be obtained as

𝐼 = 𝑒 ‫ ׬ 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑃 ׬‬tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥

Solution is 𝐼. 𝑢 = ‫𝐼 ׬‬. 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
sec 𝑥 . 𝑢 = ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 = ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
Back substitute u = sec 𝑦
sec 𝑥 . sec 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 is the general solution.

−1
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑒 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
Ex. Find the general solution of 1) − 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑒 −𝑦 2) + 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 2 1+𝑦 2

𝑑𝑦 2 1 𝑑𝑦
3) + 𝑦 = 4) − 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = 𝑦 4 sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥