SEC1: Unit A6.

2: History and Evolution of Internet

 Unit A6: Internet and Its Uses

Unit Syllabus Lectures

A6.1 Internet
A6.2 History and Evolution of Internet
A6.3 World Wide Web i.e. WWW
A6.4 Web Browser(s) 2
A6.5 Surfing and Chatting on Internet
A6.6 Electronic Mailing
A6.7 Network

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 What is Internet?

•The Internet is a short form for an interconnected

network.
•Internet has become a vital part of our lives, helping us
connect with people worldwide.
•The Internet is made of a large number of independently
operated networks.
•It is fully distributed with no central control.

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 What is Internet? …

•Each independently-operated system is motivated to

ensure that there is end-to-end connectivity of every part
of the network.
•The Internet is simply a wire that runs underground and
allows two computers to communicate with each other.
•A server is a particular computer that is connected directly
to the Internet.

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 What is Internet? …

•When we talk about specific web pages, they are simply

files that are stored on the server’s hard drive.
•Every server has a unique protocol address or an IP
address.
•IP addresses are essential for computers to find each other.

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 History of Internet

•The first question that comes into our mind is, “Who had
invented internet? And why?”.
•The Internet was developed by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf in
the 1970s.
•They began the design of what we today know as the
“Internet”.

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 History of Internet …

•It was the result of another research experiment which

was called ARPANET, which stands for Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network.
•This was initially supposed to be a communications system
for the Defense Team of the United States of America - a
network that would also survive a nuclear attack.

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 History of Internet …

•It eventually became a successful nationwide experimental

packet network.
•When was the first Internet started?
•It is believed that on 6 August 1991, when the World Wide
Web opened to the public.

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 How does Internet work?

•Computers that we use every day are called clients

because they are indirectly connected to the Internet
through an internet service provider.
•When you open a webpage on your computer, you
connect to the webpage, and then you can access it.
•Computers break the information into smaller pieces
called packets, which are reassembled in their original
order.

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 How does Internet work? …

•If we put the right address on a packet and send it to any

computer which is connected as part of the internet, each
computer would figure out which cable to send it down
next so that it would get to its destination.
•With several computers on a network, it may create
confusion even with unique addresses.

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 How does Internet work? …

•This transfer of messages is handled by the Packet Routing

Network, and hence a router is required to set up.
•The Transfer Control Protocol is another system that makes
sure no packet is lost or left behind because it might create
a disrupted message at the receiving end.

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 How does Internet work? …

•The Steps Involved for how the message is transferred

1. Computer1 i.e. Sender sends a message by IP address
to Computer2 i.e. Receiver.
2. The message sent by Computer1 i.e. Sender is broken
into small pieces i.e. packets.
3. These small pieces i.e. packets are transferred
concerning Transfer Protocol so that the quality is
maintained.

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 How does Internet work? …

•The Steps Involved for how the message is transferred ...

4. Finally, these small pieces- packets reach Computer2
i.e. Receiver and are reassembled at their IP address.
•The Internet works in a more complex manner but the
above steps give a basic idea of how the internet works.

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 Evolution of Internet

Year Event
1960 • This is the year in which the internet started to
share information s a way for government
researchers.
• The first known MODEM and dataphone were
introduced by AT&T.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1961 • On May 31, 1961, Leonard Kleinrock released his
first paper, "Information Flow in Large
Communication Nets."

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1962 • A paper talking about packetization was released
by Leonard Kleinrock.
• Suggestion was given by Paul Baran for the
transmission of data with the help of using fixed-
size message blocks

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1962 • A paper talking about packetization was released
by Leonard Kleinrock.
• Suggestion was given by Paul Baran for the
transmission of data with the help of using fixed-
size message blocks

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1964 • Baran produced a study on distributed
communications in 1964.
• Leonard Kleinrock released Communication Nets
Stochastic Message Flow and Design, the first book
on packet nets.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1965 • The first long-distance dial-up link was established
between a TX-2 computer and a Q-32 at SDC in
California by Lawrence G. Roberts of MIT and Tom
Marill of SDC in California with a Q-32.
• The word "Packet" was coined by Donald in this
year.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1966 • After getting success at connecting over dial-up, a
paper about this was published by Tom Marill and
Lawrence G. Roberts.
• Robert Taylor brought Larry Roberts and joined
ARPA to develop ARPANET.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1967 In 1967, 1-node NPL packet net was created by
Donald Davies.
For packet switch, the use of a minicomputer was
suggested by Wes Clark.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1968 • On 9 December 1968, Hypertext was publicly
demonstrated by Doug Engelbart.
• The first meeting regarding NWG (Network
Working Group) was also held this year, and on
June 3, 1968, the ARPANET program plan was
published by Larry Roberts.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1969 • On 1 April 1969, talking about the IMP software
and introducing the Host-to-Host, RFC #1 was
released by Steve Crocker.
• On 3 July 1969, a press was released for
announcing the public to the Internet by UCLA.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1969 …
• On August 29, 1969, UCLA received the first
network equipment and the first network switch.
• CompuServe, the first commercial internet service,
was founded the same year.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1970 • NCP was released by the UCLA team and Steve
Crocker.
1971 • Ray Tomlinson sent the first e-mail via a network to
other users.
1972 • The ARPANET was initially demonstrated to the
general public.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1973 • TCP was created by Vinton Cerf in 1973, and it was
released in December 1974 with the help of Yogen
Dalal and Carl Sunshine.
• ARPA also launched the first international link,
SATNET, this year.
• The Ethernet was created by Robert Metcalfe at
the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1974 • The Telenet, a commercial version of ARPANET, was
introduced.
• Consider as the first Internet service provider.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1978 • In 1978, to support real-time traffic, TCP split into
TCP/IP, which was driven by John Shoch, David
Reed, and Danny Cohen.
• On 1 January 1983, the creation of TCP/IP was
standardized into ARPANET and helped create UDP.
• The first worm was developed by Jon Hupp and
John Shoch at Xerox PARC.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1981 • BITNET was established in 1981.
• It is a time network that was formerly a network of
IBM mainframe computers in the United States.
1983 • In 1983, the TCP/IP was standardized by ARPANET,
and the IAB, short for Internet Activities Board was
also founded in the same year.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1984 • The DNS was introduced by Jon Postel and Paul
Mockapetris.
1986 • The first Listserv was developed by Eric Thomas,
and NSFNET was also created in 1986. Additionally,
BITNET II was created in the same year 1986.
1988 • The First T1 backbone was included in ARPANET,
and CSNET and CSNET merged to create CREN.
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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1989 • A proposal for a distributed system was submitted
by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN on 12 March 1989 that
would later become the WWW.
1990 • This year, NSFNET replaced the ARPANET. On 10
September 1990, Mike Parker, Bill Heelan, and Alan
Emtage released the first search engine Archie at
McGill University in Montreal, Canada.
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 Evolution of Internet …
Year Event
1991 • Tim Berners-Lee introduced the WWW (World Wide
Web) on August 6, 1991.
• On August 6, 1991, he also unveiled the first web
page and website to the general public.
• The internet started to be available to the public by
NSF.
• Outside of Europe, the first web server came on 1
December 1991.
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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1992 • The main revolution came in the field of the
internet that the internet Society was formed, and
NSFNET upgraded to a T3 backbone.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1993 • CERN submitted the Web source code to the public
domain on April 30, 1993.
• This caused the Web to experience massive
growth. The United Nations and the White House
came, which helped to begin top-level domains,
such as “.gov” and “.org”.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1993 …
• On 22 April 1993, the first widely-used graphical
World Wide Web browser, Mosaic, was released by
the NCSA with the help of Eric Bina and Marc
Andreessen.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1994 • On April 4, 1994, James H. Clark and Marc
Andreessen found the Mosaic Communications
Corporation, Netscape.
• On 13 October 1994, the first Netscape browser,
Mosaic Netscape 0.9, was released, which also
introduced the Internet to cookies.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1994 …
• On 7 November 1994, a radio station, WXYC,
announced broadcasting on the Internet, and it
became the first traditional radio station for this.
• The W3C was established by Tim Berners-Lee.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1995 • In February 1995, Netscape introduced the SSL
(Secure sockets layer), and the dot-com boom
began.
• Opera web browser was introduced to browsing
web pages on 1 April 1995, and to make voice calls
over the Internet, the Vocaltec, the first VoIP
software, was introduced.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1995 …
• Internet Explorer web browser was introduced by
Microsoft on 16 August 1995.
• In RFC 1866, the next version of HTML 2.0 was
released on 24 November1995.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1995 …
• In 1995, JavaScript, originally known as LiveScript,
was created by Brendan Eich.
• LiveScript was renamed to JavaScript with
Netscape 2.0B3 on December 4, 1995.
• Java was introduced.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1996 • This year, Telecom Act took a big Decision and
deregulated data networks.
• Macromedia Flash that is now known as Adobe
Flash was released in 1996.
• In December 1996, the W3C published CSS 1, the
first CSS specification.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1996 …
• As compared to postal mail, more e-mail was sent
in the USA.
• This is the year in which the network has ceased to
exist as CREN ended its support.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1997 • In 1997, the 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standard was
introduced by IEEE, and the internet2 consortium
was also established.
1998 • The first Internet weblogs arose in this year, and on
February 10, 1998, XML became a W3C
recommendation.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
1999 • In September 1999, Napster began sharing files,
and Marc Ostrofsky, the business.com, the most
expensive Internet domain name for $7.5 million
on 1 December 1999.
2000 • The craze of dot-com began to decrease.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
2003 • The members of CERN took the decision to dissolve
the organization on 7 January 2003.
• Safari web browser came into the market on 30
June 2003.
2004 • The Mozilla Firefox web browser was released by
Mozilla on 9 November 2004.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
2008 • On 1 March 2008, the support b AOL for the
Netscape Internet browser was ended.
• Google Chrome web browser was introduced by
Google on 11 December 2008, and gradually it
became a popular web browser.

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 Evolution of Internet …

Year Event
2009 • A person using the fictitious name Satoshi
Nakamoto published the internet money Bitcoin on
3 January 2009.
2014 • On 28 October 2014, W3C recommended and
released the HTML5 programming language to the
public.

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