ad MS Kireiic theary of grr h prada, parnurs culos (such as speed, oA YL goes eles tho mocrwrspic Pmypr de) to Pho rucwsiapyt prspelin fo mamentam, tino cneyy ath date an J Mowing wr? hee, e 0 a medef of mafieular behavidur fehl gon on 6 calectin of mA OAL IE Ge Consists of exticme y arrull particles prown an mele. = z 7% Lire gs pegliille en Comperertn te wvenmolcwtor diter Cen) w G9 ww? The melautes of a given gor une alt lerdal but oor hyjvert wor wo a1e SY uncther Gas- @ @ ° % mileuls o gus We spherical, mnyicl & perfectly clonic pant Mer o w> The vilume g ye metecules a repbiyible sn campouage to te vyoburee of 7 the gus . e : a’? Be dens ty fa gus w constant at all pour of th cardawre” . p The mdeculs ahey newtens Yaar a mation , bul or 4 wohele , then maken p 2 rselacpic. Bs ry moleule can move nonderly ” alt pamble chinecti6o% with ait pomble D velociter, 039 Ti tine porb.in o calticion ble 2 moleculer ts nexfigible an cempuruen Se Y the terme blw 2 JUccemive Callunians- a The ne. af colltators pen unr ubrive fore actg bho gw moles . cya oe Rey Helecdes corstorty cctuide wilh the walle of Container ut ta which foeix mnn OTM wo mementum th frarappred 40 the wd of Cendtavres which result parce Sy ie gps makin on he ‘alll of He Cosdainen + volume fr 0 gps cumom Constant > Ms attructve Asef2 Vromut Of an cIofent gars /, a) ——! wv > Censicles a cettection af N molecules Gf an ileal gor a @ cahrics! en towrer wrth edger ¥ Langth (1). > let ws Consider that ane of hue molecules of momlnr) ur mapuny with velocity @) se any cle ction . - On DThn, Pe ts BPE 5 Ve Parrupee fe VBUyrs BUyP= BYE . > Due to scuclem metisn af vnabecute , Vy * Wy Vy —> lohen te moleade calliser clinically with org will | Be velocity Camparct penperdiadan fe ne wall as novemedt. s Jet, thi, reobewle coblal, with Abuded. wall A, with velouty v, Debeund with — Vy . > The Harge te memertum ¢ DP = ~PVx = (ig) = 27x, ef un a callivian, the charge wd > As He racmentum Sretrana Lonnerve' o will A,: AP 2 My, thes mblecule -trewels 10 ansthe, apposite walt fy tort > After wiebtunding a hs ous wilh yelioc’%y Vr Kowoods velocity CV) » Collider Lo it & gear “Wb wall 4. - The Line Aho & Acltenme collisuing uvivh woll A, = ving. of clliscer per setend: n= t= 2 Ceelinin frenery ) ol /Vx> Force oxested On Dhak by aingle molecule A wall ts equal fo srocle af Lohick Imamention as Lransfeseal de He df by dhe maolecdo , ee Exngle melecuy * 4P =- ats my? Z Vy > Total forme on the walt A, dua to vali the rustle utes V & CV) Fe meen ar cng -veleridy * Prcpsure 2 > Premurc ir doped os doe pes ce ———$—<—$——S _ — ze De = tet 7 Ue 2 yrs ve typ Uap 1 Ugg 18 24 Yn a Vy, tw eM to te 1 81 Cy?) Fe mean aqvare velocity Goll a mele yj A Omri e Ray 4 Fong ag ~ Map © Frag ~ Pose - (4P0) ~ OPra dfo = Pm -(- 2m, ) = AMV, a 2 va tit, [a-omie*J Vee f= meon Aquos {* camporert qa velenty So, pe angn. 99, Px a Fe. . ob Ue a = ON Vx Vv 2y 2 2 tse Mam 2 ge t,t Ny No o. 02 342 = Fyre 3V2" » fi 3 V5, Buy 2 > Peet men Argue velocity: (Fe) Voom = Jaa Vem = 7 oe P= 5 aU e Yoors ae [p- 2 ee all "3 lle wan ef hy ge a U = vabume of gps (carbine | Pus RI = denity of gu | R - b ( Bglt2marn corstod) | Dy f= ne v - Lévy p 3 [pn 2. [Vins = (3? Ve | > py= NBTen Vom = 3? . [3A _ [ap [HZ » [set PO Mom Le 1 Tram eh gor fv PvenRT >) pve en ] ro PU> WRT Pv. - Vnler, Vem oh egies / et Ban = | BRT Nu ’ ‘ MN Ay ET m y . fal. fuer. faer. (er ‘ams NP man of uw M m + Inpoctort Point > lite Abe An Aompersdive, Vama spel f ge molewler nrcunses ar Vame © UT, aonlU aincnennet tales an weight , Vimy rpecd of gun muleruler clerran, waa Vamg “es Dy) cal mahol t Y firey 3 She uly Bid ake Depocles. Ah ohh onan a > De pms sped rosheuls cdyomn't depenol She prev we the gus Cp Ce Soe coted) paumind Ls aivachby jropestonak to (Poe & (Boyle's Yas) ) 4 if Pemue ya nvcesed 1 Lume, than cloaidy CE) e3ill oly srvane by n Tomes but Urns Ot Atmaur Conrart,D> Desivatian of qu Jaws fmom KTGS pulle's f wo? UH geen lempedoe, Ne Prout f a qui seam dae urueoch, prgportendl 10 14a value, Hus w Reon os Bgylea Spud. 2 > Foam KIB, Jor a guer f+ Yam, OLE. ts velo of U2, wr lariiot vad a quer Aumporaluce . 4 => Pe ¢ (Boyles Jus) e PV T= Conttant T= Constond s S - U PY graph is sectangulln hyperbala while PV vows POV wa siraght Lin + Chosles Sous ¢ At a giver prone, The Velume ef & GIVER mane len * ArNtins ob contac P Hoy, \ 2 av - bmn Ta VO pee Uns ‘ G2 bh \ a Vv. P VX Vobs 4 “2 Une ST 2 Woe T CUale Inns) >. r ~P VY = constr! ,ow- yw 7 Vy Ty Tt pe [Lace ht \ = Cbg tent \ = centet (- O-2) Vet wr pr Bajos oY 7 aae ya given moe Mf Gay tumacs foo Wa given uthme, dhe Pp io 5 ip a Chash, bass Oar as , eporsers de the absalite domporadet LA wee Pier en, OCT ) 2 Ain fiem Kl, (0! Moms area O/T POC Uy OCT Pa 7 ) ) ) ) ) Genel V/V ~ Corsten ) é - ; : | ) | | =) L = Comant — ? te “Bh | 1 7 oF vem ure, equdl uv Tempowline ® ; Tino £ Ad the dame -lempertine ® Pp fesgode ton 4 molecules. This ts Rnmon > Consiclen equal volumes ¢ 2 gasex kept at the same prenuwe # tenperston then fram KT, fs Fon gor . i" pve name (a) Ny = no. of molercle pars of [mel eocke © Ruggednas J y Cemain eqoal ne. pus _LNeny> (i) 3 fi, = ne. of melecta vran Gf Ielewle rm = VU, = Vams , > Anim yr sf Nb mur -(Ws) m= v= Una, > At Constet temp, te ow Habe erty 2" come At constant “emp x S omy,?= Leyv, Je 2 goses- ; MV,2 = Mv? bem (iii) 2 rut = My V9e >EN= a> Grohomis Law ¥ Ayffucwicn? > Lohen 2 gases at dhe same prenut and 4 ce alllesced to diffe inte each athen, the ile 4, diffusion ef each gor wr snvercoly eporrend te pquu0o reat g Yhe density x 04, tes 33 bran on pr Graham's fous of diffusion > The sale f difision o paaportanat ty nme speed of matecule o g®: 2 a anda, vs Ho & nite of dffrrien of Age: Y= yams — (i) % Vanms °" Vomge ,f 2 og > yom . 2, “yom VN WO fe = (p Pp Geahom's Sou of diffusien. => Equortion af sate an ideal gars equarian : = > At Constan¢é Tard nV a CBaylers Joss ) Se ver At comand P olh , Vor 7 COhate's Luss) Wa At Constund PulT, Von CAvagadse's bus) > Vent Pp ) Dye Rut syd r pli) us called a 3? ae [rv- kT ]>> Saco! ge ‘eacioes aiate iso > P= aba = ne. of molespeace gee applicabk vilure of meleudir ws raghgible an (Empower te He valure of 94: : j = Neen fre poe: > Aaodrg 4% KTG, ard ollde fy ty with ca. Glens He yroheculs d Gps anu state of cardem moran > Tey path fo individual enslewls v pondam and scxerrbls a ahean o [yeoa “Tre poth tpavemed by a wolents bk p svecemive clfisians sch othn meleutes Li lied Ya foe pos "ol du fue poth aw vat af gure Langth , 0 ms well quart fintd whieh b krgan as Juan pe , erst a rioltnds blo 2 Auceenive callision wa distance taavellid by & gr molewte blo] juve callinienrOA veneld of vilume 2X10? m3 conta a mixtue of Auydusgen ard fihon vord Arbium od 47°C fempoudre anol Gre x10S MV /m? prraue. Fhe man g Be rrrdue ov io? Ay » Cboutaste Ah rones Oo hy diaper Gr Mybuum © a= Relation blo Premurt cand Rineke energy = eal Kis Smv? Kae lm? 3 Average. =) py? emg Eg RA Kt Ay pee LyteePen ve J = pm Sn per moheule rv) 2 ae i] i" ci > WX ouorge K-E = & CTotal energy) rem folk fal energ | f= NCfenden) | ot MM Ging = QE -(ii) mN vain 4 av Pus mM unin —(i0) Pu- 2 ole ""2] . slue z Average tronsahanl k-€ pe moloule ¢ le- Lz = 2 =| ~ Kinetic energy p™ wacleate of gu dees nol depend Lon aa rrstyule but By ciporel por “he Lernperotin of praroletioul Serpe doe toll hove sane” Avrete - molecules Fasm KT&, P= pv] RT w)oo® i)> Io caleulale meon free pats , felavorg Panumphan bre médes b dhly Ke particle mblowl Sel we at Camideung 4s tn mbhan, al thus bom al nest, De melowlrs ae Aphenes , each ¥ diameeter Cd), Pe A calbsicn will take place cohen the Contr of 2 mtlecuber ons ok de tinte (d) uport as Abbwe th figuras. ted—>i au Fab? Actual calfieren ° Bb equivalent clescuiptian of clbisians made Yke maving molecule A to rayunol that phe melecule hor ars Cad) od a other” maleetes of Aort O48 Pind manes as Ahoron un figure d¢. eal! Fydc's Beta De BES ttn > Let this rnolecude 4 diammeder Cael) proved pon CA 188) in time C+), let 1 ke te cwerage speed Vo tig, malecule , 40,44 Will Aweep au a Gylinden ¥ diommelen Cad) arc! Sergl VF d Lg 8 = ° Fig > ch: => v= Axl = (nd?) (V+) / 2A nr no. o molecules por canit valume then tha no- Gf molecules in ke cy linden 4 CI )(n) v ih yy ‘1 ke travelling Q st ha moving mstecsle meets (TAU4) 0 malecule. an its teary chile distance (Ot), if wilt acblade wits att rhese raleculer, thenely making iapacempr stad at Me rate es Lindt. he qreumpta pi pet pocket &r has been Clenived an 6 , all Hue rritecals ase Munn y eclestaibubion ae L Catia ferns an Seine. +, eceearLs aN *. ne. af collision per unit Lime 2 fee meen My poets « collacun $9 wo of ! datubuton uarey 43 ME ' ¥ ee : + ce Che ae! tine bho cellerjens Qt Ein: 2 eal => The invense Ye collision LNery a te Querage is calle nan foe Hire =) pV= WkpT n= al 1 ete a Vv T aot -_s i) rs. ra fe e Yad? aT? Ps pacar david m le e Luv ter, usin al Foam egntid det da? AKT (T= obyahde 4m) ab a PSSEEEEC CC EUU EES> Degree | Freedom ¢ > The total ne weackpordert maces lunys) sn shih 0 syrbm tan pomene energy called clopee of frucorm (HD > The inclopordtend rewten can bo tsurslational, Aeahenel x wibaaLeanad 01 fambingsien Gf thue. “The deus of feidlam ove of 9 Aypest 1) Torongtochionol chose of fucclam. a) Ratodiow! cluger of fndim, 3) Vidnatcarot olegave of fredem. = Manoatamic 908 : Malrads of morasanue. gas lan reaue 0 any dinchin wr spate, So, £¢ can hove 8 snclepindent raation and hence 3 clegaue o pucdlom COM trunstetiarit). [eat = dom = dre doy? fee] = Dicdomic . > Nolecles dicdamic gar rede Quakers yoned mgidly Ho Ore ane ae fo ech op af ea > Suh mokuts not only rave Lireaky but ale austere abaut wre af 0 8 twordinate OxeA Tre meament of urvitin gf wulrat oboul te ax gering Lbo okey vn raglig be comp trot ty tht chart Ye Gun 2 aris! vid Gun have only 2 aotatioad maticn. So, Q Chatonu, mualeculs have Bcleprees of puectom. (8 Carslortanal ® 2 nreteticrel Iof lyatom i¢ mofecutes C Nen-Lineor )* , cacnclnat 0 rar livers mustonle can astute oboud ony of Ke 2 am axes, > OM has E dleyaen of facedam. (3 hranslaturl « 3 astataarst) ~The ahsve deqrces GY freodem are shawn at Adem Lemperolure I im ose af clodanne & palyotenu moll ’may abe uibrole with : Lhe &, wo mulectes will “haw an adehbbwust alegree y fltclem due te vibrobonral maken. Equipactivien af ener . ; ten) > Recency Lo kis few, fo any 4ystem on “eguilbriomn , the vowel energy is equally debibuted ameng th vautrs degree af frteolum > Each de apice > Ad a of frcccl om Ly rcabd with enepg (4 as Rel ) 2 remperotue (1), all icleal hai man, fave Yhe dame average cao retond ae one, ee al ky, vi ame 4 lnm tien, neki eneyg: @ kyl >He a ee, Hh hYprens PH ard B wilt hang Gyons fee “nc f freeclum > ents fo memenbes, ¢ Drffourd eregies of A Agr AE Y dhgre Y freclam CF) ase ex ea i) ‘) Tela Gren gy Mcciated wid, fk molecule = Fhe br fellawrr * > Tedal eng ameciotd with ° ay " with NI mokules ~ fh Afr 3) Teoral ~e AMACioteol with Imal =D pr Yd» orth N mel = Fle mer> Mosxl Probable Speeds a oP LapT kT / M i” - Mecardhing dp Rinedkec vheary gf seenes Pp Mverage Apecdt Yu = eo