11 Properties of

Solids

Properties of
Solids
A body is said to be elastic, if it regains its original shape and size on the removal of
deforming force. The property of matter by virtue of which a body tends to regain IN THIS CHAPTER ....
its original shape and size after the removal of deforming forces is called elasticity.
Elastic Behaviour
If a body completely gains its natural shape after the removal of the deforming
forces it is called perfectly elastic body. If a body remains in the deformed state or Stress
does not even partially regain its original shape after removal of deforming forces it Strain
is called perfectly inelastic or plastic body. Hooke’s Law
Poisson’s Ratio (σ)
Elastic Behaviour Stress-Strain Relationship
The elastic behaviour can be understood by taking the microscopic nature of solids.
It is shown in the following figure, in which we can see that the balls represent the Work Done or Potential Energy
Stored in a Stretched Wire
atoms or molecules and the springs represent the interatomic or intermolecular
forces. Thermal Stresses and Strains

In this system originally, the ball is in the position of its stable equilibrium, if any
ball is displaced a little from its equilibrium position, the springs attached to that
ball will either be stretched or compressed.
Therefore, the restoring forces are developed in the springs and they will bring the
ball back to its natural position. This is known as the elastic behaviour of the solid
body.
Interatomic/Intermolecular force

Atom/Molecule
Properties of Solids 321

Sol. (c) Here, r1 : r2 = 2 : 1, F1 = F2 = F

Stress Force F
When an external force is applied to a body, an internal Stress ( S) = =
Area pr 2
restoring force is set up at each cross-section of the body 1
which tends to restore the body back to its original state. \ Sµ 2
r
The restoring force set up inside the body per unit area is 2
known as stress. S1 r22 æ 1 ö 1
\ = 2=ç ÷ =
Restoring force S 2 r1 è 2 ø 4
Stress =
Area
Example 2. The elastic limit of brass is 379 MPa. What
In SI system, unit of stress is Nm –2 or pascal (denoted by
should be the minimum diameter of a brass rod, if it is to
Pa) and in CGS system, it is dyne/cm 2. Mainly, there are
support a 400 N load without exceeding its elastic limit?
three types of stress. They are listed as follows.
(a) 0.90 mm (b) 1.00 mm
(i) Normal or Longitudinal Stress (c) 1.16 mm (d) 1.36 mm [JEE Main 2019]

If area of cross-section of a rod is A and a deforming force Sol. (c) Let d min be the minimum diameter of brass.
F is applied along the length of the rod and perpendicular Then, stress in brass rod is given by
to its cross-section, then in this case, stress produced in F 4F é pd 2 ù
the rod is known as normal or longitudinal stress. It is s= = 2 êQ A = ú
A pd min ë 4 û
also known as axial stress.
F For stress not to exceed elastic limit, we have s £ 379 MPa
Longitudinal stress = n 4F
A Þ 2
£ 379 ´ 10 6
Longitudinal stress is of two types pd min

(a) Tensile stress A type of longitudinal stress in Here, F = 400 N

which length of the rod is increased on application 2 1600
\ d min =
of deforming force over it, the stress produced in p ´ 379 ´ 10 6
rod is called tensile stress. Þ d min = 1.16 ´ 10 -3 m = 1.16 mm
(b) Compressive stress A type of longitudinal stress
in which length of the rod is decreased on Example 3. A steel wire having a radius of 2.0 mm,
application of deforming force, the stress produced carrying a load of 4 kg, is hanging from a ceiling. Given that
is called compressive stress. g = 3.1p ms-2, what will be the tensile stress that would be
developed in the wire? [JEE Main 2019]
(ii) Volumetric Stress
(a) 6.2 ´ 10 6Nm-2 (b) 5.2 ´ 10 6Nm-2
In this type of stress, when a force is applied on a body
(c) 3.1 ´ 10 6Nm-2 (d) 4.8 ´ 10 6Nm-2
such that it produces a change in volume and density
without change in its shape and Sol. (c) Given, radius of wire, r = 2 mm = 2 ´ 10 -3 m
(a) at any point, the force is perpendicular to its Weight of load, m = 4 kg, g = 31 . p ms-2
surface. Force (F ) mg
\ Tensile stress = =
(b) at any small area, the magnitude of force is Area (A) pr 2
directly proportional to its area. 4 ´ 31. ´p
=
Then, force per unit area is called volumetric stress. p ´ (2 ´ 10 -3) 2
F . ´ 10 6Nm-2
= 31
\ Volumetric stress = V
A
This is the case when small solid body is immersed in Strain
fluid. When the size or shape of a body is changed under an
external force, the body is said to be strained. The change
(iii) Shearing or Tangential Stress occurred in the unit size of the body is called strain.
In shearing or tangential stress, the force is applied Usually, it is denoted by e.
tangentially or parallel to a surface of a body, which Change in dimension Dx
produces a change in shape without change in its volume. Strain = =
Original dimension x
F Here, Dx is the change (may be in length, in volume etc.)
Tangential stress = T
A and x is the original value of quantity in which change
Example 1. The ratio of radii of two wires of same material has occurred. It has no dimension as it is a pure number.
is 2 : 1. If these wires are stretched by equal force, what is the Since, a body may have three types of deformation, i. e. in
ratio of stress produced in them? length, in volume or in shape, likewise there are
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 5 following three types of strains
322 JEE Main Physics

(i) Longitudinal Strain Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (Y)

It is associated with longitudinal stress. The change in It is defined as the ratio of normal stress (either tensile
length per unit original length of the body under or compressive stress) to the longitudinal strain within
deformation produced by the external force is known as an elastic limit.
longitudinal strain. Normal stress
Change in length Dl Thus, Y =
Longitudinal strain = or e l = Longitudinal strain
Original length l
Consider a metal wire, PQ of length l, radius r and the
It is of two types uniform area of cross-section A. Let it be suspended from a
(a) Tensile strain If on applying a deforming force, rigid support at P, a stretching force F be applied normally
there is an increase of Dl in length of a rod, then at the free end Q and let its length increase by Dl ( = QQ ¢ ).
strain produced in the rod is called tensile strain.
P
(b) Compressive strain If on applying a deforming
force, there is decrease of Dl in length of a rod, l
then strain produced in the rod is called
compressive strain.

(ii) Volumetric Strain Q

∆l
It is produced when there’s volumetric stress in the body. Q′
The change in volume per unit original volume of the F
body under deformation produced by the external force is Dl
known as volumetric strain. Then, longitudinal strain =
l
Change in volume F F
Volumetric strain = Normal stress = = [Q A = pr 2 ]
Original volume A pr 2
DV Normal stress
or eV = Young’s modulus (Y ) =
V Longitudinal strain
(iii) Shearing Strain F / pr 2 Fl
= = 2
This type of strain is produced when a shearing stress is Dl / l pr Dl
present. Since strain is a dimensionless quantity, therefore the
It is defined as the angle in radians through which a unit of Young’s modulus is same as that of stress.
plane perpendicular to the fixed surface of the cubical Young’s modulus has unit of pressure.
body is turned under the effect of tangential force.
x Example 4. A structural steel rod has a radius of 10 mm
Shearing strain, tan f = and a length of 1m. A 100 kN force stretches it along its
L
x length and Young’s modulus of structural steel is
or f= (for very small deformation) 2 ´ 1011 Nm -2. The strain on the rod is
L
(a) 1% (b) 0.04% (c) 0.08% (d) 0.16%
Hooke’s Law Sol. (d) We assume that the rod is held by a clamp at one end
It states that for a body within elastic limit, stress and the force F is applied at the other end, parallel to the length of
applied to a body is proportional to the resulting strain, the rod. Then,
i.e. F F
Stress Stress = = 2
Stress µ Strain or = E = constant A pr
Strain Given, F = 100 kN = 100 ´ 10 3 N,r = 10 -2 m
where, E is constant and is known as modulus of
elasticity or coefficient of elasticity of the material of the F 100 ´ 10 3 N
= = = 3.18 ´ 10 8 Nm–2
body. A 3.14 ´ (10 –2) 2
(F/A) L
Elongation, DL =
Types of Modulus of Elasticity Y
Depending on the type of stress applied on a body and (3.18 ´ 10 8) (1)
DL = = 1.59 ´ 10 –3 m
resulting strain produced, we have following three 2 ´ 10 11
modulii of elasticity and they are as follows DL = 1.59 mm
(i) Young’s modulus of elasticity DL 1.59 ´ 10 –3 m
Strain = =
(ii) Bulk modulus of elasticity L 1m
(iii) Modulus of rigidity = 1.59 ´ 10 –3 = 0.16%
Properties of Solids 323

Example 5. Young’s modulii is of two wires A and B are in ( A ´ YC ´ DLC )

W=
the ratio 7 : 4. Wire A is 2 m long and has radius R. Wire B is LC
1.5 m long and has radius 2 mm. If the two wires stretch by p (1.5 ´ 10 –3) 2 ´ (1.1 ´ 10 11 ´ 5 ´ 10 -4)
=
the same length for a given load, then the value of R is close 2.2
to [JEE Main 2019] = 1.8 ´ 10 2 N
(a) 1.3 mm (b) 1.5 mm Example 7. A thin uniform metallic rod of length 0.5 m
(c) 1.9 mm (d) 1.7 mm
and radius 0.1 m with an angular velocity 400 rad s -1 in a
Sol. (d) When a wire is stretched, the change in length of wire is horizontal plane about a vertical axis passing through one of
Fl its ends. Elongation in the rod (in m) is (Take, density of
Dl = 2 , where Y is its Young’s modulus.
pr Y material of the rod is 10 4 kgm -3 and Y = 2 ´ 1011 Nm -2)
Here, for wires A and B, [NCERT]
lA = 2 m, lB = 15
. m, 10 -3 3 2 10 2
(a) (b) -3 (c) 2 (d)
YA 7 F 3 10 10 2
= , rB = 2 mm = 2 ´ 10 -3 m and A = 1
YB 4 FB Sol. (a) Consider an element of length dx at a distance x from the
axis of rotation,
As, it is given that DlA = DlB
FAlA F l dF = dm xw2
Þ = BB
prA2YA prB2 YB = rAdx × x × w2 dx
F l Y 2 4 2 L
Þ rA2 = A × A × B × rB2 = 1 ´ ´ ´ 4 ´ 10 -6 m F = rAw òx xdx x
FB lB YA .
15 7
= 3.04 ´ 10 -6 m 1 L
= rAw2 (L2 - x2)
2
Þ rA = 1.7 ´ 10 -3 m
If dy is the elongation in the element of length dx, then
or rA = 1.7 mm dy F
=
Example 6. A copper wire of length 2.2 m and a steel dx AY
wire of length 1.6 m, both of diameter 3.0 mm are connected F dx rw2 L 2 2
A × Y Dl 2Y ò 0
dy = = (L - x ) dx
end-to-end. When stretched by a load, the net elongation is
found to be 0.70 mm. The load applied (in N) is rw2 × L2
Dl =
(Take, YC = 1.1 ´ 1011 Nm -2, YS = 2 ´ 1011 Nm -2) [NCERT] 3Y
(a) 1.8 ´ 10 2 N (b) 2.5 ´ 10 6 N æ 1ö
3
10 4 ´ ( 400) 2 ´ ç ÷
(c) 3.8 ´ 10 8 N (d) 6.1 ´ 10 –2 N è2ø 10 -3
Dl = = m
3 ´ 2 ´ 10 11 3
Sol. (a) The copper and steel wires are under a tensile stress
because they have the same tension (equal to the load W) and
Example 8. A body of mass 3.14 kg is suspended from
the same area of cross-section A.
one end of a wire of length 10 m. The radius of the wire is
Stress = Strain ´ Young’s modulus
changed uniformly from 9.8 ´ 10 –4 m at one end to
W æ DLC ö æ DL ö
5 ´ 10 -4 m at the other end. The change in length of the
\ =ç ÷ ´ YC = ç S ÷ ´ YS
A è LC ø è LS ø wire is (Take, Y = 2 ´ 1011 Nm -2)
where the subscripts C and S refer to copper and stainless steel, (a) 10 -2 m (b) 10 -1 m (c) 10 -3 m (d) 10 -5 m
respectively.
DLC æ YS ö æ LC ö Sol. (c) Total change in length of the wire is
= ç ÷ ´ç ÷ …(i) b-a r
DLS è YC ø è LS ø tan q = =
L x
Given, LC = 2.2 m,LS = 1.6 m Þ r = x tan q
DLC 2 ´ 10 11 2.2 a
= ´ = 2.5
DLS 1.1 ´ 10 11 1.6
x
The total elongation is given to be θ
dx
DLC + DLS = 7 ´ 10 -4 m …(ii) L r
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
DLC = 5 ´ 10 -4 m,
DLS = 2 ´ 10 -4 m b
F
324 JEE Main Physics

F dx DV Dp
Change in dx length of the wire is dy = × ´ 100% = - ´ 100%
Ry ( a + r) 2 V B
Fdx -4 ´ 10 9
or dy = = ´ 100%
Ry( a + x tan q) 2 8 ´ 10 10
So, change in overall length of the wire, 1
= - ´ 10%
DL F L dx 2
ò0 dy = pY ò0 ( a + x tan q) 2 = - 0.5 ´ 10% = - 5%
F æ 1 ö
L Now, V =l3 (for cube)
Dl = ç ÷
pY tan q è a + x tan q ø 0 Þ l = (V ) 1/3

FL Dl 1 æ DV ö
= Þ ´ 100% = ç ´ 100%÷
pa ( a + L tan q) Y l 3è V ø
FL 1
= (Q a + L tan q = b) = ( -5%) = -167
. %
p abY 3
3.14 ´ 9.8 ´ 10 So, length of cube will be decreased by 1.67%.
\ Dl =
3.14 ´ (9.8 ´ 10 –4) ´ 5 ´ 10 -4 ´ 2 ´ 10 11
Dl = 10 -3 m
Modulus of Rigidity
The ratio of tangential stress to shearing strain is known
as modulus of rigidity. It is also called shear modulus. It
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (K) is denoted by Greek letter h (eta). Thus,
It is defined as the ratio of the volumetric stress to the Tangential stress
h=
volumetric strain. It is denoted by K. Thus, Shearing strain
Volumetric stress Here, a body (shown) is acted upon by an external force
K =
Volumetric strain tangential to the surface of the body, the opposite face
Suppose a force F acts uniformly over the whole being kept fixed, its volume remains unchanged. Then,
surface of the sphere (shown), decreasing its volume by F
DV . Then, D D' C C'

F /A
K =
- DV /V
φ φ
- FV pV
or K = =- Fixed face
ADV DV A B
The negative sign indicates that on increasing stress, the F /A
volume of the sphere decreases. The units of bulk modulus h=
DD ¢/AD
are Pa or Nm–2 in SI system.
DD ¢
Compressibility (C) The reciprocal of the bulk modulus Here, tan f » f = [for small angle f]
of the material of the body is called the compressibility of AD
the material. Thus, F/ A
h=
1 -1 æ DV ö f
Compressibility (C ) = = ç ÷
K V è Dp ø or h=
F
–1
Its unit is N m or Pa 2 –1
in SI system. Af
The units of modulus of rigidity are Pa or Nm - 2 in SI
Note Young’s modulus and Bulk modulus for a perfectly rigid body is
infinity. system.

Note Modulus of rigidity (or shear modulus) is involved with solids only.
Example 9. A cube of metal is subjected to a hydrostatic Modulus of rigidity for a solid is generally less than its Young’s modulus.
pressure of 4 GPa. The percentage change in the length of the
side of the cube is close to Example 10. A square lead slab of side 50 cm and
(Take, Bulk modulus of metal, B = 8 ´ 1010 Pa) [JEE Main 2020] thickness 10 cm is subject to a shaping force (on its narrow
(a) 1.67 (b) 0.6 (c) 20 (d) 5 face) of 9 ´ 10 4 N. The lower edge is riveted to the floor. The
Dp DV Dp upper edge is displaced by (Take, G = 5.6 GPa) [NCERT]
Sol. (a) Bulk modulus, B = Þ =-
æ DV ö V B (a) 0.30 mm (b) 0.16 mm
ç- ÷
è V ø (c) 0.28 mm (d) 0.92 mm
Properties of Solids 325

Sol. (b) The lead slab is fixed and the force is applied parallel to Example 12. A tension of 20 N is applied to a wire of
the narrow face. The area of the face parallel to which this force is cross-sectional area 0.01 cm 2. The decrease in cross-sectional
applied is area is (Take, Young’s modulus of Cu = 1.1 ´ 1011 Nm -2 and
F
50 cm Poisson’s ratio = 0.32)
(a) 1.81 ´ 10 –4 cm2 (b) 1.16 ´ 10 –6 cm2
–8 2
(c) 2.81 ´ 10 cm (d) 5.23 ´ 10 –3 cm2
Dl F 20
Sol. (b) As, = = -6 = 1.81 ´ 10 –4
A = 50 cm ´ 10 cm = 0.5 m ´ 0.1m = 0.05 m 2 l AY 10 ´ 1.1 ´ 10 11
\ Stress applied = (9.4 ´ 10 4 N / 0.05 m2) Dr Dl
=s ´ = 0.32 ´ 1.81 ´ 10 –4
= 1.80 ´ 10 6 Nm–2 r l
Dx stress DA 2 Dr
We know that, shearing strain = = = = 2 ´ 0.32 ´ 1.81 ´ 10 –4
L G A r
Stress ´ L = 1.16 ´ 10 –4
\Displacement, Dx =
G
and DA = A (1.16 ´ 10 –4)
(1.8 ´ 10 6 ´ 0.5)
=
5.6 ´ 10 9 = 1.16 ´ 10 –6 cm2 [Q A = 0.01 cm2]
= 1.6 ´ 10 –4 m = 0.16 mm

Example 11. A 5 cm cube has its upper face displaced by Stress-Strain Relationship
0.2 cm by a tangential force of 8 N. The modulus of rigidity of For a small deformation (say < 0.01) the longitudinal
the material of cube is stress is proportional to the longitudinal strain. But
(a) 5 ´ 10 4 Nm-2 when the deformation is not small, the relation of stress
and strain is complicated.
(b) 6 ´ 10 4 Nm-2
(c) 7 ´ 10 4 Nm-2 Figure below shows qualitatively relation between the
stress and strain of a stretched metal wire when the load
(d) 8 ´ 10 4 Nm-2
is gradually increased in it.
Sol. (d) Here, l = 5 cm = 5 ´ 10 -2 m,
Dl = 0.2 cm = 0.2 ´ 10 –2 m, F = 8 N
D
Shearing stress
Modulus of rigidity, h =
Shearing strain AB
Stress

C Plastic
F F 8 behaviour
Hence, shearing stress = = 2 = = 3200 Nm–2
A l ( 5 ´ 10-2) 2
Dl 0.2 Elastic
Shearing strain = = = 0.04 behaviour
l 5
3200 O Strain
\ h= = 80000 Nm–2
0.04
= 8 ´ 10 4 Nm–2 In figure, A = proportional limit,
B = elastic limit,
Poisson’s Ratio (s) C = yield point (lower)
and D = fracture point.
The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is
● Point A is limit of proportionality and beyond which
constant for a given material. This constant is called as
Poisson’s ratio. linear variation of stress and strain ceases. Hooke’s law
is valid in region OA and it is also called linear elastic
Lateral strain æ - DR ö Dl
s= =ç ÷ region.
Longitudinal strain è R ø l ● Point B is elastic limit, i.e. the maximum stress upto

Here, negative sign shows that if the length increases, which a metal wire regains its original shape (length)
then the radius of wire decreases. Poisson’s ratio (s) has after removal of applied load. Region AB is called
no units and dimensions. non-linear elastic region.
1 ● Point C is called yield point, at this point yielding of
Theoretically, -1 < s =
2 the wires begins, i.e. even if the stretching force is
1 removed the wire does not come back to its original
Practically, 0 < s < while practically no substance has
2 length, some permanent increase in length takes place.
been found for which s is negative. The behaviour of wire is now plastic.
326 JEE Main Physics

● Point D is known as a fracture point. The stress ● The modulii of elasticity Y and h exist only for solids as
corresponding to this point is called breaking stress, liquids and gases cannot be deformed along one
region BD represents plastic region. dimension only and also cannot sustain shear strain.
If large deformation takes place between elastic limit and However, K exists for all states of matter, i. e. solid,
the fracture point, the material is called ductile. If it liquid and gas.
breaks soon after the elastic limit is crossed, it is called ● Gases being most compressible are least elastic while
brittle. solids are most, i.e. the bulk modulus of gases is very
low while that for liquids and solids is very high. i.e.
Note Elastic limit is the property of a body whereas elasticity is
Esolid > E liquid > E gas
the property of material of a body.
● If a liquid of density r, volume V and Bulk modulus K
Example 13. The strain-stress curves of three wires of is compressed, then its density increases.
different materials are shown in the figure. P, Q and R are the M
As density, r =
elastic limits of the wires, the figure shows that V
Dr DV
Y So, =- ...(i)
P r V
Q
Strain

R
But by definition of Bulk modulus,
-V D p
K =-
X DV
Stress
DV Dp
Þ = ...(ii)
(a) elasticity of wire P is maximum V K
(b) elasticity of wire Q is maximum From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(c) elasticity of wire R is maximum Dr r ¢ - r Dp
(d) None of the above = =
r r K
Sol. (c) As stress is shown on X-axis and strain on Y-axis. æ Dp ö
1 1
or r ¢ = r ç1 + ÷ = r (1 + C Dp)
So, we can say that y = cot q = = è K ø
tan q slope
So, elasticity of wire P is minimum and of wire R is maximum. Work Done or Potential Energy Stored in
Important Points for Modulus of Elasticity (Y, a Stretched Wire
K and h ) When a wire is stretched, work is done against the
interatomic forces. This work is stored in the wire in the
● The value of modulus of elasticity (Y, K and h ) is form of elastic potential energy.
independent of the magnitude of the stress and strain.
It depends only on the nature of the material of the Let us consider a wire of length l and the cross-sectional
body. area A. If a force F acts along the length of the wire and
stretches it by x, then
● There are three modulii of elasticity, i. e. Y, K and h
Stress F/ A Fl
while elastic constants are four, i. e. Y, K, h and s. Y = = =
Poisson’s ratio s is not modulus of elasticity as it is the Strain x / l Ax
ratio of two strains and not of stress to strain. YA
F= x
Elastic constants are found to depend on each other l
through the relations So, work done for an additional small increase dx in length,
Y = 3K (1 - 2s ) and Y = 2h (1 + s ) dW = F dx = (YA / l ) x dx
Eliminating s or Y between these, we get So, total work done in increasing the length by Dl,
9 Kh 3 K - 2h Dl YA
Y = and s = W =ò x dx
0 l
3K + h 6 K + 2h
1 YA
● The modulii of elasticity has same dimensional formula W = ( Dl )2
2 l
and units as that of stress, since strain is
dimensionless, i.e. the dimensional formula for Y, K or \Work done per unit volume,
2
h is [ML–1T –2 ], while unit is dyne cm–2 or Nm–2. W 1 æ Dl ö 1
= Y ç ÷ = Y (strain)2
● Greater the value of modulii of elasticity, more elastic V 2 è l ø 2
æ1ö 1 æ1ö æ Dl ö
is the material. As Y µ ç ÷ , K µ and h µ ç ÷ . çQV = Al and strain = ÷
è Dl ø DV è fø è l ø
Properties of Solids 327

W 1 Example 15. A boy’s catapult is made of rubber cord

or = Y ´ Strain ´ Strain
V 2 which is 42 cm long, with 6 mm diameter of cross-section and
æ Stress ö of negligible mass. The boy keeps a stone weighing 0.02 kg
çQY = or Y ´ Strain = Stress÷
è Strain ø on it and stretches the cord by 20 cm by applying a constant
W 1 force. When released the stone flies off with a velocity of
or = ´ Stress ´ Strain 20 ms-1. Neglect the change in the area of cross-section of the
V 2
W 1 F Dl cord while stretched. The Young’s modulus of rubber is
or = ´ closest to [JEE Main 2019]
Al 2 A l
1 (a) 10 6Nm-2 (b) 10 4Nm-2 (c) 10 8Nm-2 (d) 10 3Nm-2
or W = F Dl
2 Sol. (a) When rubber cord is stretched, it stores potential energy
1 and when released, this potential energy is given to the stone as
W = Load ´ Elongation kinetic energy.
2
Thus, stored elastic energy is m
1 Rubber v
U = Stress ´ Strain ´ Volume cord L
2
1
U = Y (Strain)2 ´ Volume
2
So, potential energy of stretched cord
1
U = Load ´ Elongation = kinetic energy of stone
2 2
1 æ DL ö 1
Þ Y ç ÷ A × L = mv 2
Example 14. Two steel wires having same length are 2 è L ø 2
suspended from a ceiling under the same load. If the ratio of Here, DL = 20 cm = 0.2 m, L = 42 cm = 0.42 m,
their energy stored per unit volume is 1 : 4, the ratio of their v = 20 ms -1, m = 0.02 kg
diameters is [JEE Main 2020] d = 6 mm = 6 ´ 10 -3m
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 2
æd ö
2
æ 6 ´ 10 -3 ö
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 \ A = pr 2 = p ç ÷ = p ç ÷
è2ø è 2 ø
Sol. (a) Elastic potential energy stored in a loaded wire,
= p(3 ´ 10 -3) 2
1
U = (Stress × Strain × Volume) = 9p ´ 10 -6 m 2
2
\Energy stored per unit volume, On substituting values, we get
U 1 mv 2L 0.02 ´ (20) 2 ´ 0.42
u= = × Stress × Strain Y= =
Volume 2 A( DL) 2 9p ´ 10 -6 ´ (0.2) 2
2
1æFö 1 » 3.0 ´ 10 6Nm-2
= ç ÷ ´
2 è Aø Y So, the closest value of Young’s modulus is10 6 Nm -2.
Here, both wires are of same material and under same load, so
the ratio of stored energies per unit volume, for both the wires
will be
Thermal Stresses and Strains
When a body is allowed to expand or contract with
1 F2
× increasing temperature or decreasing temperature, no
uA 2Y AA2 A2 stresses are induced in the body.
= 2
= B2
uB 1 F AA But if the deformation of the body is prevented, some
×
2Y AB2 stresses are induced in the body. Such stresses are called
æ thermal stresses or temperature stresses. The
uA dB4 d2ö
Þ = çQ A = p ÷ corresponding strains are called thermal strains or
uB d A4 è 4ø temperature strains.
uA 1
Here, = l, α, Y, A
uB 4 A B
dB4 1 d 1
So, = or B =
d A4 4 dA 2
dA A
Þ = 2 :1
dB ∆l
328 JEE Main Physics

A body having linear dimensions is shown in above Also, thermal strain in rod is obtained by using formula for
figure. expansion in rod,
Let the temperature of the rod be increased by an Dl = l a DT
amount t. The length of the rod would increase by an Dl
Thermal strain, = a DT …(ii)
amount Dl, if it is not fixed at two supports. Here, l
Dl = l at From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
F
But since the rod is fixed at the supports, a compressive = aT [Q DT = T ]
strain will be produced in the rod. pr 2 Y
F
Because at the increased temperature, the natural length Þ a= 2
of the rod is l + Dl, while being fixed at two supports, its pr YT
actual length is l. Hence, thermal strain, Hence, coefficient of volume temperature expansion of rod is
Dl l at 3F
e= = = at g = 3a = 2
l l pr YT
or e = at Example 17. A rod of length L at room temperature and
Therefore, thermal stress, uniform area of cross-section A, is made of a metal having
S = Ye (QStress = Y ´ Strain) coefficient of linear expansion a / °C. It is observed that an
or S = Yat external compressive force F, is applied on each of its ends,
prevents any change in the length of the rod, when its
Example 16. A uniform cylindrical rod of length L and temperature rises by DT K. Young’s modulus Y for this metal is
radius r, is made from a material whose Young’s modulus of [JEE Main 2019]
elasticity equals Y. When this rod is heated by temperature T F F
(a) (b)
and simultaneously subjected to a net longitudinal 2Aa DT Aa( DT - 273)
compressional force F, its length remains unchanged. The 2F F
(c) (d)
coefficient of volume temperature expansion of the material AaDT AaDT
of the rod, is (nearly) equal to [JEE Main 2019]
Sol. (d) If a rod of length L and coefficient of linear expansion
(a) 9F / ( pr 2 YT) a/° C, then with the rise in temperature by DT K, its change in
(b) 6F / ( pr 2 YT) length is given as
(c) 3F / ( pr 2 YT) DL = L a DT
(d) F / (3pr 2 YT) DL
Þ = a DT ...(i)
L
Sol. (c) As length of rod remains unchanged, Also, when a rod is subjected to some compressive force (F), then
its’ Young’s modulus is given as
F F F
Stress
Y= = A
Strain caused by compressive forces is equal and opposite to the Strain DL
thermal strain. L
Now, compressive strain is obtained by using formula for Young’s DL F
= ...(ii)
modulus, L YA
F Since, it is given that the length of the rod does not change. So,
Y= A from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Dl
F
l a DT =
YA
Dl F F
Compressive strain, = = …(i) F
l AY pYr 2 Þ Y=
Aa DT