( Chapter- 01 ) Introduc on to Robo cs

1. What is Robo cs?

 A robot is a machine that can do tasks on its own, or with some help from humans.

 We can give a robot instruc ons (a program) to tell it what to do.

 Robots can move, pick up things, or even talk, depending on how they are built.

 Many robots have sensors to see, hear, or feel what's around them.

 Robots have a "brain" (like a computer) that helps them make decisions based on their program and
what their sensors tell them.

 Robots need energy to work, usually from ba eries or electricity.

 Robots come in many forms, like those that look like humans, cars that drive themselves, or machines
that work in factories.

2. Types of Robots

 Industrial Robots
Used in factories for tasks like assembly, welding, and pain ng.

 Service Robots
Used for tasks like cleaning, delivering goods, and assis ng in healthcare.

 Mobile Robots
These robots can move around in their environment, including autonomous cars and drones.

 Humanoid Robots
Robots that resemble human beings and can perform tasks like humans.

 Educa onal Robots

Robots designed for teaching programming, engineering, and robo cs itself, such as LEGO Mindstorms.

3. Basic Components of a Robot

 Sensors: Sensors allow the robot to gather informa on from its environment. Examples include
cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and touch sensors.

 Actuators: Actuators are the components that move the robot or its parts. These include motors and
servos.

 Control System: The brain of the robot, typically a microcontroller or computer, that processes sensor
data and controls actuators.

 Power Supply: Robots require a power source, such as ba eries or solar panels.

ROBOTICS LAB | D’Robo Zone

( Chapter- 02 ) Computer Systems
A computer system consists of hardware and so ware.

1. Hardware: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer or any other electronic device that
you can touch and see.

Examples:

 Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone (used to give commands to the computer).

 Output Devices: Monitor, printer, speakers (used to display or output the results of the computer's
processing).

 Processing Unit: Central Processing Unit (CPU), o en called the "brain" of the computer, processes
data and instruc ons.

 Storage Devices: Hard drive, SSD (used to store data and programs permanently).

 Memory: RAM (Random Access Memory), temporarily stores data and instruc ons that the CPU needs
while working.

2. So ware: So ware is a collec on of instruc ons or programs that tell the hardware what to do. It is the non-
physical part of a computer.

Or, It is consist of computer programs that instruct the execu on of a computers

 Types of So ware:

 System So ware: The most important so ware that manages hardware and so ware
resources, examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.

 Applica on So ware: Programs that help users do specific tasks like word processing
(Microso Word), browsing the internet (Google Chrome), or playing games.

ROBOTICS LAB | D’Robo Zone

 Examples of So ware:
 Mobile Applica ons: WhatsApp, Instagram, Google Maps

 Web Applica ons: Facebook (www.facebook.com), Amazon (www.amazon.com),

YouTube (www.youtube.com)

 Gaming So ware: Free fire, GTA, Call of Duty

 Opera ng Systems: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS

ROBOTICS LAB | D’Robo Zone

( Chapter- 03 ) Introduc on of Programing
Computer Programs: A computer program is a set of instruc ons that execute the computers.

1. Why is Programming Important?

Programming allows us to create so ware, apps, websites, and games. It's how we make computers do
things, from simple tasks like adding numbers to complex ones like controlling a robot.

2. How Does Programming Work?

1. Wri ng Code: Programmers write instruc ons, called code, in a programming language.
2. Execu ng Code: The computer follows these instruc ons step by step to complete the task.
3. Debugging: If something goes wrong, programmers find and fix the errors in the code, a process
called debugging.

Computer Languages:
To communicate with a computer, users need a language that the computer can understand. Different
languages have been developed to perform various tasks on a computer. These languages are mainly divided
into two categories based on how they are interpreted.

Low-Level Languages
 Low-level languages are closer to the machine's hardware and offer less abstrac on. They provide
more control over hardware but are harder to read and write.

High-Level Languages
 High-level computer languages are designed to be easy to understand, using English-like words and
symbols.
 Each instruc on wri en in a high-level language is need to convert into machine language, which the
computer can understand and execute.

ROBOTICS LAB | D’Robo Zone

Machine Language: Machine language is the simplest and most basic computer language. Computers can only
understand this language, which uses 0s and 1s (binary code).

The number "0" means no electric signal, and "1" means there is an electric signal. Computers recognize these
signals and understand machine language.

Computer Programming Language:

 A specific type of computer language designed to create so ware by providing instruc ons that a
computer can execute.

 These languages are used to write algorithms and logic to perform specific tasks.

Side-by-side comparison between Machine Language and Computer Programing language

Aspect Machine Language Computer Programming Language

The lowest-level programming language A higher-level language used to write so ware

Defini on
in binary code programs
Human Readability Not human-readable (binary code) Human-readable (using words and symbols)

Execu on Executed directly by the computer's Needs to be translated (compiled/interpreted) into

hardware machine language
Speed Fastest execu on, no transla on
Slightly slower due to the transla on process
needed
Example 10110000 01100001 prin ("Hello, World!"); in c- language

Portable, can run on different hardware with

Portability Not portable, specific to hardware/CPU
minimal changes

ROBOTICS LAB | D’Robo Zone

Compiler / Interpreter:
Both compilers and interpreters are tools used to convert programs wri en in high-level languages into
machine code that a computer can understand and execute.

Aspect Compiler Interpreter

How It Works Translates the entire program into

Translates and runs the program line by line.
machine code at once.

Execution Time Takes time to translate before running, but Runs the program as it translates, which can be slower.
the program runs faster once translated.

Error Handling Shows all errors after translating the whole Shows errors one at a time, as it runs through the
program. program.

Example Languages C, C++ Python, JavaScript

Use Case Good for creating software that needs to Good for testing and debugging code easily.
run quickly.
Development You need to recompile every time you
You can test parts of the code without recompiling.
Process make changes.

File Extension
A file extension is a suffix at the end of a file name that indicates the type of files and folders.

It's usually is in small le ers or numbers a er a dot (.)

Examples:

 .txt – Text File (plain text)

 .docx – Microso Word Document

 .jpg or .png – Image Files

 .mp3 – Audio File

 .mp4 – Video File

 .pdf – Portable Document Format

 .html – HyperText Markup Language (web page)

 .c – for C- language

 .exe – for So ware in windows

ROBOTICS LAB | D’Robo Zone

( Chapter- 04 ) Introduc on to C- Language

1. What is C-Language?
C is a general-purpose, middle-level and procedural programming language that was developed in 1972 by
Dennis Ritchie at AT&T's Bell Labs in the USA.

It's widely used because it’s simple, efficient, and provides control over the system's resources. C is o en
considered the founda on for many other programming languages like C++, Java, and Python.

1. General-Purpose: It means that C can be used to create a wide variety of programs, from opera ng
systems to simple games, making it suitable for almost any type of so ware development.

C – language is used in – Opera ng System, Game Developments, Database System,

Embedded systems, Iot( Internet of Things ) and many so ware applica ons

2. Middle-Level: C is called a middle-level language because it combines features of both high-level

languages (like Python) that are easy to read and write, and low-level languages (like Assembly) that
are closer to the machine's hardware.

3. Procedural: This means that C programs are built around procedures, also known as func ons, which
are blocks of code that perform specific tasks. These func ons are called and executed in a specific
order to complete a program.

2. Why we Learn C-Language?

 Founda on for Other Languages: Learning C helps us to understand how computers work and is a
great star ng point for learning other languages.

 System Programming: C is used for developing opera ng systems, embedded systems, and other
system-level applica ons.

 Speed and Efficiency: Programs wri en in C are fast and efficient, making it ideal for resource-
constrained applica ons.

Variable:-
A variable is a name given to a memory
loca on in Programs that holds a value.

Variables allow you to store and manipulate

data in a program.

Here's a simple overview of variables in C:

int age = 15;

float temperature = 36.5;
char grade = 'A';

ROBOTICS LAB | D’Robo Zone

What is Data types?
 Data types define the type of data that a variable can hold.
 They help the compiler to understand, how much memory to allocate for the variable and how to
interpret the data.

Basic Data Types:

Data Type Size (in bytes) Range Format Specifier

char 1 byte -128 to 127 or 0 to 255 %c

int 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767 %d or %i

float 4 bytes 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38 %f

double 8 bytes 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308 %lf

void 0 bytes N/A (no storage) N/A

Basic Programs:
 #include <stdio.h>: Includes the library
for input/output func ons like prin .

 int main() { }: The main func on where

the program begins.

 return 0; : Ends the program and returns

control to the system.

ROBOTICS LAB | D’Robo Zone