Scribd
Upload
12 views

Lecture 2

The document outlines a series of lectures on embryology, covering topics such as gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, and mesodermal differentiation. It details the phases of embryonic development, including the pre-embryonic, embryonic, and fetal phases, and describes the formation of germ layers and organ systems. Additionally, it references various embryology texts and emphasizes the importance of understanding ontogenetic development from fertilization to organogenesis.

Uploaded by

philomenaobansa5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Lecture 2

The document outlines a series of lectures on embryology, covering topics such as gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, and mesodermal differentiation. It details the phases of embryonic development, including the pre-embryonic, embryonic, and fetal phases, and describes the formation of germ layers and organ systems. Additionally, it references various embryology texts and emphasizes the importance of understanding ontogenetic development from fertilization to organogenesis.

Uploaded by

philomenaobansa5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 117

LECTURES 1, 2 and 3

Lecture 1 (40 minutes)


a. Introduction
b. Gametogenesis
c. Fertilization
d. Cleavage

Lecture 2 (40 minutes)


Gastrulation

Lecture 3 (40 minutes)


a. Neurulation
b. Mesodermal differentiation
DE DO DO DO DE DA DA DA (THE POLICE - 1979)

DON’T THINK ME UNKIND


WORDS ARE HARD TO FIND
THEY’RE ONLY CHEQUES I’VE LEFT UNSIGNED
FROM THE BANKS OF CHAOS IN MY MIND
AND WHEN THEIR ELEQUENCE ESCAPES ME
THEIR LOGIC TIES ME UP AND RAPES ME

DE DO DO DO DE DA DA DA
IS ALL I WANT TO SAY TO YOU
DE DO DO DO DE DA DA DA
THEIR INNOCENCE WILL PULL ME THROUGH
DE DO DO DO DE DA DA DA
IS ALL I WANT TO SAY TO YOU
DE DO DO DO DE DA DA DA
THEY’RE MEANINGLESS AND ALL THAT’S TRUE

POETS, PRIESTS AND POLITICIANS


HAVE WORDS TO THANK FOR THEIR POSITIONS
WORDS THAT SCREAM FOR YOUR SUBMISSION
AND NO-ONE’S JAMMING THEIR TRANSMISSION
‘COS WHEN THEIR ELOQUENCE ESCAPES YOU
THEIR LOGIC TIES YOU UP AND RAPES YOU
INTRODUCTORY
EMBRYOLOGY
Gerneke, W.H. (1982) Veeartsenykundige Embrio-
logie. Published and distributed by the author.
Noden, D.M. and De Lahunta, A. (1985) The
Embryology of Domestic Animals. Williams and
Wilkins, Baltimore.
Latshaw, W.K. (1987) Veterinary Developmental
Anatomy. B.C. Decker Inc., Toronto.
Medical Embryology Texts eg.
Sadler, T.W. (1990) Langman’s Medical
Embryology, 6th Edition, Williams and
Wilkins, Baltimore.
The process of development which an individual
undergoes, from fertilization to death, is an un-
interrupted, correlated series of changes
referred to as its ontogenetic development or
ontogeny.

Prenatal period Postnatal period


Embryology confined to study of
Prenatal Development

Pre-embryonic Phase
Embryonic Phase
Fetal Phase
Pre-embryonic Phase

Study of Gametogenesis
Formation and Morphology of the
male (sperm) and female (ovum)
gametes
Embryonic Phase (Four Stages)

A. Fertilization
B. Cleavage
C. Gastrulation
D. Development of Body Form
(Embryonic phase ends when organ
primordia appear)
A. FERTILIZATION
At ovulation the ovum is surrounded by a Zona
pellucida and the Corona radiata

Carnivores - ovulated ovum is a primary


ovocyte

Ungulates - ovulated ovum is a secondary


ovocyte

The fertilized ovum is known as a zygote


New Scientist – 26 April 2003
New Scientist – 18 October 2003
B. CLEAVAGE
Involves division of zygote (mitosis) to form an
embryo

Mammalian ova are oligolecithal (small amount


of yolk) and isolecithal (yolk evenly distributed.
Cleavage is thus equal and holoblastic
Ova of birds, reptiles, higher fishes are
polylecithal (abundant yolk) and telolecithal
(yolk concentrated at vegetal pole). Cleavage is
thus partial or meroblastic
During cleavage vertical and horizontal divisions occur
until the 16 – 64 cell stage is reached. Embryo now has a
mulberry-like appearance (referred to as a morula)
Transformation of morula to a blastocyst
Formation of fluid-filled spaces between the cells of the
morula
Spaces coalesce to form large fluid-filled cavity, the
blastocyst cavity
Mammalian blastocyst – transverse section

Bovine blastocyst – about 13 days old. NB! Differs


in shape in various animals
GASTRULATION
Formation (Differentiation) of the 3 basic
germ layers:
Ectoderm - receive stimuli, protection
Mesoderm - support, movement,
excretion, reproduction
Endoderm - digestion, respiration
Gastrulation is divided into 3 stages:
Stage I
A. Hypoblast formation - delamination of embryoblast cells
B. Embryonal disc formation
Stage II
Primitive Streak Formation (PSF)
Stage III (essentially a continuation of PSF)
Involves the involution (moving inwards) of cells and
formation of the notochord:

A. Cell involution
1. Endoderm formation
2. Mesoderm formation
Primitive streak formation

Cross-sectional view
Surface view
Stage III
(essentially a
continuation of
PSF)
B. Notochord
formation
Stage III (essentially a continuation of PSF)
B. Notochord formation
Stage IV

Simultaneous differentiation of the mesoderm and


neurulation

1. Neurulation
Formation of the neural tube under the inductive
influence of the notochord
Stage IV

2. Initial differentiation of the mesoderm

Paraxial mesoderm - Somites

Lateral mesoderm - Splanchnic and somatic

Head mesoderm - U-tube (pleuropericardial


coelom) formation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
LECTURES 4, 5 and 6 (3 X 40 min)

Development of body form

a. Body and amnion folds (chorio-amniotic folds)

b Nervous system

c. Cardio-vascular system

d. Digestive system

e. Uro-genital system

f. Head and face development

g. Tail and limb formation


D. Development of body form
Appearance of organ primordia - marks
transition from embryonal phase to fetal phase.
1. Cylindrical Body Formation
Rapid growth of embryonal tissues
Formation of body folds (+ amniotic folds)

Results in:
Defining cylindrical shape of body
Formation of primitive gut
Formation of umbilical cord
Correct positioning of heart, oropharyngeal and
cloacal membranes
Formation of chorion and amnion
Further development of the
Nervous System
Development of the Brain: Summary

Telencephalon Cerebral Hemispheres

Prosencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon Cerebellum & Pons

Rhombencephalon

Myelencephalon Medulla oblongata


Initial development of Cardio-
Vascular System
Further development of the
Digestive System
Stomodeum (Oral cavity)
Proctodeum (Anal canal)
Initial development of the
Urogenital System
Labio-scrotal swellings
Genital tubercule (phallus)
Allantois (Proximal segment forms
bladder)
Umbilicus
Development of the head and face
Formation of the eyes

Rathke’s pouch, Seessel’s pouch

Pharyngeal pouches, arches, grooves and


membranes Face formation

Formation of the ear


Formation of the tail
Longitudinal Section
Formation of the limbs
Equine - 25 days
Equine – 27 days
Equine – 31.5 days
Equine – 34 days
Equine – 38 days
Equine – 40 days
Fetal Phase
Development of organ primordia

Organogenesis

Teratology

You might also like