Waves and Oscillations

Dr. Sabyasachi Bagchi

Associate Professor – Physics
&
Head
Department of Basic Engineering Sciences & Humanities
Netaji Subhash Engineering College
Techno City, Garia, Kolkata - 700152
West Bengal, India
 Motion of a Physical System

Translational Vibrational Rotational

Periodic Motion: A motion that repeats itself at regular time interval

Example: Motion of hands of a clock, Motion of ceiling fan, etc

Vibratory or Oscillatory Motion: Periodic motion, where a body moves

back and forth along same path
Example: Bob of a pendulum clock, prongs of tuning fork, Piston of an automobile engine,
atoms in a solid, radio waves, micro waves, visible light (oscillating electric and magnetic fields)

Application in understanding of:

Mechanical Acoustical

Electrical and Atomic systems

 Simple Harmonic Motion (S. H. M)
Simplest and smoothest oscillatory motion of systems having one degree of freedom
Example: Simple pendulum oscillating in a plane

Motion of a mass attached to a spring

Circuit involving a capacitor and an inductor

 Few terms related with S H M

Amplitude Period Frequency Phase Epoch

The motion of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from a particle having
uniform circular motion, on any of the diameters of the circular path may
be shown to execute a S H M

A’ A
The foot of the perpendicular M or N drawn from P or Q respectively on the diameter
AA’ moves from A to A’, reverses its direction and comes back to A along the same
path and again starts for A’. M, N represents different positions of the foot of the
perpendicular corresponding to P, Q, representing different positions of the particle
with respect to time.

Let the particle moves uniformly with an angular velocity  starting from P and come
to a point Q after time t.

Then angle QOA = t + .

QN is the perpendicular drawn from Q to AA’.

The displacement of N from mean position is given by x  aCos(t   )

dx
Hence velocity, =   aSin(t   )
dt
2
d x
and acceleration =
2
  2
aCos (t   )
dt
 d 2x
So, m 2  m 2 x   x  F  Force
dt
Where m = mass of the particle and   m 2

Hence, force is directed towards the mean position , given by ‘ – ‘ sign and is
proportional to displacement
 Problem 1:

9 Kg Mercury is poured into a glass U-tube with a uniform internal diameter of

1.2 cm. it oscillates freely about its equilibrium position. Compute the time period
of oscillation of the Mercury column.

Let L be the height of Mercury column in each arm of the U-tube.

If A is the area of cross-section of the arms and ρ is the density

of Mercury, then,
L

2LAρ = 9 Kg
9
 L=
2 Aρ
1.2 2 1.2 2
Now,A=π( ) =3.14( ) =1.1304X10 -4 m 2
2 2
and ρ=13.6X10 -3 Kgm -3
 9
L -4 -3
 2.927 m
2 X 1.1304X 10 X 13.6X 10

Hence, the period of oscillation,

L 2.927
T=2π =2X3.14X =3.43s.
g 9.8
 Factors responsible for oscillations

Elasticity Inertia

Restoring Force Displacement

&
Velocity

Characteristics of S H M
1. Restoring force is proportional to the displacement from the mean position and
opposes its increment

2. Restoring force is directed to the mean position

F=-µx

F is Restoring force, µ is constant and x is displacement

 General equation of S H M

Force F =
d 2x
d 2 x m 2
m    x ….(1)
dt 2 dt
d 2
x  ….(2)
 2
 n 2
x  0 , n 2

dt m

t
Let x  Ae be a trial solution

Then, dx t
 Ae  x
dt
d 2x t
2
  Ae   x
2 2

dt
Substituting in original equation,

 2
x  n2x  0
or ,  2
 n 2
 0
or ,  2
 n 2
    in
 int
Hence, solution is x  A1e  A2 e
int
where A1 and A2 are constants

By, De Moiver’s theorem,

x  A1 (Cosnt  iSinnt )  A2 (Cosnt  iSinnt )

 ( A1  A2 )Cosnt  i ( A1  A2 ) Sinnt  ACosnt  BSinnt ….(3)

Where A = (A1 + A2) and B = i(A1 – A2) are both constants

Let A  aCos and B  aSin
 B
a  A2  B 2 and   tan 1
A
x  aCos  Cosnt  aSin  Sinnt
 x  aCos ( nt   ) ….(4)
If T is the period of oscillation, then, xt  xt T
 aCos ( nt   )  aCos { n ( t  T )   }
2 m
 nT  2   T   2
n 
2 is frequency, also denoted by 
n 
T
At t  0, x  aCos    Cos 1 x  a Epoch = Initial phase

To evaluate a, we must evaluate A and B.

Referring to equation (3),
dxt
at t  0, xt  x0  ACos 0  BSin0  A,  xt    AnSinnt  BnCosnt
dt
  
At
t  0 , x t  x 0  AnSin 0  BnCos 0  Bn

x0
B 
n

x0 ….(5)
 x t  x 0 Cosnt  Sinnt
n

xt  x0Cosnt indicates that the motion starts with an initial

displacement (as in the case of a simple pendulum)

xt 
x0
Sinnt indicates that the motion starts with an initial
n velocity (as in the case of a pendulum when being 
struck with a hammer to produce an initial velocity x 0)
 Energy of S H M
Force is µx for displacement x
Then if particle is further displaced by dx, work done against this force is µxdx
And is stored as potential energy. Hence total

x
x 2
1 ….(6)
Potential Energy (P. E.)    xdx   x 2

0
2 2

1 dx 2
Kinetic Energy (K. E.)  m( )
2 dt

Total Energy = Potential Energy (P. E.) +Kinetic Energy (K. E.)
1 1 dx 2
  x 2
 m( )
2 2 dt
For ideal system with no loss in energy, the total energy remains constant
So,

d 1 dx 2 1
[ m( )  μx 2 ]  0
dt 2 dt 2
1 dx d 2 x μ dx
or, m2  2x  0
2 dt dt 2 2 dt
d 2x dx ….(7)
 (m 2
 μx)  0
dt dt
dx
Now, 0
dt

d 2x
 n 2
x  0 , having solution x  aCos ( nt   )
dt 2
Kinetic Energy (K. E.) 1 dx 2 1 2 2 2
 m( )  mn a Sin (nt  )
2 dt 2

1
Maximum K. E.  mn 2 a 2 , when Sin ( nt   )  1
2

Again,
1
Potential Energy (P. E.)  x 2 
1 a 2
Cos 2
( nt   )
2 2
1
 ma 2
n 2 Cos 2
( nt   )
2

Maximum P. E. 
1
mn 2 a 2 , when Cos ( nt   )  1
2
Average kinetic energy is kinetic energy over one complete oscillation

T
1 dx 2
2
m  (
dt
) dt
K.E.  0
T

T
 dt
0
m
 n ( nt   ) dt
2 2 2
a Sin
2T 0

2 2
mn a 1
  ( K.E. ) max
4 2
Average potential energy is potential energy over one complete oscillation

T
μx 2
0 2 dt
P.E.  T

 dt
0
T
mn 2
  a 2 Cos ( nt   ) dt
2

2T 0

mn 2 a 2 1
  ( P.E. ) max
4 2
 Total average energy
2 2 2 2
mn a mn a
K.E.  P.E.  
4 4
2 2
mn a
  (P.E.)max  (K.E.)max
2

Potential Kinetic
Superposition of Two SHMs Acting at Right Angles
to Each other
A. Oscillations having Same Frequencies

Let two SHMs acting at right angles be represented by the equations

x  aC os ( t   1 ) ………..(13)

y  bC os ( t   2 ) ………..(14)
From (14) we can write
y
 C o s ( t   1   2   1 )  C o s ( t   1   )
b
w h ere ,    2   1 is the phase difference between the two SHMs
 y
  Cos (t  1 )Cos  Sin(t  1 ) Sin
b
Using (13) we can write,

y x x2
 C o s  1 2
S in
b a a
 x y 
2
 x2 
  C o s    1  2  S i n 2

 a b  
 a 
x2 y2 2 xy
 2
 2
 C o s  S in 2  ……….(15)
a b ab
This equation (15) is the equation of an ellipse bounded within a rectangle of
sides 2a and 2b. The major axis of the ellipse makes an angle θ with the X axis,
which is given by:

2ab
tan 2  Cos ……….(16)
a 2  b2
Case 1: If δ = δ2 – δ1 = 0, the two SHMs are in phase, then equation (15) reduces to:

x2 y 2
2 xy
2
   0
a b2 ab
2
 x y 
     0
 a b 
b
This represents a pair of coincident straight lines y x passing through
a
the origin and inclined to X axis at an angle tan 1 ( b )
a
Case 2: If δ = π, then equation (15) becomes:

2
 x y
a  b   0
 
This equation represents a pair of coincident straight lines passing through the
origin, inclined to the X axis at an angle θ given by:

  tan 1 ( b )
a
Case 3: If δ = π/2, then equation (15) becomes:

2 2
x y
2
 2
1
a b
This is the equation of an ellipse with semi axes a and b along the coordinate axes

If a = b, the ellipse becomes a circle

Lissajous Figures
B. Oscillations having Slightly Different Frequencies

Let two rectangular SHMs having slightly different frequencies be represented by:

x  aCos (t  1 ) ……….(17)

y  bC os[(   )t   2 ) ……….(18)
Equation (18) can be rewritten as

y  bCos (t  1   ) ……….(19)

where,   t   2  1 is phase difference between two SHMs

Hence the resultant pattern can be given by (15), but δ is not constant with time as
earlier and it varies with time
So, the resultant patterns will be similar to that when the two frequencies are
equal, but due to the variation of the phase difference δ with time, the pattern
changes with time

As δ changes from 0 to 2π the resultant pattern goes through all the phases
shown in Lissajous figure

As δ goes on changing with time, the whole pattern will be repeated in a

cyclic fashion.

The cycle changes in time T given by:

 (t  T )   (t )  2
   T  2
2 1
 T   ………..(20)
 
 SHM in a LC Circuit

K1 This is a LC circuit where an inductor is connected in

parallel with a capacitor
K2 As K2 is pressed, the capacitor gets charged.
On the release of K2 the battery gets out of the
q/C Є circuit and now if K1 is pressed the capacitor starts
L -L (di/dt) discharging.

At time t, V= q/C is the voltage across the capacitor, the induced emf across the
inductor L is L di/dt, i being the current in the circuit.

From Kirchhoff’s law,

q di d2q
So, = -L = -L 2
C dt dt
2
d q q
 2 + =0
dt LC
 2
d q
 2
  2
q  0,
dt
1
w here, 2

LC
This is similar to the differential equation of a SHM.

So the LC circuit is an oscillatory circuit similar to that of a simple harmonic

oscillator executing SHM
1
  is the frequency
LC
Period  T  2  L C
 q  q0Cos (t   )
dq
i    q0 Sin(t   )
dt
 i  i0 Sin(t   )
where, i0   q0 is the maximum current in the circuit
 Free Vibrations
Vibration of a body, completely free from any external force. It is also called
Natural vibration.
A force acts initially to initiate the motion, but ceases to act subsequently.

Damped Oscillations
Oscillations of decreasing amplitude. The initial energy supplied to the
system is used up in doing work against the damping force of the medium
as well as other frictional forces

Let x be the displacement of the particle in motion, from the mean position at time t,
executing damped oscillation.
The force acting on the particle are:
(i) Force of restitution or restoring force = -µx
(ii) Retarding force or damping force which is proportional to the velocity of the
particle and is given by K dx
dt
Hence the equation of motion is given by:

d 2x dx d 2x  k dx
m 2   x  k  2  x
dt dt dt m m dt
2
d x dx
 2  2b  n 2 x  0 ….(1)
dt dt
k 
where, 2b  and n 
2
are resistive force per unit mass per
m m unit velocity and force of restitution
per unit mass per unit displacement

Let x  e t be a trial solution

dx
   et   x
dt
d 2x t
2
  e2
  x2

dt
 Substituting these values in equation (1) we get:

  2b  n  0    b  b  n
2 2 2 2

The general solution of the equation is given by

(  b  b 2  n 2 )t (  b  b 2  n 2 )t
x  A1e  A2 e
bt b2 n2 t  b2 n2 t
or , x  e [ A1e  A2 e ] ….(2)

where A1 and A2 are constants

Case 1: When b  n, i.e., damping force is small

b  n 0  b  n  i n  b
2 2 2 2 2 2
 The equation (2) reduces to

 bt i n 2 b 2 t i n 2 b 2 t
xe [ A1e  A2 e ]
 e  bt [( A1  A2 )Cos n 2  b 2 t  i ( A1  A2 ) Sin n 2  b 2 t ]
 bt
 x  e [ ACos n  b t  BSin n  b t ] 2 2 2 2
….(3)

Let A  PCos
B  PSin
 bt
The solution becomes x  Pe Cos[ n  b t   ] 2 2
….(4)

B
where P  A  B and tan 
2 2

A
 Differentiating equation (3),

bt
x  be { ACos n  b t  BSin n  b t} 2 2 2 2

bt
e n  b { ASin n  b t  BCos n  b t}
2 2 2 2 2 2

 
Let at t  0, x  x0 ; x  x 0
 x0  A
 
 x 0  bA x 0  bx0
and x 0  bA  n  b B  B 2 2

n2  b2 n2  b2
 
 bt x 0  bx0
 x  e [ x0Cos n  b t  2 2
Sin n  b t ]
2 2

n2  b2 ….(5)
The motion is represented by the following diagram:

2
T
n b
2 2

 bt
The amplitude decays as e
 oscillations_dampedSHM.swf

Case 2: When b  n , damping force is large

 
At t  0, x  x0 ; x  x 0
 x 0  A1  A 2
From equation (2),

 b 2
 n 2
t
 bt b n t 
x   be  A2 e
2 2
{ A1e }
 bt b n t  b 2
 n 2
t
 b n e  A2 e
2 2
2 2
{ A1e }
 
x 0  b( A1  A2 )  b  n ( A1  A2 ) 2 2

 bx0  b  n ( A1  A2 ) 2 2


x  bx
or , A 1  A 2  0 0

b 2
 n 2


x
b  0
x 0 x
 A 1  {1  0
}
2 b 2
 n 2

and

x
b  0
x 0 x
A 2  {1  0
}
2 b 2
 n 2
 Hence, from equation (2) we get,
 
x0 x0
b b
x0 bt x0 b n t x0  b2 n2 t
x  e {(1   (1 
2 2
)e )e }
2 b n
2 2
b n
2 2

This represents non-oscillatory motion and it gradually falls off due to the
factor e-bt and the oscillation is said to be over damped

Case 3: When b = n, which is a transitional case, when the damped oscillatory motion
changes to dead beat motion. The oscillation is critically damped and decay of x is
rapid in this case.

Over damped [ Case 2]

Critically damped [Case 3]

 Energy
x 2
x
1
Potential Energy (P. E.)  
0
 xdx 
2
 x 2
2
1 dx 2
Kinetic Energy (K. E.)  m( )
2 dt
1 1 dx 2
Total energy = P. E. + K. E.  x  m (
2
)
2 2 dt
Energy is used up in doing work against damping force K dx .
dt
For an additional displacement dx in time dt, rate of loss of K. E. and P. E. of the
particle will be equal to the rate of work done against the damping force.
 d 1 1 dx 2 dx dx
 { x  m (
2
) }  K
dt 2 2 dt dt dt
2
dx 2 dx dx d x
or , K ( )  x m 2
 0
dt dt dt dt
2
dx d x dx
or , [m 2  K  x]  0
dt dt dt
2
dx d x dx
Since, 0 m 2 K  x  0
dt dt dt
Hence, we arrive at the same equation (1)
 Logarithmic Decrement
Referring to equation (4) for damped oscillations

x  Pe  bt Cos[ n 2  b 2 t   ]
Let A0 and At be the amplitudes of a damped oscillator at time t = 0 and t = t
respectively.
 bt
At is given by A t  A 0e
If the oscillator starts from its mean position, then at t = T/4 (i.e., at one – fourth of its
time period), it goes to its maximum displacement.

Let the displacement be denoted by A1

Then A 1  A 0 e  bT/4
The oscillator goes to its maximum displacement A2 on the same side after time
(T + T/4)

 A 2  A 0 e  b(T  T/4)
 Similarly, the successive amplitudes A3, A4, …………, An on the same side are
given by:
 b(2T  T/4)
A 3  A 0e
A 4  A 0 e  b(3T  T/4)

.........
A n  A 0 e  b[(n -1)T  T/4]

A1 A2 A3 A (n  1)
    .........   e bT
 d(say)
A2 A3 A4 An

An
Hence,  e bT  d  decrement
A (n  1)
 An
ln[ ]  bT    ln (d)
A (n  1)
This λ = ln (d) is called Logarithmic Decrement

The constant d which is the ratio of two successive amplitude of the damped
oscillation (on the same side) is called the decrement of motion.

The natural logarithm of d; ln (d) = λ is called Logarithmic Decrement

 Relaxation Time

The relaxation time of a damped oscillator is defined as the time in which the
amplitude of a damped oscillator decays to 1/e times of its initial amplitude.

If A0 and At are the amplitudes of the oscillator at times t = 0 and t = t respectively,

Then
At 1

A0 e
1
But, e=2.717  =0.368
e
or,A t =0.368A 0
-bt k
Now,A t =A 0 e ,where,b=
m
and k is damping coefficient
If time t = relaxation time , then,

-bτ A0
A t =A 0 e =
e
e -bτ
=e -1

 bτ=1
1 2m
 τ= =
b k
Problem: In a damped harmonic motion, calculate the time in which the energy
of the system falls to e-1 times of its initial value.

The energy of a damped motion at time t is

2bt
E t  E 0 e
Et 2bt 1
  e 
E0 e
2bt 1
 e  e
1
 2bt  1  t 
2b
So, in time t = 1/2b the energy falls off to e-1 times of initial value
Problem: The amplitude of an oscillator of 200cps frequency falls to 1/10th of its
Initial value after 2000 cycles. Calculate its relaxation time, quality factor and time
In which the energy falls to 1/10th of its initial value.

The damping constant b = k/2m

 bt At
The amplitude at any time t is At  A0 e   e bt
A0

Frequency ν = 200 s-1

1 1
Hence time period T= = s
ν 200
10 1
Time taken for 2000 cycles is given by t  10T  s s
200 20
-bt At 1
Hence, e = = =10-1
A 0 10
 -b t
lo g 1 0 e = -1
 -b t lo g 1 0 e   1
1 1
 b  
t lo g 1 0 e 1
lo g 1 0 e
20
 b  2 0 ln 1 0
 b  2 0 X 2 .3  4 .6
n 2 X200
Hence, Quality factor Q   136.6
2b 2X4.6

Relaxation time Τ=
1 1
= =0.217s
b 4.6
 2bt Et
Also Et  E0 e   e 2bt
E0
 e 2bt  101  2bt   ln10  2bt  ln10
1 1
t  ln10  2.3  0.25s
2b 2X4.6
So, the time in which the energy falls to 1/10th of initial value is 0.25 s
 Damped Vibration in a LCR circuit
K1 This is a LCR circuit where the resistor and inductor
are connected in series and the combination in turn
K2 is connected in parallel with a capacitor.
R -iR As K2 is pressed, the capacitor gets charged.
q/C Є On the release of K2 the battery gets out of the
L -L (di/dt) circuit and now if K1 is pressed the capacitor starts
discharging.
At time t, V= q/C is the potential across the capacitor, the induced emf across the
inductor L is L di/dt and the potential drop across the resistor R is iR, i being the
Current in the circuit.

q di
So,   L  iR
C dt
di q d 2q dq q
 L  iR   0  L 2  R  0
dt C dt dt C
 2 2
d q R dq q d q dq
 2    0  2  2b   q  0,
2
dt L dt LC dt dt
R
where,  2b
L
1
and ,  
2
LC
This equation is analogous to that of damped vibration

The resistor generates the resistive force in the circuit

Thus LCR circuit behaves like a Damped Oscillator

 Forced Oscillations
When a vibrating body or system is subjected to the action of external
periodic force

The body tries to vibrate with its natural frequency

The external force tries to make the body vibrate with its frequency

The natural frequency dies down due to damping

The vibration of the body with a frequency same as that of the external
force continues

The general equation is given by:

2
d x dx
m 2   x  k  FCospt
dt dt
 d 2x dx
 2
 2 b  n 2
x  fCospt …..(1)
dt dt
 k F
where, n  ,2b  and f 
2

m m m
The state of the system, when it vibrates or oscillates with the frequency of the
external periodic force is called Steady State

From physical considerations, the trial solution is taken as,

x  ACos ( pt   )
Which represents a simple harmonic motion of amplitude A, frequency p/2 and
phase lagging behind that of forcing system by an angle 
 Substituting the values of
dx d2x
and 2
dt dt
 Ap 2Cos( pt   )  2bApSin( pt   )  n 2 ACos( pt   )  fCospt
  Ap 2Cos( pt   )  2bApSin( pt   )  n 2 ACos( pt   )
 fCos( pt     )
 fCos( pt   )Cos  fSin( pt   ) Sin
This is true for all values of t
The coefficients of Cos(pt-) and Sin(pt-) on either sides of the equation must
separately be equal
fCos  A(n  p )
2 2

fSin  2bAp
From which we get,

f 2bp
A and tan  2
(n  p )  4b p
2 2 2 2 2 (n  p 2
)
 Hence the solution is,

f 2bp 1
x Cos[ pt  tan ] ….(2)
(n 2  p 2 ) 2  4b 2 p 2 (n  p )
2 2

Which is called steady state solution

But, at the beginning of the oscillation, as the force sets the particle in to the vibration
The solution for the displacement is same as that of a damped vibration and the
solution is same as earlier (as that of a damped oscillator), given by:

x  Pe  bt Cos[ n 2  b 2 t   ] ….(3)
Hence, the complete solution is given by:

x  Pe  bt Cos[ n 2  b 2 t   ] 
f 2bp 1
Cos ( pt  tan )
(n 2  p 2 ) 2  4b 2 p 2 (n  p )
2 2

The first part of the solution represents free oscillations with natural frequency
set up in a damped system, with amplitude decaying exponentially at a rate
determined by damping factor b

The second part represents a S. H. M of constant amplitude having frequency 2/p

and lagging behind the forcing system by an angle 

After reaching steady state the first term goes to zero

If damping factor b is very small the first term persists longer

When both the term exists the state of the system is termed as Transient State
 In transient state if the two frequencies
n  p and p
2 2

superimposes and if they are nearly equal then beats are produced which are
called transient beats

Resonance
When the frequency of the impressed external periodic force is same as the
natural frequency of the vibrating body, the body responds quickly and
forced vibration of very large amplitude is set up within the body.

This phenomenon is called resonance

The motion of the vibrating body in the steady state under the action of the periodic
force is
x  ACos ( pt   )
dx
   ApSin( pt   )
dt
 Hence kinetic energy

1 dx 2 1
m( )  mA2 p 2 Sin 2 ( pt   )
2 dt 2
2
1 f
 m 2 p Sin ( pt   )
2 2

2 (n  p )  4b p
2 2 2

Since the motion is S.H.M., the total energy of the system is equal to maximum value
of kinetic energy
2 2
1 mf p
Total energy  (K.E.) max 
2 (n 2  p 2 )  4b 2 p 2
1 mf 2

2 n 2 ( n  p ) 2  4b 2
p n
When n = p, the condition of resonance is satisfied and

2
1 mf
E max  2
2 4b
The energy of the system is maximum. This is called energy or velocity resonance

Sharpness of Resonance
As the value of the frequency p of the forcing system deviates from n the
value required for resonance, the response to the force diminishes.

When the energy falls off more rapidly for slight deviation from the
resonant frequency, sharper is the resonance
Sharpness of resonance is the measure of the rate of fall of energy of
response with departure from equality of two frequencies
 2
1 mf
2
E max 2 1 / 2mf
 2 4b
E 2 n p 2
n (  )  4b 2

p n
n p 2
n (  )
2

p n
 1 2
4b
Sharper is the resonance, smaller is the value of b
The amplitude of forced vibration is given by,

f
A
(n  p )  4b p
2 2 2 2 2
A is maximum when

(n  p )  4b p
2 2 2 2 2 is minimum.

n and b are constants. Hence, (n  p )  4b p

2 2 2 2 2

to be minimum,
d
[( n 2
 p 2 )2  4b 2 p 2 ]  0
dp
  2(n 2
 p )2 p  8b p  0
2 2

 {8 b 2
 4(n 2
 p 2 )} p  0
 p 2
 n 2
 2b 2

1
 p  (n 2
 2b ) 2 2
If b is very small, then,

2 2 2
2b 1 1 2b b
p  n(1  2 ) 2
 n(1  2
)  n(1  2 )
n 2 n n
The amplitude is maximum when the frequency of forcing system

n  2b 2 2

2
This is called Amplitude Resonance

The frequency is neither equal to natural frequency of the system = n/2,

nor it is equal to the frequency of the S. H. M. n 2  b 2
2
 It is slightly lower,

f f
 Amax  
4b  4b n  8b
4 2 2 4 2b b  n  2b
2 2 2

f

2b n  b
2 2

f
A max 
2b b 2  p 2
 Forced Vibration in LCR Circuit
K1 This is a LCR circuit where the resistor and inductor
are connected in series and the combination in turn
K2 is connected in parallel with a capacitor.
R -iR As K2 is pressed, the capacitor gets charged.
q/C Є On the release of K2 the battery gets out of the
L -L (di/dt) circuit and now if K1 is pressed the capacitor starts
Discharging and the LCR circuit starts oscillating.
The presence of R in the circuit results in loss of
E = E0Cosω’t electrical energy, which is compensated by
E = E0Cosω’t
d 2q dq q
L  R   E 0 C o s ' t
dt 2 dt C
d 2q R dq q E0
    C o s ' t
dt 2 L dt LC L
d 2q dq
  2b   2 q  fC o s  ' t
dt 2 dt
This is analogous to the equation of forced vibration

Thus a LCR circuit behaves like a Forced Damped Oscillator