Short Notes:

# Design procedure of mat foundation:

The following steps can be followed when designing the mat foundation.

 Calculate the total applied load into the mat foundation

 Calculate the pressure under each column considering the eccentricity of the loading. Axial
stress and bending stress due to the eccentricity of the load center are considered to determine
the pressure under each column.
 Check whether the net allowable press is greater than applied pressure.
 Then the mat is divided into the strips based on its arrangement.
 Determine the bending moment and shear forces.
 Determine the effective depth of the footing. It could be done based on the diagonal tension
shear near various columns.
 Form the bending moment diagrams calculated above, determine the positive and negative
bending moments per unit width.
 Calculate the reinforcement area per unit width of the section

# Design criteria of liquid retaining structure:

In general there are three kinds of water tanks-tanks resting on ground, underground tanks and
elevated tanks.

The tanks resting on ground like clear water reservoirs, settling tanks, aeration tanks etc. are
supported on the ground directly. The walls of these tanks are subjected to pressure and the base is
subjected to weight of water and pressure of soil. The tanks may be covered on top.

The tanks like purification tanks, Imhoff tanks, septic tanks, and gas holders are built underground.
The walls of these tanks are subjected to water pressure from inside and the earth pressure from
outside. The base is subjected to weight of water and soil pressure. These tanks may be covered at
the top.

Elevated tanks are supported on staging which may consist of masonry walls, R.C.C. tower or R.C.C.
columns braced together. The walls are subjected to water pressure. The base has to carry the load
of water and tank load. The staging has to carry load of water and tank. The staging is also designed
for wind forces.

From design point of view the tanks may be classified as per their shape-rectangular tanks, circular
tanks, intze type tanks. spherical tanks conical bottom tanks and suspended bottom tanks.

Design requirement of concrete and steel: In water retaining structures a dense impermeable
concrete is required therefore, proportion of fine and course aggregates to cement should be such
as to give high quality concrete. Concrete mix weaker than M20 is not used.

Design of liquid retaining structures is different from ordinary R.C.C, structures as it requires that
concrete should not crack and hence tensile stresses in concrete should be within permissible limits.
In strength calculations the permissible stress in concrete and steel shall be in accordance with
IS:456 and IS:3370. See values of 6cbc ,6cc ,6ct, 6st

Minimum reinforcement: The minimum reinforcement in walls, floors and roofs in each of two
directions at right angles shall have an area of 0.3 per cent of the concrete section in that direction
for sections.

Minimum Cover: (a) For liquid faces of parts of members either in contact with the liquid (such as
inner faces or roof slab) the minimum cover to all reinforcement should be 25 mm or the diameter
of the main bar whichever is greater. In the presence of the sea water and soils and water of
corrosive characters the cover should be increased by 12 mm but this additional cover shall not be
taken into account for design calculations.

(b) For faces away from liquid and for parts of the structure neither in contact with the liquid on any
face, nor enclosing the space above the liquid, the cover shall be as for ordinary concrete member.

# Reinforcement detail of RCC Underground water tank:

# Interaction Diagram:

The interaction diagram is a complete graphical representation of the design strength of uniaxially
eccentrically loaded column of given proportions. Each point on the curve corresponds to the design
strength values of Pu and Mu associated with a specific eccentricity (e) of loading.
Interaction diagram for rectangular and circular column with symmetrical arrangement of steel for
Fe 250, Fe 415 and Fe 500, and for various cover ratio d'/D values are given in charts 27 to 62 in SP
16. The steel ratios are represented by p/fck in the diagram and it varies from 0 to 0.26. it should be
remembered that p is the percentage of steel with respect of bD and it is distributed symmetrically
on two faces or on all the four faces. The values of stress level in the steel on the tension side are
represented in the interaction diagram by the dashed line so that the type of failure can be easily
identified.

see design chart on sp16

# Failure mode of reinforced concrete structure:

If the ratio of steel to concrete in a beam is such that the maximum strain in the two materials reach
simultaneously ( i.e balanced reinforced section), a sudden failure would occur with less alarming
deflection.

When the amount of steel is kept more than that in the balanced condition, the neutral axis tends to
move downwards and strain in steel remains in the elastic region. if the beam is further loaded ,
neutral axis further shift downward until the maximum strain in concrete reaches its ultimate value,
that is 0.35% and concrete crushes as shown in fig below. the steel is still safe such type of failure is
known as compression failure or brittle failure.

When the amount of steel is kept less than that in the balanced condition, the neutral axis tends to
move upwards and strain in concrete remains below than its ultimate value that is 0.35%. if the
beam is further loaded , neutral axis further shift upward until the maximum strain in steel reaches
its ultimate value, and steel are yielded as shown in fig below. the concrete is still safe such type of
failure is known as Tension failure or ductile failure.
Design Steps of RCC retaining wall:

Known data,

Height of retaining wall(h), Coefficient of friction between soil and concrete (μ) Inclination of backfill
surface (θ), angle of shearing resistance (φ) Unit wt of soil and bearing capacity of soil

 Determine earth pressure coefficient ca and cp

 Assume thickness of footing base slab , stem thickness and length of base slab
 Check the stability of wall against overturning,
0.9𝑀𝑟
i.e factor of safety against overturning = 𝑀0
>1.40
Where, Mr= Stablising moment
Mo= Overturning moment
 Check soil pressure at base of footing
i. e soil pressure should be less or equal to the bearing capacity of soil
 Check stability against sliding
0.9𝐹
i.e factor of safety against Sliding = 𝑃𝑎
>1.40
Where, F= Resisting Force
Pa= Sliding Force
 Design the Toe slab for the Design shear force Vu at distance 'd' from face of the stem and
design moment Mu at face of the stem
Where, d= effective depth of toe slab
 Design the heel slab for the Design shear force Vu and design moment Mu at rear face of
stem.
 Design the vertical stem for the design moment due to active and passive pressure of soil
 Check the shear at the base of the stem
 provide temperature and shrinkage reinforcement = 2/3 of reinforcement provided in stem
# Design of Dome:
Domes are space structures which provide large column free net precious area for
utilization. Domes enclose the maximum amount of space with minimum surface. This
feature provides economy in terms of consumption of constructional material.
#Stress on Dome:
There are two types of stresses are induced in a dome
 Meridional thrust (T) along the direction of meridian.
 Hoop stress (H) along the latitudes.

where,
R= Radius of dome
θ=angle with vertical axis
 # Intze Tank:
It is used to store large volumes of water at an elevation. Intze Tank essentially consists of a Top
Dome (roof), the cylindrical wall and the floor slab, which is a combination of conical dome &
bottom spherical dome.

The design of Intze tank may be divided into following steps:-

• Design of Top Dome & Top Ring Beam

• Design of Cylindrical wall

• Design of ring beam @ the junction of the cylindrical wall and conical dome

• Design of Conical Dome & Bottom Spherical Dome.

• Design of bottom ring beam

• Design of supporting structure, i.e., Staging

• Design of Foundation.
 #Design Principle: The proportions of the conical dome & the bottom dome are so arranged
that the outward thrust from the bottom domed part of the floor balances the inward thrust
due to the conical domed part of the floor.

Dome:

 A dome may be defined as a shell generated by the revolution of a curve about a

vertical axis.
 If the curve of revolution is a segment of a circle, the shell formed will be a spherical
dome.
 If the triangle is revolved about the vertical axis then the shell formed is called as
conical dome.

Stresses in a Spherical Dome:

The stresses to be considered in the design of spherical dome are
• Meridional thrust (T),
T = wr (1-cosθ)/t sin2 θ
Meridional stress is max when θ = Φ
• Hoop Stress (H)
H = wr(cos2θ + cosθ – 1)/t (1+ cosθ)
Hoop stress is max when θ = 0
• Min thickness of the dome should be 100mm and min Ast is 0.3 %

Stresses in a Conical Dome:

Meridional thrust (T)
T = wy/2t cos θ
Hoop Stress (H)
H = wy tan2θ /t
 Ring Beam:
A beam which is curved in plan is called ring beam. It is to be designed for the
horizontal component of the stresses of above components
Tension = (T cosθ) D/ 2
Ast = Tension / σst

Design an Intze tank with dimension as shown in fig. The tank is supported on 8 columns braced at
different levels. Use M20 grade of concrete and mild steel. Take safe bearing capacity of soil = 250
kN/m2

Design of Dome

Assume the thickness of the dome slab = 100mm and

Live Load = 1.5 kN/m2
Load Calculations:-
Self wt of the dome = 25 x 0.1 = 2.5 kN/m2
Live Load = 1.5 kN/m2
Total Load = 4 kN/m2
Let r be the radius of the dome, then the relation between
the radius of the dome and the Tank : (2r-h) h =R2
h = ht of the dome = 1.8 m,
R = Radius of the tank = 7 m
Therefore r = 14.51 m
Max. Hoop stress in the dome is at θ = 0,
Hmax = wr/2t = 4 x 14.51 /(2 x .1x1000) = 0.29 N/mm2
Meridonal stress is max @ θ = Φ,
where Sin Φ = R/r
  Φ = 280 50’
Mmax = wr (cos2 θ + cosθ – 1)/t (1+ cosθ) = 0.309 N/mm2

Area of Reinforcement = 0.2 % = 0.2 x 100 x 1000/ 100 = 200 mm2

Spacing of 8 mm Φ bars = 251 mm
Hence provide 8 mm Φ bars @ 250 mm c/c in both the directions.

Design of Top Ring Beam

Horizontal component of Meridional thrust,
p = Mmax Cosθ = 0.309 x 100 x 1000 x cos 28o 50’
Total tension, T = p.r = 189.49 kN
Assuming ring beam of size 400mm x 400 mm
Area of reinforcement required,
Ast = T / σst = 189.49 x 103 / 115 = 1648 mm2
No. of 20mm dia. bars = 6, Ast.prov = 6 x π /4 x 202
Check for tensile stress,
σct = T/ Area of concrete = 1.18 < 1.2 N/mm2, Hence safe.
Shear Reinforcement: Provide 2-legged 8 mm dia stirrups,
Spacing, S = 2.5 x Asv x fy / b = 157.08 mm2, say 150 mm c/c

Design of Cylindrical Wall

Note: Same as in case of walls of circular water tank hinged at base.
Max. Hoop Tension, Tmax = w h D/2 = .5 x 10 x 6 x 14 =420 kN
Area of reinforcement required,
Ast = T / σst = 420 x 103 / 115 = 3652.2 mm2
Thickness of wall, σc = T / ( t x 1000 + (m-1) Ast )  t = 305 mm
Hence provide 350mm thick wall.
As the thickness of the wall > 225 mm, the reinforcement is to be provided in two layers.
Reinforcement in each layer = 3652.2 /2 = 1826 mm2
Spacing of 16mm dia, s = AΦ x 1000/ Ast = 110 mm
Distribution steel,
For 450mm – 0.2 %
100mm – 0.3 %, for 350 mm 0.25 %,
Ast = 644 mm2 i.e., 344 mm2 on each face
Spacing of 10mm dia bars, s = 220 mm c/c

Design of bottom ring beam

Load calculations:
Load due to Top dome = Area of Slab x Meridional stress x Sin θ
= 100 x 1000 x 0.309 x Sin 280 50’ /1000
= 14.9 kN/m
Load due to Top ring beam = 0.4 x 0.4 x 25 = 4 kN/m
Load due to cylindrical wall = 0.35 x 6 x 25 = 52.5 kN/m
Self wt of beam = 0.75 x 0.75 x 25 = 14.1 kN/m
( assuming 750 x 750 mm size)
 Total Load = 85.47 kN/m
Tension, P = w tanβ = 85.47 x tan 51.34 = 106. 84 kN
Hoop tension = pD/2 = 747.86 kN
Hoop tension due water pressure on ring beam = (w.h.d ) x D/2 = 252 kN
Total tension , T = 747.86 + 252 = 1000 kN
Ast = T / σst = 8695.66 mm2 ,  No. of 25 mm Φ = 18 nos
Shear Reinforcement :
2-legged -10mm Φ , s = 2.5 x Asv x fy / b = 2.5 x 78.5 x 250 / 750
= 125 mm c/c
Design of Conical Dome:
Average diameter of conical dome = (14 + 10) /2 = 12
Avg depth of water = 6 + 1.68 / 2 = 6.84 m
Wt. of water above conical dome = 12 π x 6.84 x 10
= 5157.24 kN
Load from Top dome, cylindrical wall, ring beams
= 67.65 x π x 14
= 2975.4 kN
Self wt. of slab = 12 π x 2.61 x 0.55 x 25 = 1352.93 kN
( assuming 550mm thickness)
Total Load, W = 9485.57 kN
Load per m length @ base, w = W/(10π) = 301.935 kN/m
Max hoop stress in conical dome is given by
T = wy tan2θ/ 2t = 654.94 kN
2
Ast = T / σst = 5695.2 mm
Ast on each face = 2848 mm2,
spacing of 20mm Φ bars = 110 mm c/c on each face
The conical dome also acts as a slab spanning between ring beam @ circular beam subjected to
bending moment due to weight of water and its self wt.,
w3 = (5157.24 + 1352.93) / (10π) = 207.225 kN
B.M = wL/12 = 207.225 x 2.61 / 12 = 45.07 kN.m
Ast = M/σst j d = 900.92 mm2
Min Reinforcement = 0.2 % = 0.2 x 550 x 1000 / 100 = 1100 mm2
Steel on each face = 550 mm2.
Hence provide 12mm Φ @ 200mm c/c on each face.

Design of bottom Spherical Dome

Assuming the thickness of dome slab = 300 mm
Radius of dome is given by ( 2R-h) = r2  2R = 52 + 1.6  R = 8.61m
SinΦ = r/R = 0.581 => Φ = 350 30’
Self wt. of the dome = 25 x 0.3 x 2π x 8.61 x 1.6 = 650 kN
Wt. of water = ( π /4 x 102 x ( 6 + 1.68) x 10 = 6031.86 kN
Total load = 6682 kN
Load per m = 6.682 kN/m
Max. Meridional thrust, M = wr / (1+cos θ) = 31.68 kN
Max. Meridional stress = 31.68 x 103/ (300 x 1000) = 0.11 N/mm2
Max. Hoop stress, H = wr/ 2t
= 6.682 x 6.81x 103 / (2 x 300 x 103) = 0.076 N/mm 2
Providing Min Reinforcement
450mm – 0.2 %
100mm – 0.3 %, for 300 mm 0.243 %, Ast = 729 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm Φ, s = 130 mm c/c