History of Architecture 4 Reviewer Ar. Ealdama / Ar.

Patadlas

*EARLY PHILIPPINE SHELTERS (Ar. - Nipa, Palm Leaves, Banana

Patadlas) leaves, Coconut Frond or
Grass: For sheathing
Pre-Colonial Shelters: Architecture began
as a response to Nature *Arborial Shelters/ Gaddang House
- Built by Indigenous groups,
Cave Dwellings: The earliest form of particularly the Gaddang and
shelter of the Filipinos during pre-history. Kalinga tribes of Luzon.
- Elevated on posts and has a steep
Tabon Cave: also called “Philippines’ roof to escape from dangers on the
Cradle of Civilization” ; the largest and ground. Built 6 - 18 meters (20 - 60
oldest cave located at Lipuun, Palawan. feet) high above ground.

Pleistocene People: Earliest dwellers of

the caves in the Philippines

Manunggul: Burial Jar made of clay with

some sand soil
- Components of Gaddang Houses:
Datag: Sleeping platform - Split Bamboo: flooring
- Upright tree trunks: Used
Petroglyphs: Prehistoric drawings of as the main support of the
human figures engraved on the cave walls house
- Made of either split, plaited
Lean-To Shelter or upright bamboo covered
- Temporary Shelter for the Nomadic with grass: walls
People. Early Dwelling of Aeta
- Has a windshield made of branches PHILIPPINE VERNACULAR
and twigs, a wind-sun-rain screen ARCHITECTURE (Ar. Ealdama Lecture
resting on the ground held up at an Notes)
angle by one or several poles acting
as both a roof and wall.
Its unique and diverse styles reflect the
country’s rich cultural heritage and
environmental adaptation. Characterized by
simplicity, functionality, and resourcefulness.

Common Features:
- Materials of Lean-To Shelter: 1. Elevated Floors (posts)
- Rattan and Bamboo: For 2. Thatched Roofs (nipa, palm, cogon)
walls, roofs, and flooring

* means not part of Ar. Ealdama’s discussion

 3. Natural Materials (wood, bamboo, 1. Lawig: smallest, simplest type of
stone) Maranao house. Commonly made of
4. Environmental Adaptation bamboo, rattan
(ventilation, shading, etc.) 2. Mala-a-walai: large Maranao
5. Lack of formal plans/architects houses raised on a 2.21m post. Has
9-12 posts. The main room is 8x20
m.
MINDANAO VERNACULAR 3. Torogan: Datu house. Royal house.
ARCHITECTURE Raised 2m high up tree trunks over
stones that are half-buried
Mindanao - coastal/near water underground
a. 2 carabaos fight underneath
MARANAO this house to check its
- 6th largest ethnolinguistic group strength and durability for
- “People of the Lake” earthquakes
- Lanao: predominant geographic of b. According to the NCCA,
the Maranao people Jesus Peralta considers this
- Marawi City: principal town a national cultural treasure

Iranun/Iranon - early inhabitants

➔ those who left are called
“Maguindanao”
➔ those who stayed are called
“Maranao”

Maranao House common features:

1. Thick cogon walls
Other terms in the Torogan:
2. Steep
3. No ceiling
SPACES
4. Budget-based
● Dorung - silong
● Poro - main house
Typical elements in a Maranao House
● Lamin - tower for the datu’s
● Sapiyay - mosquito screen used as
daughter
dividers or headboards
● Gibon - daughter’s room
● Taritib - colorful cloth as canopy to
catch falling dust from roof (due to
STRUCTURE
no ceiling)
● Tapuwilih - center post
● Kitchen - half a meter lower at the
● Barimbingan - planks
back
● Lantay - flooring
● Porch - minsan lang, usually sa
● Dolog - wooden floor joists
Mala-a-walai
● Towak - wooden staircase

3 Types of Maranao Houses:

ORNAMENT

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 ● Panolong - extended floor ➔ Roofs: On both sides of a gable roof
end-beams; butterfly design project underneath it lower lean-to
● Okir - decorative carvings (naga or roofs
pako) ➔ Roof Thatching: Held securely bny
● Naga - serpent motif placing flattened bamboo spaced far
● Pako - fern or floral motif apart over it
➔ Stairs: Not provided in each
individual house
➔ Doors: With sliding sashes

Yakan
- Dayak Origin
- Mountain in Basilan
- “Lumah House”
- Peaked roof
SAMAL PEOPLE (Sulu)
- Sama Deya - inland
- Sama Dilaut - badjao

- Coastal area, shallow water

- 100-500 people in the community

● Pandan - bridge connected to shore T’Boli Houses

or other houses TAUSUG
- People (tao) of Tide (sug)
- Malay + Indonesian
- Houses are built on stilts. Nine posts

- Body-part posts, built on posts that

correspond to the human body parts
*Components of Samal Houses: such as:
➔ Rooms: One or more rooms - Center post: Navel
➔ Kitchen: Built partially above the - Corner post: hips and
ground and water on wooden posts shoulders
➔ Houses: Built on stilts above tidal - Side posts: ribs, neck, and
mud flats, connected to one another groin
by catwalks made of timber and
bamboo
➔ Flooring: Made of bamboo

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 ● Pantan: Elevated open space above
the gibayan (main one-room house)
used as space extension for other
Bay Sinug: Tausug House activities: storage, social area
- Tadjuk Pasung: Decoration at the
peak of the roof BADJAO
- Sea gypsies. “Boat dwellers
people”
- Largest sea tribe
- Sea-oriented
- Lepa-lepa: Houseboat

- Naga Tadjuk Pasung: Stylized

serpent
- Sarimanok or Manuk Manuk:
Stylized bird

*BAGOBO
- Davao Tree Houses

- Lubing-lubing: rafter made of

rectangular lumber
- Liug: central post

Types of Tausug House Roofs: Coastal Bagobo: Designed to

● Sungan: Hip roof with triangular accommodate large gatherings of people.
vent Consists of sleeping platforms used to
display gongs and old jars.

● Libut: Pyramidal roof with vents at

the apex
● Pang gong: Balcony for outdoor
activity-receiving and social area

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Upland Bagobo: Upper stretch of the - Kanayi: vest for men, partnered with
Pulangi and Davao rivers. Consists of strip salakot
palma brava for flooring. - Vuyavuy: fiber stitched for
gear/houses
- Laiji - traditional oral poetry
- Non-Batanes residents can’t own
land (Indigenous Peoples Rights)

Traditional House of Ivatan

● Ethnic Architecture - wood, stone
Bilaan/B’laan House: Hills area behind the ● Folk Architecture - stone, wood &
west coast of Davao Gulf reaching north to thatch
the Bagobo territory and west into the
Davao-Cotabato watershed 2 Major Archetypes of Ivatan
● WT (Wood-and-Thatch)
○ Single-storey
○ Storage/kitchen area

*MORO HOUSE

● LSWT (Limestone-wood-and-thatch)
○ Volcanic metamorphic stones
○ Lime mortar: pandikit
○ Has larger floor area
○ 2-storey
NORTHERN LUZON VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE
BATANES
- 8 islands, 3 inhabited
- Used to be part of Taiwan

Houses of Batanes: ● Vahay: Traditional Ivatan House

1. Itbayat - more on wood
2. Batan - more on stones
3. Sabtang - stones din

Cultural Practices
The Ivatans
- Vakul: traditional headgear for
women

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 ● Lagatiti
○ make-shift type of shelter;
temporary
○ 4 sqm
○ Wood & thatch
○ 3 walls + the longer part of
roof
○ (Roof) longer part - touches ● Jinjin
land ○ Seasonal shelter
○ 1.5 meters: post height ○ Cogon roof
○ Storage for fish
○ Usually empty

● Rahaung
○ A-frame
○ Waiting shed for fiestas/
Tambayan ng mga lasing ● Nirindin
(modern day) ○ Itbayat Island
○ 2 sloped roofs ○ Slightly varied ver of Jinjin
○ No walls; floating walls lang ○ Primarily a house than a
○ Thicker roof system temporary shelter
○ Multi-purpose shelter ○ Walls made of wooden
○ Boat storage planks, cladded with cogon
○ Sliding panels on windows
and doors

● Mayhurahed
○ “With stone base (hurahed)”
○ Low base: mud & stone
○ Usually volcanic/basaltic

● Chivuvuhung
○ Improved ver of Rahaung
○ Ivatan term: Cogon wall
○ Wooden floor
○ Temporary, but some use it
as primary residence

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 ○ Variation of Sinadumparan
commonly found in Itbayat

● Sinadumparan ● Beaterio
○ Walls made stone & lime ○ Nun’s convent
mortar ○ Clay tiles as roof
○ Rakuh: Main house. Larger ○ Circular windows due to
& taller Spanish influence
■ 2 levels: lower -
stores household,
2nd - main living
○ Kusina: Kitchen. Smaller ver
of Rakuh. May have lower
level

● Maytuab/Nituavan
○ 2 floors because of
earthquake in 1918
○ Steep
○ 4-sided roof & thick
limestone walls
● Sinadumparan with Crown
○ Binedberan -
decorative/structural roof
element designed to
withstand typhoons

● Kavahayan
○ The housing section of a
● Sinadumparan-a-Binedberan
Batanes town

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CORDILLERA ARCHITECTURE OF
NORTHERN LUZON (Ar. Ealdama Lecture
Notes)

Cordillera - mountain region (range) in

Northern Luzon

Provinces of the Cordillera:

1. Apayao
2. Abra
3. Kalinga
4. Mountain Province
5. Ifugao *Components of Isneg House:
6. Benguet (Baguio City) 1. Datag/Xassaran: The lowest level
W. Henry Scott observed 2 kinds of located at the center of the room
structural differences.. 2. Tamuyan: immediate level, the
1. Southern Strain - roof rest on top of platform that occupy three sides of
walls directly (Kalinga, Apayao) the floor proper (the lowest level)
2. Northern Strain - roof & floor are 3. Tarakip: The highest level, located
separated sets of uprights that the on the remaining side of the house is
floor can be removed (Ifugao is the an extension
prototype) 4. Datag: The Rear corner is the
hearth with a stove consisting of
Houses of Northern Strain three stones
APAYAO 5. Flooring: Removable reed mat
● Isneg/Isnag - native language made of soil rattan stems or bamboo
○ Came from Isneg River grass tied together with rattan strips
○ Imandaya - upstream places atop the floor joist which in
○ Imalod/Imalon - downstream turn are supported by girders
6. Posts: 15 Posts Heavy hardwood
Isneg House are as supports to the house
a. Sinit Posts: Six, of these
support the datang two,
support the tarakip
b. Adixi Posts: Six, support the
Roof
c. Atobtobo: ingle post
supporting the ridgepole
7. Wall: slanting outwards toward the
top is made of 3'-5" x 8" x 1/2"
wooden panel boards that are
rabetted to the upper and lower wall
beam

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 8. Roof: Gable, roof cover the main
house Lean-to roof, cover the trakip
made of bamboo and cogon grass
thatching
9. Window: no fixed window opening
since the wall construction system
allow occupants to remove few
wallboards in case air is needed for
the interior

Mabaca House - mixed with Kalinga but is

mainly in Apayao
- Sawali: banig but kasing tigas like Bangad House - octagonal house
basket

KALINGA
- People are known for tattoos

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 Ifugao Fale or Bale House
- No windows
- 1 door infront
- Cooks inside
- Walls are slanted

Houses of the Southern Strain

IFUGAO
- Ifugao (place)
- Igorot (people)

Atop: entire roof

Halipan: rat guard filled with oil and
poisonous herbs

Disadvantages of Ifugao House:

- Cooking
- Roof is thatched tightly enough to
keep out the rain but not loose
enough to let smoke escape
- Limited in size

*Ilongot House: From lowland of Isabela

Kiangan - most shallow

Mayaoyao - steepest

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 Sagada Houses
KANKANAEY - “Inayan”
Bauko House - Northern Kankana

*Own Research ni Ar. Ealdama

A. Thatched House
a. Tinokbob - oldest & smallest

Bontoc House(Fayu)
- Falig: granary
- Ca-hla-nan: Ground floor with space
underneath the granary
- Ang-an: sleeping compartment

b. Binary
c. Inagamang - house w/ a
granary (gamang)

Bokod House
- Flare up

B. Clapboard Sided Houses

a. From american influence

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 NIPA HUT or BAHAY KUBO
- Cube-shaped house. A common
type of dwelling in coastal areas
during the pre-Hispanic Philippines
- “Kubo” means cube in Spanish.

b. Shingle-style houses

Bayanihan: Spirit of communal unity or

C. New Vernacular Houses effort to achieve a particular objective

Nipa Hut Features:

- Built without nails only lashing of
rattan or strips of bamboo
- Stilts or Posts: For protection
against dampness
- Silong: Space-fenced for animals
with a lattice made of bamboo.
Poultry sheds
- Walls: made of nipa and sawali
- Flooring: made of bamboo slat
- Windows: made of sliding sashes
made of sawali
- Bamboo Ladder: to reach Bahay an
important feature of nipa house
*Ibaloi House: Built on five-foot posts
(tokod) with pine trees used for wealthy Nipa Hut Areas:
families bark bamboo for floors and walls, - Silong: Poultry sheds
and cogon grass for roofs (atup) used by - Bulwagan (living area): A
the poor dulang(low coffee table) can be
found, and partitions are made in
sawali
- Silid(private room): A tampipi made
of woven material can be found.
Where personal belongings are kept.
- Paglutuan/Gilir(Kitchen):

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 - Dapogan: Table with river a. Volada turned into an open
stone and kalan(shoe gallery
shaped stone) b. Thin brick panels were
- Bangahan/banggera:Where inserted between braces
ASpots are kept
- Batalan: Exposed porch Materials of Arquitectura Meztiza:
where child-size jars are - Capiz: For windows
placed for drinking and - Philippine hardwood: Narra, Yakal,
washing Molave, Kamagong
- Kamalig: Separate from the main - Oyster shells: grounded and added
structure. Where unhulled rice is to mortar
kept - Mollases from sugarcane and egg
- Balkon: The porch that opens to the whites mixed with lime for cementing
living room purposes.

SPANISH COLONIAL VERNACULAR Fenestrations: big and many to allow cross

HOUSE ventilation

Arquitectura Mestiza: Another term for ● Ventana: big window

bahay na bato. Half-breed architecture that ● Ventanilla: small window at floor
used wood on the upper floor and stone on level just below the ventana
the ground floor (earthquake resistant). ● Pasamanos: window sills
● Rejas: iron grills
Bahay Bato: Usually three storeys. Ground ● Persiana: window slats on window
floor in stone or brick masonry. Second floor to protect interior from sun and
in timber construction strong wind

Foundation, post, second floor joists:

structural system of Bahay Bato 2nd floor

Categories of Arquitectura Mestiza:

1. Geometric Style: Galleria Volada
(Corridor)
a. Flying wooden gallery
extending along the exterior
walls
b. Dual sets of sliding shutters
c. Let inward passes of light
● Postigo - small door for pedestrian,
and air and shield excess
big doors for carriage entrance
sunlight
● Zaguan – located at the ground floor
d. The use of enormous pillars
used as storage and where the
was minimized
andas were kept
2. Floral Style
● Andas - religious carriages

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 ● Entresuelo - mezzanine or the area ● Bintanang Capis, Ventana, Capiz,
used as despacho (office) and extra Capiz Window: a wooden-framed
guest rooms checkerboard design window, often
● Escalera - wooden staircase with sliding in operation, with a pane of
two landings capiz shell that provides a non glary
● Caida/ Antesala - landing on the and diffuse light to the interior.
upper entrance hall; "foyer of the ● Capis, Capiz, Capiz Pane: one of
second floor"; or receiving room the small squares,translucent shells,
● Sala mayor - main living room used as windowpane in a capiz
● Comedor - dining room window, from the clam "placuna
● Oratorio – prayer room placenta”
● Cuarto - rooms for couple, for ● Concheria: in a capiz window, an
grandparents, for kids (separate but assembly of capiz panes fixed by
connected via doors) wooden frames.
● Punkah - cloth ceiling fan ● Concha: in a capiz window, a piece
● Cosina - kitchen of capiz pane fixed by a wooden
● Comedor - Contains various frame.
cabinetry, tables and chairs, ● Kalado, Cawdo, Fretwork: one of
chandelier and display for silverware the upright ornamental wood panels,
● Aljibe - water cistern with decorative patterns, formed by
● Azotea- balcony beside kitchen near perforations above window headers
bathroom or door jambs as wall decorations to
● Platera (sideboard) or allow added and cross ventilation.
pamingganan (plate cabinet) - ● Persiana, Perciana, Louver
wooden dish rack facing balcony Window: a window with wooden
● Volada -walkways around windows frame and thin slanting wooden slats
used by service personnel; that is either fixed or movable as
cantilevered solar protection to admit natural
● Tehado, Tejado, Tiled Roof: a roof ventilation.
finished with curved or flat pieces of ● Espeho, Espejo: a panel between
burnt-clay tiles. the window header and the eaves
● Teha, Teja, Roof Tile: one of the for exterior wall and above the door
thin roofing tiles covering the roof jamb and ceiling for interior partition
made from burnt-clay and is
approximately semi cylindrical and
tapering in shape.
● Teja Canalada – semi cylindrical
roofing tile
● Teja Plana - flat roofing tile
● Balustre, Balaustre, Baluster: one
of the upright and short vertical
woods or clay members serving as
railing of stair, open deck, and
bintanilya (small window).

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* means not part of Ar. Ealdama’s discussion
Aksesorya house (apartment houses): are d. Tabique Pampango - thin
constructed during the early times and were wall made of bamboo; mixed
usually built in urban areas when spaces with duck eggs
were scarce because people were 4. Natural calamities
concentrated in the city, they need spaces a. Thick walls
and they cannot afford bahay na bato so b. Massive buttresses
they occupy accesoryas instead. c. Stone
5. Native of foreign hostilities
*SPANISH COLONIAL FORTRESSES a. Fortress churches
AND TOWN PLANNING b. Watch towers
c. High window
6. Lack of professional architects
7. Introduction of foreign influence

a.

Church building in the Philippines

(1565-1898) considerations:
1. Choice of location
2. Church role or function
a. Church building proper:
convento
b. Bell tower
c. Church yard
d. Cathedral, Parish churches,
Monasteries, Cemeteries,
Visita (Country chapels)
3. Building materials
a. Bamboo or wood
b. Thatched roof
c. Stone masonry began in
Manila in 1580s
i. Adobe - volcanic tuff
ii. Coral stone
iii. Bricks

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 Intramuros settlement: the walls was 14 m
thick and 7.6m high above the moat(water)
that surrounds the wall(almost 2 stories)

Manila bay & Pasig river: borders of

Intramuros

Intramuros: fortress city. the center of civic

and ecclesiastic rule during the Spanish
period with the capital city surrounded by a
strong, defensive wall for protection and a
military fort at the mouth of the Pasig River

● Ilog, rio, river : a natural stream of

water collected from the precipitation
of hills and uplands towards the sea
● Beaterio/ orphanage : a structure
under a religious order which
provides care for the orphans
INTRAMUROS: the bastion of authority
● Tulay, puente, bridge : a structure
built above an obstacle or
1590 - the walled city of Intramuros, began
depression, enabling passage of a
to take form when governor general perez
pathway or roadway
dasmarinas undertook the massive project
● Balwarte, baluarte, bastion : a
of building the 3,916-meter pentagonal
projecting part of the fortification,
perimeter walls of volcanic tuff (adobe) and
round or polygonal in plan, intended
brick filled in with earth, with one bastion in
to have a number of firing direction
each angle
for both cannon and other weapons
to defend the adjacent perimeter
Laws of Indies - a settlement code of how
● Eskwela, escuela, school : a
Spaniards would design their settlements
building or complex devoted for
outside spain
educational levels. Schools in
- One of the laws is it should be near
Intramuros during the hispanic
the bodies of water
period reached to a total of ten and
- The Spanish settlement should be
were all managed by religious
walled. The plan inside used a grid
groups
layout
● Monasteryo, monasterio,
- Another Requirement inside the plan
monastery: a building where
is to have plaza mayor and from
religious people, monks or nuns,
that plaza mayor, the important
retire from the world for prayer and
structures such as churches and
contemplation
civic buildings surround the plaza
● Adwana, aduana, custom house :
a building designated for the
Plaza complex: layout inside the settlement
payment of customs and duties and

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 where vessels are entered and ● Rebelin, revellin, ravelin : a v
cleared shaped defensive elevated structure,
● Embarcadero: an area used as a detached from the rampart and
landing place for ships and other provided with its own
water vessels communications serving as outside
● Ayuntamiento, ayuntamiento/ protection of rampart and main
cabildo, city hall : the chief gate/portal.
administrative building with offices ● Puerta/ portal : an imposing
for both the gobernador heneral entrance, often ornamental, wide
(head of the country) and the alcalde enough as passage for both
(head of the city) with their regidores pedestrian and wheeled vehicles
(councilors). ayuntamiento of manila ● Kumbento, convent, convent : a
has also space for the prison building either attached or beside a
● Almasenes, almacenes, church, that serves as residence of
storehouse : a building constructed the parish priest
near a part for storing goods or a ● Simbahan, iglesia, church : an
space inside civic building, like casa edifice or place of christian worship.
real, to store tributes in form of in Intramuros, a total of eight
goods churches were built, namely:
● Bodegang armas, maestranza, Capuchino, san francisco, venerable
arsenal : a building for both orden tercera, sagrario, recoletos,
manufacturing and storing weapons san agustin and san ignacio
and communitians churches
● Katedral, cathedral, cathedral : the ● Arsobispado, arzobispado,
principal church of a diocese episcopalpalace : the official
containing a “cathedra” or bishop’s residence of the roman catholic
throne archbishop of manila
● Kuta, foerte, fort - a strong ● Muralya, muralla, rampart : the
defensive place extended for military elevated fortified wall, usually with
● Plaza mayor, main plaza : an open sloping facing wall, parapet and
public square gangway, connected to the fort and
● Mowt, foso, moat : a wide deep bastions
trench surrounding the rampart of a
fortified place that is usually filled ● Plaza complex : the layout and
with water placement of both civic and
● Baryo, barrio : a district, containing ecclesiastical buildings around
a neighborhood or area that forms a ○ The central plaza based on
relatively self contained social unit. ordenanza of 1573
Intramuros, Manila has four barrios, (prescriptions for the
namely: san antonio,san carlos,san foundation of hispanic
gabriel and san luis. colonial towns) or commonly
● Baluartillo, Maliit na balwarte, , referred to as the Laws of the
minibastion : a smaller bastion Indies.
distributed along the ramparts

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 ● Traza : the grid iron plan that defines ● Casa de materiales fuertes - house
the layout of the town or city of strong materials
● Eskinita, valley : a narrow road ● Casa de materiales ligeros - house
● Munisipyo, townhall : one of the of light materials
civic buildings adjacent to the plaza
that serves as the resident office of
the designated town official who has
an administrative jurisdiction over a ● Hukuman/ korte, Casa tribunal,
town or city courthouse : during the hispanic
● Pangunahing kalsada, Calle Real, period, a multi-use civic building with
mainroad : the wide or spacious flat meeting halls for municipal guilds,
surface, intended to transport goods, courtroom and detention for law
and acts as a way of travel for offenders, and temporary shelter for
people, that is adjacent to the plaza transient and wayfarers
and connecting nearby towns or ● Lindero, lot boundary : the legally
cities defined and recorded boundaries of
● Kalsada, Calzada, road : the wide a property or parcel of land
or spacious road between buildings ● Looban or bakuran, solar, plot : a
and houses connected to the main small area of land that is or could be
road used for a particular purpose, for
● Obelisk, obelisco, obelisk : a example where a building is
slender stone with square base that constructed
tapers as it rises and terminates with
a pyramidal form at its apex. It is EXTRAMUROS: CHINESE PARIAN
usually built inside the plaza to - pertained to villages settled outside
commemorate a significant event or the walls; pueblos
a person.
1581: a policy was enacted designing a
● Casa de piedra - stone house Chinese community a separate urban
● Casa de madera y teja - wooden quarter, known as the Parian, to be located
house with tiled roof at the north eastern of Intramuros
● Bahay, casa, house - the dwelling
place of a family 1583: the Parian was relocated eastward to
● Casa de vivienda - big house or a site immediately outside the walls just
apartment south of Pasig River and within easy range
● Casa grande - huge house of a of canon of Fort Santiago, due to the
plantation or hacienda insecurity posed by the fast growing
● Casa de madera - log or wooden Chinese community
house
● Casa de dos aguas - gabled roof Isla de Binondoc or Binondo: permanent
house settlement at north of Pasig allotted by the
● Casa de quarto aguas - hipped roof government to some of the Chinese,
house especially Christians who had Filipino wives

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The settlement was given limited privileges three rings of stone connected by
of self-government and to the Dominicans crossways were unearthed.
were delegated the tasks of Hispanization
and Christianization ● Cortinas : walls that are 3-10
meters thick
EXTRAMUROS: JAPANESE DILAO ● Casamatas : stone embrasures on
- A suburb east of Intramuros and top of the walls where the artillery
yet within cannon range weapons are propped up
- A settlement for the Japanese ● Baluartes o'bastiones : four-sided
- The area was placed under the bulwarks skirting on boat ends
spiritual guidance of the Fanciscans ● Foso or moat : a deep and wide
and provided a safe refuge for the ditch filled with water surrounded the
persecuted Christians who fled from whole fortification as a form of
Japan defense
● Revelin : massive structure on one
Intramuros: the earliest stone fortress built side of the entrance. A small
by the Spaniards was a tower on the outwork in fortifications consisting of
southern side of Intramuros called two embankment shaped like an
Nuestra Senora de Guia arrowhead that points outward in
- the construction of the massive walls front of a larger defense
of Intramuros that surrounded the ● Interior - one of the following: living
entire city was considered an quarters,jail, foundry, warehouses,
engineering feat -watch towers were well, chapel
strategically, and, at some sections
there were compartments for guards NATIONAL CULTURAL TREASURES BY
on the walls and gates THE NATIONAL MUSEUM IN 2001 : state
policy to preserve and protect cultural
Fort Santiago: named after the patron saint properties and their intrinsic value
of Spain,santiago
Representative of the original church
Fort Santiago: Sections that front the building orders: AUGUSTINIANS,
river(less intricate and complex). FRANCISCANS, JESUITS, DOMINICANS,
Three-sided land fronts AUGUSTINIAN RECOLLECTS

FORTIFICATION OF MANILA drawn by PRESERVATION - to retain what is left

Dionisio Kelly in 1770. CONSERVATION - to restore

The wall surrounding Intramuros precinct General Criteria:

had four fronts: one facing the river, ● constructed during the spanish
one facing the sea, and two land fronts, one colonial period and must be intact
of which was called BAGUMBAYAN. ● interiors must have preserved
● most of its pre-1898 furnishing.
Bastion de San Diego : The apex of the
triangle is the archaeological site where

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 ● the architecture inits site must be an
excellent representation of some
artistic style or technique

● Earthquake baroque : prominence

of buttresses
● Colonial baroque:
Spanish/European reliefs. A style of
architecture that combines spanish
baroque influences with local
materials and conditions to create a
unique style of church building
presence of rococo
elements,painted
● Trompe l'oeil baroque : sculpted
ceiling
● Planners/architects at the time for
churches were friars most workers
were chinese for wood carving

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*EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE (Ar.
(HOAX Review Sesh Lecture) Ealdama PPT)

● 1946 – modernism: reinforced

concrete, steel, glass/ cubic forms,
geometric shapes, Cartesian grids,
no decorations
● 1947 – Manila master plan – US &
Latin capitals
● Federico Ilustre – 1950s-1970s
consulting architect
● 3rd generation architecture – “form
follows function”
● 1950 – 30 meters

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION
• THIN SHELL
• BRISE SOLEIL
• REINFORCED CONCRETE

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 • FOLDED PLATE

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Notable Post-War Architects
• LEANDRO LOCSIN
• ILDEFONSO SANTOS
• PABLO ANTONIO
• JUAN NAKPIL
• FRANCISCO MAÑOSA
• CARLOS SANTOS-VIOLA

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INTERNATIONAL STYLE

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BRUTALISM

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