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Digital_Interview_Questions

The document outlines fundamental concepts and questions related to VLSI design, including topics such as VLSI design flow, digital electronics, CMOS technology, and HDL. It covers various aspects of VLSI, from basic definitions to complex design and testing methodologies. Additionally, it includes practical knowledge and behavioral questions aimed at assessing experience and motivation in the VLSI field.

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pandeysumit359
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14 views5 pages

Digital_Interview_Questions

The document outlines fundamental concepts and questions related to VLSI design, including topics such as VLSI design flow, digital electronics, CMOS technology, and HDL. It covers various aspects of VLSI, from basic definitions to complex design and testing methodologies. Additionally, it includes practical knowledge and behavioral questions aimed at assessing experience and motivation in the VLSI field.

Uploaded by

pandeysumit359
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Concepts

1. What is VLSI?
2. Explain the difference between ASIC and FPGA.
3. What is the difference between combinational and sequential logic?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of CMOS technology?
5. Explain Moore's Law and its significance in VLSI.

VLSI Design Flow

6. Describe the VLSI design flow from specification to tape-out.


7. What is the importance of the design specification in the VLSI design flow?
8. What is the Antenna Effect?
9. What steps are involved in the verification process?
10. Explain the role of synthesis in the VLSI design flow.

Digital Electronics

11. What is the difference between a latch and a flip-flop?


12. Minimization of a Boolean expression?
13. Logic simplification using Karnaugh Map?
14. Define Gray code and its application.
15. What is overflow? Under what condition will it occur?
16. How does a multiplexer work?
17. Realization of logic gates and Boolean function using mux.
18. Explain working of encoder and decoder.
19. Without a comparator, how do you find greater of two numbers?
20. Explain the operation of a different flip-flop.
21. Inter-conversion of different flip-flops.
22. What is race-around condition and solution to avoid that.
23. Implementation of Full-adder using half-adder.
24. Implementation of Ripple carry adder and Carry look ahead adder
25. Design a frequency divider by 3 circuits.
26. Design & explain the MOD-5 counter.
27. What is asynchronous reset & how is it different from synchronous reset?
28. What is a shift register & the types of shift registers?
29. Design a frequency doubler circuit using combinational logic?
30. Design a circuit to achieve a clock signal with duty cycle of 25%, 50%, 66.67%, 75%.
31. What is the difference between a Moore and a Mealy state machine.
32. Design FSM to detect 1001, overlapping and non-overlapping sequence
33. Give the state machine of 2’s complement.

CMOS VLSI

34. Explain the structure and operation of a CMOS transistor.


35. What are the advantages of CMOS technology over other technologies?

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36. Describe the operation of a CMOS NAND gate.
37. Realization of logic functions using CMOS logic.
38. What is channel length modulation in CMOS transistors?
39. How do you size a CMOS inverter for a specific load?
40. What are short channel effects in CMOS technology? Explain each effect.
41. What is meant by Threshold Voltage?
42. What is meant by Subthreshold Current?
43. Draw the transfer characteristics of a MOSFET.
44. What is Latch Up? How do you avoid it?

Inverter and Buffer

45. Explain the operation of a CMOS inverter.


46. How does an inverter differ from a buffer?
47. What is the significance of the voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) curve of an inverter?
48. Why are buffers used in VLSI circuits?
49. Define Noise-margin.
50. Describe the operation of a tri-state buffer.

Power Dissipation and Optimization

51. What are the different types of power dissipation in VLSI circuits?
52. Explain the concept of dynamic power dissipation.
53. What is static power dissipation and what causes it?
54. Describe clock gating and its role in power optimization.
55. What other techniques can be used to reduce power consumption in VLSI designs?
56. What is power gating and how does it help in power reduction?

HDL (Hardware Description Languages)

57. What is Verilog/VHDL?


58. What is the difference between wire and reg data type?
59. Write a simple Verilog code for a D flip-flop.
60. Explain the difference between a ‘blocking’ and ‘non-blocking’ assignment in Verilog.
61. What is the difference between always and initial block.
62. Difference between tasks and functions.
63. Difference between inter and intra assignment delay.
64. Difference between “==” and “===”.
65. Write a Verilog code for a 4-bit binary counter.
66. How to generate a random number between 0-99 in Verilog?
67. Verilog code for sequence detector.
68. Write a Verilog code to switch the contents of two registers.
69. Write a Verilog code for synchronous and asynchronous reset.
70. Write a Verilog code for a FIFO.
71. Write a Verilog code for MOD-5 counter?

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Semiconductor Memories

72. What are the different types of semiconductor memories?


73. What is volatile memory? Give an example.
74. Explain the difference between SRAM and DRAM with circuit.
75. Which is faster: SRAM or DRAM
76. What is a ROM and how does it differ from RAM?
77. Describe the operation of a NAND flash memory.
78. What is FIFO? Explain its significance.
79. Explain how you check if a FIFO is empty or full.
80. Explain Synchronous vs Asynchronous FIFO
81. Explain cache memory?
82. Explain the concept of memory hierarchy in computer systems.

Computer Architecture

83. What is pipelining?


84. Explain the stages of any basic Pipelined processor.
85. What are the types of Hazards present in a Pipelined processor? How to overcome them?
86. What is an ISA?
87. Explain how an instruction is executed in a single cycle processor.
88. Explain the difference between RISC and CISC architectures.

DFT

89. What is DFT (Design for Testability) and why is it important?


90. What are the types stuck-at faults considered in DFT?
91. How many number of stuck at problems are possible for a 2 input gates.
92. Concept of fault equivalence and fault collapsing.
93. What do you mean by Path Sensitized Tests in testing a logic Circuits
94. Define ATPG.
95. Explain the concept of Boundary Scan.

Synthesis and Simulation

96. What is the difference between simulation and synthesis in the context of HDL?
97. What are the different types of simulation?
98. What is a testbench and why is it important?
99. Explain the concept of RTL (Register Transfer Level) design.
100. What is gate-level simulation and why is it necessary?

Timing Analysis

101. What is static timing analysis?


102. What is critical path.
103. What is setup and hold times? Why are they important?

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104. What is clock skew and how can it affect a digital circuit?
105. What are slack and critical paths in timing analysis?
106. Explain the concept of setup and hold violations.
107. How do you perform a timing analysis on a digital circuit?

Tools and Methodologies

108. What EDA tools are you familiar with?


109. Explain the role of a place and route tool in the VLSI design flow.
110. What is LVS (Layout versus Schematic) check?
111. Describe the use of SPICE in circuit simulation.
112. What is RC extraction and why is it important?

Miscellaneous

113. what is Clock Domain Crossing (CDC) and why it is important in digital design?
114. What are different ways to synchronize between two clock domains?
115. What is metastability? Explain how you would design a circuit to avoid metastability.

Practical Knowledge

116. Describe your experience with any VLSI projects or internships.


117. How would you optimize a design for power consumption?
118. What are the common challenges faced in VLSI design and how would you address them?

Behavioural Questions

119. Can you describe a time when you worked on a team project? What was your role and how
did you contribute?
120. How do you keep yourself updated with the latest trends and technologies in VLSI?
121. What motivated you to pursue a career in the VLSI digital domain?

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