1.

Resources and Development

1 Mark Questions
1. Give any two examples for renewable resources.
A. Solar energy, wind energy, hydro power, biomass, geothermal energy
2. Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as Wind Erosion.
3. Which type of soil is ideal for growing cotton?
A. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton.
4. Find the odd one. Wind, Water, Forest, Metal.
A. Metal
5. Give an example for Recyclable Resources.
A. A number of products like plastic bottles, paper, glass, cans & containers are recycled.
6. Earth summit - 2022 held at Stockholm City.
7. On the basis of Exhaustibility, Resources can be classified as?
A. Renewable and Non-Renewable resources
8. What should be the percentage of forest area in Geographical area?
A. 33%
9. Where was the first International Earth Summit held?
A. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
10. Who was the author of the book “Small is Beatiful”?
A. Schumacher
11. Which Erosion does the given image show? (Text Book pg. No. 20, Geography)
A. Gully Erosion
12. What is the total Geographical area of India?
A. 3.28 million sq k.m
13. What is Agenda 21?
A. Agenda 21 is for achiving sustainable development in 21st century
14. How did Gandhiji Voice his concern about resources Conservation?
A. There is enough for Everybody’s need and not for anybody greed
15. Solar Energy: Renewable Resources :: Fossil Fuels: Non Renewable
16. Which is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
A. Over irrigation is main cause of land degradation in Punjab
17. In which one of the following state is Terrace Cultivation practiced. [d]
a) Punjab b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh c) Haryana d) Uttarakhand
18. In Maharastra which soil is predominantly found?
A. Black Soil.
19. The soil which ranges from red to brown in colour and saline in Nature.
A. Arid soils range from red to brown in colour
20. Match the following
causes of Land degradation States
1. Deforestation due to Mining ( C ) A. Gujarat, Rajasthan
2. Overgrazing ( A ) B. Punjab, Haryana
3. Over irrigation ( B ) C. Odisha, Jharkhand
 2. Forest and Wildlife Resources
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is Bio-diversity? Why is Bio-diversity important for Human lives?
A. Biodiversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function,
but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies. It is
important for human lives because the human beings, along with the biodiversity, form a
complete web of ecological system in which we are only a part and are very much dependent on
this system for our own existence
2. How have human activities affected the depletion of Flora and Fauna? Explain.
A. Several human activities have affected the depletion of flora and fauna and have led to decline in
India’s biodiversity. The main factors responsible for this damage are:
1) Habitat destruction, mainly due to overpopulation leading to expansion of agriculture,
mining, industrialization and urbanization and consequent wiping out of large forest areas.
2) Hunting and poaching and illegal trade of animal skin, tusk, bones, teeth, horns, etc. have lead
many species to the verge of extinction.
3) Environmental pollution, poisoning of water bodies due to discharge of industrial effluents,
chemicals, wastes, etc. leading to animal deaths.
4) Forest fires often induced by shifting cultivation wiping out valuable forests and wildlife.
5) Large scale development projects and destruction of forests.
6) Grazing and fuel wood collection.
7) Over-exploitation of forest products
Other important causes of environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable
consumption of forest resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental
well-being.
3. Distinguish between Reserved Forests and Protected Forests.
A.
Reserved Forests Protected Forests
1. Reserved forests are the most 1. A protected forest ensures that the
restricted forests where any type of protection and conservation of the natural
hunting, poaching etc are prohibited resources of the forest which includes both
plants and animals
2. No one is allowed unless specific 2.Communities living in the fringes of the
orders are issued. forests are allowed and can use the forest
resources partially or wholly.
3. 50 Percent of total area is under 3. 1/3 rd of the forest area is under
reserved forests protected forests.
 3. Water Resources
8 Marks Questions
1. What is water Scarcity? What are its main causes?
a) Water scarcity or water stress occurs when water availability is not enough to match the
demand for water. It is caused by an increase in population, growing demand for water,
urbanisation, industrialisation, wastage, injudicious use and unequal access to it.
b) A large population requires more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more
food. The ever increasing number of industries has made matters worse by exerting pressure
on existing fresh water resources.
c) Fragile water resources are being over-exploited and have been depleted in cities. Water
scarcity may also be due to the bad quality of water.
d) Lately there has been a growing concern that even if there is ample water to meet the needs of
the people, much of it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides
and fertilizers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use.
2. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects?
a) Multipurpose river projects help in irrigation, electricity production, flood control, the supply
of water for domestic and industrial use, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding.
b) It integrates development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialization
and growth of the urban economy. However, the reservoirs destroy local flora and fauna.
c) Dams fragment the river thus making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate and for spawning.
Many native villages are submerged, and people lose their livelihood, with little or no hope of
rehabilitation.
d) The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation
in the reservoir. It was also observed that the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes,
caused waterborne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
3. Discuss how rain water harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out?
a) Houses in the semi arid regions of Rajasthan have traditionally constructed tanks for storing
drinking water.
b) The tanks could be as large as a big room. They are big and are a part of the well-developed
rooftop rainwater harvesting system. The tanks are constructed inside the main house or the
courtyard and are connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
c) The rain falling on the rooftop travels down and is stored in the underground tanks. The first
spell of rain is not collected as this water cleans the roof and the pipes.
d) The rainwater from the subsequent spells is collected. This water is used until the next rainy
season and is a reliable source of water even after other sources have dried up.
e) The tanks also help in cooling the houses as rooms built around them have generally low
temperatures due to conduction
4. Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rain water harvesting methods are being
carried out to conserve and store water.
a) Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting like ‘the rooftop method’ are becoming popular in
India.
b) In Gendathur village, Mysore, about 200 households have adopted the rooftop rainwater
harvesting method, thereby making the village rich in rainwater.
c) The state of Tamil Nadu has made it compulsory for all the houses to have rooftop rainwater
harvesting structures .There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.
d) Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. Rooftop
harvesting is common across the towns and villages of the Thar.
e) In Meghalaya, a 200 year old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo
pipes is prevalent. About 18 to 20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe system and gets
transported over hundreds of metres.
 4. Agriculture
8 Marks Questions
1. Suggest the initiatives to be taken by the government to ensure the increase in
Agricultural production?
A. Various initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production are:
 Collectivization, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of Zamindari etc.
were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after
independence.
 Land Reform was the main focus of our ‘First Five Year Plan’.
 The Green Revolution was based on the use of package technology and the White
Revolution were some of the strategies initiated to improve a lot of Indian agriculture.
 Minimum Support Price policy, provision for crop insurance, subsidy on agricultural
inputs and resources such as power and fertilizers, Grameen Banks, Kissan Credit Card
and Personal
 Accident Insurance Scheme are also some of the reforms bought by Indian Government.
2. Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
The geographical conditions required for growth of rice are as follows:
 It is a Kharif crop and requires a hot and humid climate for cultivation. Temperature
above 25°C and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm are favourable for the
growth of rice.
 Rich alluvial soils of the floodplains and deltaic areas which are renewed every year are
ideal for rice cultivation.
 Rice requires abundant rainfall or good water supply through irrigation and flooded
fields during the earlier part of its growing season in June-July.
 Plenty of cheap labour as most of the farming involves manual labour.
3. Describe any four features of Indian agriculture sector.
A (i) Indian Agriculture is mainly of intensive subsistence type.
(ii) It is mainly practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
(iii) It is labour intensive farming where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are
used for obtaining high yields.
(iv) Farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land with absence of alternate
source of livelihood which leads to enormous pressure on agricultural land.
(v) The right of inheritance has led to division of land among successive generations and
rendered the size of land holding uneconomical.
 5. Minerals and Energy Resources
4 Marks Questions
1. Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
A. Solar energy has a bright future in India because –
• India being a tropical country receives sunlight in abundance throughout the year.
• Solar plants can be easily established in rural and remote areas.
• It will minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dunk cakes which in
turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in
agriculture.
2. Describe the distribution of Coal in India?
A. The major resources of metallurgical coal belong to the Gondwana age and are located mainly in
the north eastern part of the peninsula.
• Rich reserves of coal are found in the Damodar Valley region in the states of West Bengal and
Jharkhand. Raniganj in West Bengal and Jharia and Bokaro in Jharkhand are important coalfields.
One third of the total production comes from here.
• Coal is also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys. Korba in
Chhattisgarh, Singrauli and Penah-kanhan valley in Madhya Pradesh, Talcher in Orissa, Kamptee
and Chandrapur in Maharashtra and Singareni of Andhra Pradesh are important coal mines.
• Tertiary coal occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and
Nagaland.
• Principal lignite reserves are found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu
3. Why do we need to conseve mineral resources? (or) Explain the importance of
consevation of minerals?
A. Minerals are required in all spheres of our life in agriculture, industries and for domestic
purposes. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required million of years to be
formed and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the
rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.
They are finite resources that are non-renewable, yet are getting exhausted due to rapid
exploitation. Continued extraction bring down their quality as well as increases costs of
extraction. To save these valuable resources from exhaustion and to preserve them for future
generations as well, we should conserve our mineral resources.
Methods of conserving minerals are as follows.
(a) Causing minimum wastage of minerals during the process of mining and processing of
mineral.
(b) Improved technologies to utilize low-grade ores at low cost.
(c) Using minerals in a planned manner by adopting the policy of recycle and reuse. Recycling of
metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes to reduce exploitation of the present deposit,
(d) Looking for some other eco-friendly options for its replacement like CNG.
4. Distinguish between the Ferrous Minerals and Non-Ferrous Minerals.
A.
Ferrous minerals Non-Ferrous minerals
 Metallic minerals containing iron are  Metallic minerals that contain metals
called ferrous minerals. other than iron are non-ferrous minerals.

 They account for about three-fourths of the  India's reserves and production of non-
total value of production of metallic ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory.
minerals in India.
 Iron ore, manganese, chromite, tungsten,  Copper, lead, tin, bauxite, gold are
nickel and cobalt are examples of ferrous examples of non-ferrous minerals as
minerals. they do not contain iron.

5. Distinguish between conventional and Non-conventional sources of Energy.

Conventional Sources of Energy Non-conventional Sources of Energy
 Conventional sources of energy have  Non-conventional sources have been
been in use since time immemorial. put to use in the recent past.
 Most of them, especially the fossil fuels  They are inexhaustible, renewable
are limited and exhaustible. resources.
 They emit smoke and ash on burning  They are environment friendly as they
and cause environmental pollution. do not cause pollution.
 As the supply of fossil fuels are  As they are flow resources, freely found in
limited they are expensive. nature in abundance other than
atomic energy, they are less expensive.

 Simple mining as well as modern  Advanced scientific technology is

technology are involved in their involved in production.
production.

 Coal, mineral oil, natural gas, and  Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy,
hydel power are examples of geothermal energy, biogas and energy from
conventional sources of energy. urban waste are examples of non-
conventional sources of energy.
 6. Manufacturing Industries
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1 What are the Basic industries? Give an example.
A. Basic industries are those which supply their raw materials to industries which manufacture
other goods. An example is the iron and steel industry which supplies steel to the automobile
industry.
2 What are the Agro-Based industries? Give an example.
A. Industries which obtain raw materials from agricultural products.
Example: sugar industry, textiles, tea, coffee etc.
3 Define the Mineral-based industries? Give an example.
A. Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.
Four examples of mineral based industries are as follows
(i) The iron and steel industry All other industries depend on it for their machinery.
(ii) Chemical industry: It contributes approximately 3 per cent of India’s GDP.
(iii) Fertiliser industry: It is centered on the production of nitrogenous, phosphatic, ammonium
phosphate and complex fertiliser.
(iv) Cement industry: This requires limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum as raw materials.
4 What is manufacturing?
A. Manufacturing is the process in which goods are produced in large quantities after processing the
various raw materials. Manufacturing helps transforming the raw materials into finished goods on
a large scale and thus helps earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials.

1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Find out which is not related to Agro-based Industries? ( C )
A. Sugar B. Rubber C. Cement D. Coffee
2. In which of the following state Kalpakam Nuclear power plant located? ( B)
A. Kerala B. Tamilnadu C. Delhi D. Sikkim
3. Which industry uses Bauxite as a raw meterial?
A. Aluminium
4. Which one of the following industries manufacture telephones, computers etc (B)
A. Steel B. Aluminium Smelting
C. Electronic D. Information Technology
5. Expand BHEL?
A. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
6. Expand TISCO?
A. Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited
7. Which city is called “Electronic Capital of India.”?
A. Bengaluru has emerged as the 'electronic capital' of India.
8. Which city is called “Silicon city.”?
A. Bengaluru
9. Expand NALCO?
A. National Aluminium Company Limited
10. Based on raw material, Jute is example of Insustry. (A )
A. Agro-based B. Mineral-based C. Aand B D. Non of the above
11. Salem : Tamil Nadu : : Bhadravathi : Karnataka
12. Edible Oil : Agro-based industry : :Cement Industry : Manufacturing Industy
13. Find the odd one.
Bokaro Jaipur Rourkela Durgapur
A. Jaipur
14. Which is called “Golden Fibre?
A. Jute
15. Which was the first successful textile mill established in India?
A. The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in India.
 7. Lifelines of National Economy
2 Marks Questions
1. What is the significance of the border roads?
A. Border roads are strategically important as they improve accessibility to areas like the
northern and north eastern border areas which have a difficult terrain.
2. State any three merits of roadways?
A. Merits of roadways:
(i) They are cheaper than railways in terms of construction costs.
(ii) Roads can go through dissected and undulating land areas and through steep mountains.
(iii) They are economical as loading costs are low and door-to-door service can be availed of.
3. What is meant by trade? Write one difference between International Trade and
Local Trade.
A. Trade is the movement of goods and services between regions for economic gain. Trade
between two or more countries is termed as international trade, while trade occurring in a
region within the same country is called local trade.
4. Write about “Pradhana Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.”
A. a) The Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana aims to link every village in India to major
towns with all-season motorable roads.
b) The scheme focuses on constructing high-quality rural roads to improve accessibility and
connectivity.
c) It provides special provisions and funding to ensure that even the most remote areas
are connected. This initiative enhances economic opportunities, access to services, and
overall quality of life in rural regions.
5. Where and Why is rail transport the most convenient means of transportation
A. In the northern plains, rail transport is the most convenient mode of transportation. This
isbecause this region has vast level lands that are good for laying tracks, and huge population
and high agricultural productivity, making rail transport a profitable venture.
6. Obseve the given map of India (TB Pg. No. 158) and answer the following questions?
a) Where is the Indira Gandhi International Airport located?
A. Delhi
b) Where is the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport located?
A. Kolkata
7. Observe the given Map of India (TB Pg. No. 158) and answer the following
questions?
a) Name any two Major ports which located on the west coast of India?
A. Marmagao, New Mangalore, Kandla, Mumbai
b) Name any two Major ports which located on the east coast of India?
A. Paradwip, Haldia, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Blair
8. What is called Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways?
A. It links Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai- Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways
 INDIA MAP
4 Marks Questions
1. Resources and Development - 1M
6. Manufacturing Industries - 1M
7. Life lines of National Economy - 2M
1. Thar Desert 27. Vishakha Patnam
2. Mahanadi 28. Bengaluru
3. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 29. Kandla Port
4. S.C.R. Head Quarter 30. Uttara Khand
5. Kerala 31. Jammu
6. Goa 32. Bay of Bengal
7. Indira Gandhi International Air Port (New Delhi) 33. Varanasi
8. Amaravathi 34. Bihar
9. Netaji International Airport (Kolkata) 35. River Ganga
10. Narmada River 36. River Indus
11. Punjab 37. Arebean Sea
12. Jamshedpur 38. Sardar Sarovar Dam
13. Bangladesh 39. Bhakra Nangal Dam
14. Mumbai 40. Tehri Dam
15. The state with Arid Soils
16. The steel plant in Tamil Nadu
17. Sikkim
18. Maharastra
19. Hyderabad
20. Paradwip Port
21. Deccan Plateau
22. Godavari River
23. Lakshadweep Islands
24. Chennai
25. Andhra Pradesh
26. Kolkata
1 Mark (Only Model for students) ı
1. Name the eastern most city from the given list. Patna, Mathura, Jaisalmer, Imphal
2. Arrange the following countries from East to West. Japan, Mexico,
France, China
3. U.K, China, USA, India India,
China, Japan, USA Egypt, China,
England, Japan China, USA,
England, Japan
4. Name the western most city from the following.
Imphal, Ranchi, Bhopal, Gandhinagar
5. Arrange the states from North to South Andhra
Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal, Haryana Note:-
(Practice with the help of Atlas)
Map pointing chapters - Text book pagNo’s (Geography)
1. 1. Resources and Development - 16
2. 6. Manufacturing Industries - 122, 126, 134
3. 7. Life lines of National Economy - 146, 152, 158
 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

1. Name the Sea located between Europe and Africa?

A. Mediterranean sea
2. Name the biggest empire in this map?
A. The Russian Empire
3. Vienna belongs to which country?
A. Austria
4. Mention any one Island in Atlantic Ocean.
A. Helena, Tristan da Cunha, Bouvet, and Gough
Obeserve the Map and Answer the following.

1. This map shows the unification of one country. Name that country?
A. Germany
2. Name any one sea that was located to North in this map.
A. North Sea
3. Name the Empire that was located to South in this map.
A. Austrian Empire
4. Who was the chancellor of Prussia during the unification?
A. Vottoman Bismark
Obeserve the Map and Answer the following.

1. This map belongs to a country before its unification. Name that country?
A. Italy
2. King Victor Emmanuel-II belonged to which state?
A. Italy
3. Name One Island located in this map.
A. Sardini, Sisly, Corsica
4. Name the sea located in this map.
A. Mediterrenean
1. Civil code of 1804 is also known as Nepoleonic code –Civil code of 1804
2. Choose the odd one out.
Mazzini, Cavour, Bismark, Garibaldi
A. Bismark
1. Secret Society founded by Mazzini Yong Italy, Young Europe
2. The state which is not belonged to Italy.
Prussia, Sardinia, Sicily, Piedmont
A. Prussia
3. Congress of Vienna held in [b]
a. 1810 b. 1815 c. 1820 d. 1825
4. What is Plebiscite?
A. Plebiscite is a system of direct vote by which the people of a region, themselves
decide to accept or reject a proposal.
 2. Nationalism in India
8 Marks Questions
1. Read the paragraph and comment
“Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. As you know, he had come from South
Africa where he had successfully fought the racist regime with a novel method of mass agitation,
which he called satyagraha. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need
to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice,
then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being
aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by
appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be
persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. By
this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma
of non-violence could unite all Indians. “
A. 1. The idea of Satyagraha is a method of non-violent resistance or civil disobedience,
suggesting that if the cause is just and the struggle is against injustice, then physical force is not
necessary to fight the oppressor. A satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence without
seeking vengeance or being aggressive.
2. Most of the people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh on 13 April were there to protest against the
government's new repressive measures, while others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi
fair and were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
3. The movement discussed in the paragraph is the Non-Cooperation Movement. For the
people, it meant a collective effort to resist British rule and assert their rights through non-
violent means.
2. Read the paragraph and comment
“Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was, in a way, an ultimatum. If the demands were not fulfilled by 11
March, the letter stated, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign. Irwin was
unwilling to negotiate. So Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of
his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the
Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day.
Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant
by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the British. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and
ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water”
3. Read the paragraph and comment
“Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930,
clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate
electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji
began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the
process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and
the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932. It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be
known as the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but
they were to be voted in by the general electorate. The dalit movement, however, continued to be
apprehensive of the Congress- led national movement.”
4. Read the paragraph and comment
“As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more aware of such
icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. During the
Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight
lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus
and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green
and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance. “
 3. The Making of A Global World
2 Marks Questions
Obeserve the Map and Answer the following.

1. Name the Ocean on the West side of this map?

A. Atlantic Ocean
2. Name the Island in the Indian Ocean
A. Madagascar, Maldives, Seychelles, Socotra, and Sri Lanka

1. Identify the two places on East coast of India?

A. Coromandel Coast and Southeast Asia
2. Mention the names of any two seas?
A. The Andaman Sea, the Arabian Sea,
1 Mark Questions
1. Expand IMF
A. International Monetary Fund
2. Expand IBRD
A. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
3. Expand NIEO
A. New International Econoic Order
4. Find the odd one.
IMF, World Bank, IBRD, MNC
A. MNC
5. Indentured labour was abolished in the year 1921 .
6. This is not belonged to Caribbean Island Group.
Sicily, Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam
A. Sicily
7. Germany : Axis power : : Britain : Allied Power .
8. The cattle plague also known as Rinderpest
9. First world war was started in (a)
a. 1914 b. 1916 c. 1918 d. 1939
Identify the following in World Map
1. Britain 2. France 3. USA 4. Australia
5. New Zealand 6. Spain 7. South Africa 8. Atlantic Ocean
9. India 10. Egypt 11. Red Sea 12. Madagascar
13. Germany 14. Japan 15. Canada
 4. The Age of Industralisation
4 Marks Questions
1. How did the East India company procure regular supplies of Cotton and Silk textiles
from Indian Weavers?
A. The English East India Company used different means to procure silk and cotton from the
weavers:
 Once East India company established political supremacy it monopolised the trade and
eliminated its rival traders controlled the costs and ensured regular supplies of cotton
and silk goods.
 They developed a system of management and direct control over the weavers by
appointing paid supervisors called Gomasthas.
 Gomasthas supervised weavers and also collected supplies and examined cloth quality
of the weavers.
 He ensured prevention of Company weavers from dealing with other buyers through a
system of advances and loans. As loans flowed in demand for fine textiles expanded,
weavers eagerly took advances, hoping to earn more. Now they had to lease out the
land and devote all their time to weaving.
 In many villages, there were reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas. They
acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoy and peons, and punished weavers
for delays in supply -often beating and flogging them.
2. Why did some industrialists in 19th century Europe prefer hand labour over
machines?
A. Some industrialists in nineteenth century Europe preferred hand labour to machines because
(a) Machines were costly, ineffective, difficult to repair and required huge capital
investments.
(b) Labour was available at low wages at that period of time.
(c) In seasonal industries, only seasonal labour was required.
(d) Market demands of a variety of designs and colour and specific type could not be fulfilled
by machine-made clothes. Intricate designs and colours could be done by human skills only.
3. Why did Industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
A. India witnessed increased industrial production during the First World War due to following
reasons.
(a) British industries were busy producing and supplying war needs. Hence, they stopped
exporting British goods or clothes in colonial markets like India.
(b) It was a good opportunity for Indian industries to fill in empty Indian markets with their
production. Therefore, industrial production in India increased.
(c) The British colonial government asked Indian factories to supply the war needs like jute
bags, cloth or army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles, etc.
(d) The increased demand for a variety of products led to the setting up of new factories. The
old factories also increased the production.
(e) Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours.
4. Explain what is meant by Proto-Industralisation?
A. Proto-industrialization is the phase of industrialization that was not based on the factory
system. Before the coming of factories, there was large-scale industrial production for an
international market. This part of industrial history is known as proto-industrialization. This
period was marked by merchants from towns getting products made in villages. The merchants
supplied money to the peasants in the countryside. The land was becoming scarce in villages.
Small plots of land were not enough to meet the need for a growing population. Peasants were
looking for some additional sources of income.
5. Why the East India company appointed Gomasthas to supervise weavers in India?
A. The English East India Company appointed Gomasthas for :
The East India company wanted to ensure regular supply of fine silk and cotton textiles. To
eliminate the existence of traders and brokers and establish direct control over the weavers
through Gomasthas who supervised weavers, collected supplies and examined the quality of
cloth. To eliminate weavers from dealing with other buyers by means of advances and control.
In this manner, weavers who took loans and fees in advance were obligated to the British and
could not take their cloth to any other trader. Thus company controlled costs and eliminated
 bargaining power of the weavers. There were often reports of clashes between weavers and
gomsthas. They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished
weavers for delays in the supply-often beating and flogging them.
6. “Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny” - Why?
A. Women workers in Britain were surviving on the hand spinning job. Spinning Jenny speeded
up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a worker
could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time. They
developed a valid fear that the new machine may take up their jobs and make them
unemployed. Already the cottage and poor peasants were facing economic constraints due to
various reasons. All these things made women workers turn violent and they started attacking
Spinning Jenny.
 5. Print Culture and The Modern World
8 Marks Questions
1. “Print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in Inda.” - Comment.
A. The print culture immensely helped the growth in the growth of nationalism in India in the
following ways –
• In the 19th century, huge quantity of national literature was created. Revolutionised minds of
people inspired them to throw away the British yoke.
• India Mirror, Bombay Samachar, The Hindu, Kesari-Indian newspapers exerted deep imprint
on the minds of people.
• Nationalist press reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. For
example, when Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with
great sympathy about them. This in turn led to a renewed cycle of persecution and protests.
• Gandhiji spread his ideas of Swadeshi in a powerful way through newspaper. Many
Vernacular newspapers came up in India to spread nationalism.
• Many novels written by Indian novelists like ‘Anandamath’ written by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhay, created a sense of pan-Indian belonging. Munshi Premchand’s novel, ‘Godan
highlighted how Indian peasants were exploited by the colonial bureaucrats.
• Various images of Bharatmata Painters like Raja Ravi Verma and Rabindranath Tagore drew
images of Bharatmata which produced a sense of nationalism among Indians. The devotion to
mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism.
2. “Some people in 18th century in Europe think that print culture would bring
enlightenment and end despotism” - Comment.
A. Before the invention of the printing press, access to print was limited. It was restricted
to upper classes. Common people largely learnt from oral culture. Books were expensive and
produced in insufficient numbers. However, with the advent of print culture, a new reading
public emerged.
• It contributed to the spread of knowledge.
• The cost of books was reduced. The time and labour required to produce each book also
reduced and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease. As a result, the market was
flooded by books for all kind of readers. Now books could reach out wider sections of people.
• Print created the possibility of a wide circulation of ideas and introduced a new world of
debate and discussion.
• Social reformers like Louise, Sebastian Mercier, and Martin Luther felt that the print culture
is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion and hence, it would definitely bring
enlightenment and an end to despotism. Several scholars, in fact, think that print brought
about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to the
Reformation.
3. “Some people fear the effect of easily available printed books: - Comment.
A. Some people, especially from the upper class, and powerful class feared the effect of easily
available printed books. Their cause of fear was that due to the spread of literacy among the
common people they may lose their position or authorities. Some people feared that this may
lead to the spread of rebellions and irreligious thoughts. For example –In Europe, the Roman
Church, troubled by the effects of popular readings and questionings of faith, imposed severe
controls over the publishers and booksellers and tried to curb the printed books through the
Index of Prohibited Books. In India, the Vernacular Press Act imposed restrictions on the
Indian press and various local newspapers. Also, some religious leaders and some people from
upper castes expressed their fear.
4. Comment on “the effect of the spread of print culture for poor people in 19th century
India.”
A. The effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in nineteenth-century India were:
• The poor people benefited from the spread of print culture in India on account of the
availability of low-price books and public libraries.
• Poor wood engravers who made wood blocks set up shops near the letterpresses and were
employed by print shops.
• Enlightening essays were written against caste discrimination and its inherent injustices.
These were read by people across the country.
 • On the encouragement and support of social reformers, over-worked factory workers set up
libraries for self-education, and some of them even published their own works, for example,
Kashibaba and his “Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal”.
2 Marks Questions
1. What do you know about the Vernacular press Act?
A. Vernacular Press Act was passed to give extensive powers to the government to censor reports
and editorials in Vernacular languages.
2. Write about Gutenberg Press.
A. The Gutenberg Press: The first printing press was developed by Johan Gutenberg in1430s. It
was a developed form of the olive and wine presses. By 1448 Gutenberg perfected this system.
The Gutenberg Press had a long handle attached to the screw. This handle was used to turn the
screw and press down the platen over the printing block that was placed on the top of a sheet
of damp paper. The lead moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of
alphabet. The first book he printed was the Bible. He produced 180 copies of the Bible in 3
years, which was much faster by standards of the time, at the time. Among his many
contributions to printing are the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the
use of oil-based for printing books; adjustable moulds; mechanical movable type; and the use
of a wooden similar to the agricultural of the period.
3. What was the Erasmus’s idea on the printed book?
A. Erasmus’s idea of printed book: Erasmus was the Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer. He
criticized the printing of books. He believed that if there was no control over what was printed
and read, it would result in spread of religious and radical ideas. He was afraid of the
circulation of the books with rebellious ideas. Also, the significance to valuable literature
would be lost. He felt that it may be that one here and there contributes something worth
knowing, but the very multitude of them is hurtful to scholarship.
4. How can you say that Martin Luther was in favour of print?
A. Martin Luther was a great religious reformer of Germany. He was deeply grateful to print. He
considered print as the ultimate gift of God. It was through print that people could be induced
to think differently and motivated to take action.
In 1517, Martin Luther wrote 95 theses, he criticized many practices and rituals of the
Roman Catholic Church. Through the publications of his protestant ideas, Martin Luther
challenged the orthodox practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. Luther’s writings
were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely.
This led to a division within the Church and Protestant Reformation gained momentum.
Luther’s translation of the New Testament sold 5,000 copies within in a few weeks and a
second edition appeared within three months. In this way, print culture gave rise to a new
intellectual atmosphere and helped in spreading new ideas. Therefore, Martin Luther was in
favour of print and praised it tremendously.
5. Why did Gandhi said that the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the
press and freedom of association?
A. Gandhi considered that the liberty of speech, liberty of press and freedom of association
were the three most powerful vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion. If a
country wants to get freedom from foreign domination then these liberties are very
important. Therefore, he said the fight for Swaraj was a fight for liberty of speech, press, and
freedom for association. No nation could ever survive in the absence of these liberties.
6. What did the spread of print culture of 19th century in India mean to women?
A. The spread of print culture in 19th century India benefited Indian women through learning
and education. Many journals printed articles written by women and explained why women
should be educated. There was a strong movement in support of women education. Reading
matter was made available which could be used for home-based schooling. as a result,
education among women spread widely. Some literate women started to write books and their
autobiographies. Rashasundari Devi, a young married girl wrote her autobiography “Amar
Jiban” which was published in 1876. From 1860’s a few Bengali women like Kailashbashini
Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women about how women were imprisoned
at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and treated unjustly by the very
people they served. Overall, the print culture in 19th century India helped in the spread of the
feeling of self-reliance among Indian women. In the early twentieth century, journals, written
 for and sometimes edited by women became extremely popular. They discussed issues like
women’s education, widowhood, widow remarriage and the national movement
Identify the following in world map
1. Britain 2. India 3. Germany 4. Bangladesh
5. France 6. New York 7. Italy 8. Japan
9. China 10. Korea 11. USA
Identify the Following in India Map
1. Calcutta 2. Punjab 3. Madras 4. Bombay 5. Goa
 1. Power Sharing
8 Marks Questions
1. What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an
example of each of these.
A. Different forms of power sharing in modern democracies:
Horizontal division of power: It is the sharing of power among the different organs of
government. The division of government into the executive, the legislature and the judiciary is
an example of horizontal division of power. In such a power sharing arrangement, different
organs of government, placed at the same level, exercise different powers. This separation of
powers ensures that no organ exercises unlimited power. Each organ checks the others,
thereby putting in place a system of checks and balances. The division of power between the
Council of
Ministers headed by the Indian Prime Minister, the Parliament of India and the Indian Supreme
Court is an example of this kind of power sharing.
Vertical division of power: It is the sharing of power among governments at different levels
— a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional
level. For example, in India, the Constitution defines the way power is to be shared between
the Central or Union government and the various State governments. There are certain matters
on which only the Central government can take decisions, while there are others on which only
an individual state government has an exclusive right for decision making.
Division of power among social groups: Power can also be shared among different groups
which differ socially. The system of 'community government' in Belgium is an example of this
type of power division. This government is elected by people belonging to one language
community (Dutch, French and German-speaking), and has the power to take decisions
regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues. The system of reserved
constituencies in India is another example.
Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political
parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a
democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power (the
different political parties or the different alliances comprising political parties). Such a freedom
of choice entails competition among the different parties, which in turn ensures that power
does
not remain in one hand, and is shared among different political parties representing different
ideologies and social groups.
2. State one Prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an
example from the Indian context?
A. A prudential reason for power sharing is that it leads to an avoidance of conflict between social
groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a
good way to ensure the stability of political order. In India, seats have been reserved in
legislatures for the socially weaker sections keeping in mind this prudential reason for power
sharing. A moral reason for power sharing is that it upholds the spirit of democracy. In a truly
democratic setup, the citizens too have a stake in governance. In India, the citizens can come
together to debate and criticise the policies and decisions of the government. This in turn puts
pressure on the government to rethink its policies and reconsider its decisions. This active
political participation is in keeping with the moral reason for power sharing.
3. What do we learn from two stories of Belgium and Srilanka?
A. Both are democracies. Yet, they dealt with the question of power sharing differently. In
Belgium, the leaders have realised that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting
the feelings and interests of different communities and regions. Such a realisation resulted in
mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power Sri Lanka shows as a contrasting
example. It shows as that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others
and refuse to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country.
4. Write about the power sharing accomodation in Belgium?
A. The main elements of the power-sharing model evolved in Belgium were: i Constitution
prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the
Central Government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each
linguistic group. Thus no single community can make decisions unilaterally.ii Many powers of
the Central Government have been given to State Governments of the two regions of the
country. The State Governments are not subordinated to the Central Government. iii Brussels
had a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The
French-speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking
community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government. iv Apart from the
central and the state Government there is a third kind of government called the Community
Government. v This community government is elected by people belonging to one language
community-Dutch French and German speaking. This government has the power regarding
cultural educational and language related issues.
 2. Fedaralism
2 Marks Questions
1. How is the Federal government organised?
A. (1) Federalism is the system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided
between a central governing authority and constituent political units.
(2) The Federal Government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and
judicial.
(3) These three braches are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and
the Federal courts, respectively.
(4) Each branch has its own powers and responsibilities.
(5) In India, a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary House,
organize the federal structure.
(6) Hence, federal government is organised when their is a sharing of power between national
and state governments.
2. Why do we need local government?
Local government is responsible for a range of vital services for people and businesses in
defined areas. Among them are well known functions such as social care, schools, housing and
planning and waste collection, but also lesser known ones such as licensing, business support,
registrar services and pest control.
3. Prepare two slogans for the effective practice of Federalism.
A. 1) Strong States, United Fate - Federalism is Great!
2) Unity in Diversity, Federalism's Majesty!
3) Empower the States, Harmony Awaits!
4) From Coast to Hill's, Federalism Thrills!
5) States Shine Bright, in Federalism's Light!
6) Diverse States, United Gates - Federalism Celebrates!
7) Decentralize, Energize - Federalism's Wise!
8) Collaborate, Don't Isolate - Federalism, Our True State!
9) Devolve the Power, Make Democracy Flower!
10) In Federal Harmony, Every State's a Symphony
4. Give an example for central list and state list
Union or Central list: It is a list which includes subject of national importance such as defense
of the country, foreign affairs, banking, etc.
State list: It means the important subjects on which the state government can pass the law.
The important subjects include police, trade, commerce, agriculture and local government.
1 Mark Questions
1. What is Federalism?
A. Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between the union and
provinces. Usually it has two levels of government.
2. What is Unitary government?
A. Unitary government is a kind of government system in which a single power, which is known.
as the central government, controls the whole government. In fact, all powers and.
administrative divisions authorities lies at the central place
3. Mention any two features of federalism?
A. Main Features of Federalism:
i. There are two or more levels of government. India has three levels
ii. Each level of government has its own jurisdiction in matters of legislation taxation and
administration even though they govern the same citizens.
iii. Power and functions of each tier of government is specified and guaranteed by Constitution.
iv. The Supreme Court has been given power to settle disputes between different levels of
governments.
v. Fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be altered by any one level of
government. It applies to India also.
vi. Sources of revenue between different levels is specified by the Constitution.
vii. There is mutual trust and agreement between the government at different levels.
4. What is coalition government?
A. coalition government implies a government which is formed by various parties coming
together in the situation when no single wins the majority of seats.
5. Identify the odd one that is not related to federalism? ( a )
a.China b. India c. USA d. Switzerland
6. Which of the following subjects is included in the Union list? ( d )
a. Communication b. Trade c. Commerce d. Irrigation
 3. Gender, Religion and Caste
4 Marks Questions
1. “Caste has still not disappeared from contemporary India”. Give any three examples
to Justify the statement.
A. Caste has not disappeared from contemporary India.
 Even now most people marry within their own caste or tribe.
 Untouchability has not ended completely despite constitutional prohibition.
 Effects of centuries of advantages and disadvantages continue to be felt today, e.g.,
Caste continues to be closely linked to economic status.
2. Explain the various forms that communalism can take in politics?
A. Communalism can take various forms in politics :
(i) The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely
involve religious prejudices, stereotype of religious communities and belief in the superiority
of one's religion over other religions. This is so common that we often fail to notice it, even
when we believe in it.
(ii) A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one's own religious
community. For those belonging to majority community, this takes the form of majoritarian
dominance. For those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to
form a separate political unit.
(iii) Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This
involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear in order
to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena.
(iv) Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and
massacre.
3. How does caste affect politics in India?
A. Influence of caste on politics:
i. While choosing candidates for election political parties consider the caste composition of the
voters to win support.
ii. When the government is formed political parties take care that representative from different
castes find place in the government.
iii. Political parties make appeal to the caste sentiments to win votes.
iv. Some political parties are known to favour some particular caste.
v. Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person one-vote have compelled the
political leaders to bring caste sentiments into politics to muster support.
4. What is secularism? Why is it necessary to have secularism in India?
A. Secularism means separating government from religion which simply means that the
government of India should not follow or favor any particular religion rather every religion
should be favored equally. For a country like India secularism is extremely important as it has
more than 5 religions as a safeguard.

2 Marks Questions
1. a. Define urbanisation.
Ans. Shift of population from rural areas to urban areasb.
b. What do know about apartheid?
Ans. he Apartheid (1948 to 1994) in South Africa was the racial segregation under the all-white
government of South Africa which dictated that non-white South Africans (a majority of the
population) were required to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public
facilities, and contact between the two groups
2. What is meant by communalism?
A. Communalism can take various forms in politics. The most common expression of
communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes
of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over other religions
3. State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India?
A. Caste inequalities have not disappeared from contemporary India.
• Endogamy: The meaning of endogamy is to marry within the caste or group and not out of it.
They think that their caste is superior to others due to which they look at other castes with
hatred. In this way, endogamy is a factor of inequality based on caste.
 • Untouchability: Untouchability has not ended completely despite constitutional
prohibition.
• Effects of centuries of advantages and disadvantages continue to be felt today.
• The caste groups that had access to education under the old system have done very well in
acquiring modern education as well e.g. Caste continues to be closely linked to economic
status.
4. Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state?
A. Two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state are:
• Freedom to practice, profess and propagate the religion of one’s choice.
• The Constitution states that the government shall not discriminate against any citizen on the
basis of his or her religion and has laid the foundation of policies to reverse the injustices of the
caste system. There is no state religion in the country
 4. Political Parties
1. State the various functions political parties perform in a democarcy.
A. The various functions political parties perform in a democracy are as follows:
• Contest election: Candidates are put forward by all political parties to contest in elections.
These candidates may be chosen by the top leaders or by the members of the party.
• Put forward policies and programmes: Political parties put forward their policies and
programmes for the welfare of the people and voters choose those parties whose policy they
like the most.
• Making Laws: Political parties play a major role in making laws for the country. No law can
become a bill unless a majority of the parties support it.
• Form the government: Political parties form and run governments. Parties recruit leaders,
train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.
• Play the role of opposition: Parties that lose election play the role of opposition to the party in
power, by voicing different views and criticizing the government for its failures or wrong
policies. Opposition parties also mobilize opposition to the government.
• Voice public opinion: Political parties voice the public opinion and raise issues to social
concern.Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by
people. Often opinions in the society crystallize on the lines parties take.
• Social welfare schemes: Political parties form an important link between the government and
the people. It is easy for the public to approach their local leader than a government official.
The local leader has to listen to the public demand, otherwise, he will lose the next election.
2. Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their functions well?
A. Some reforms to strengthen parties are:
• A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. Amendment was
made in the constitution to prevent MPs and MLAs from changing parties. If anyone tries to
change his/her party then he/she will lose their seat. This new law has helped to bring
defection down.
• It should be mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets (about
1/3rd) to the women candidates. Similarly, there should be a quota for women in decision
making bodies of the party.
• There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to
support the election expenses. This support could be given in the form of petrol, paper,
telephone etc. This may reduce the influence of money in the election.
• Supreme court has helped in reducing the influence of criminals and money in elections. It is
now mandatory for every person contesting the election, to give an affidavit regarding his
wealth and criminal cases pending against him. The new system has made a lot of information
available to the public.
3. What are the various challenges faced by political parties?
A. The various challenges faced by political parties are:
• Lack of Internal democracy: Every member of the party does not have a chance to take part in
the decision-making process. Power remains in the hands of a few top leaders, who do not
consult ordinary members. All the major or minor decisions are taken by the party head.
Ordinary members have no information about the internal working of the party. They hardly
get a ‘ticket’ in an election. Since one or few leaders exercise paramount power in the party,
those who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party. More than
loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.
• Dynastic Succession: The biggest challenge within the political party is the issues of dynastic
succession. These parties do not have transparent functioning and always try to give an unfair
advantage to their family members. Hence, a political party remains under the control of one
family. This is unfair to the other members of the party. This is also bad for democracy since
people who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy the positions
of power. We can take examples of Congress, SP, RJD, DMK, etc.
• Money and Muscle Power: Money is needed to organize demonstrations, public meetings, and
speeches to publicize the image of the party. Parties choose those candidates who can raise
money for the party and win elections with their money. Rich people and companies who give
funds to the parties tend to have an influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
Sometimes parties also support criminal candidates because they can win elections.
 • The Meaningful choice to others: Most of the political parties have same fundamental and
ideological issues. Voters do not have a meaningful choice. Even leaders keep changing parties,
thus confusing the voter.
4. Why did India adopt a multi-party system?
A. India adopted a Multi-party system because:
i There is social and geographical diversity in India.
ii India is such a large country which is not easily absorbed by two or three parties.
iii The system allows a variety of interests and opinions to en joy political representation
1 Mark Questions
1. What is manifesto?
A. A manifesto is a written declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an
individual, group, political party, or government
2. What is political party?
A. A political party is defined as the group of people who come together to contest the elections so
that they can hold power in the government. A political party has a leader, active members, and
the followers
3. When was the congress party founded?
A. On 28 December 1885
4. India : Multi-party system, USA : One-party system
5. Expand N.D.A.
A. National Defence Academy,
6. Expand U.P.A.
A. United Progressive Alliance
7. How many seats did B.J.P win in 2019 Lok Sabha elections?
A. 352
8. Samajwadi party : Bicycle :: AIADMK : Two Leaves
9. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded by Kanshi Ram
10. Name two regional political parties of our state.
A. Samajvadi Party, Shiv Sena
11. Explain defection?
A. Defection is a new concept which advocates the changing of allegiance from the party in which
a person got elected to a different party. It means leaving a political party to join another for
some personal gains
Map pointing
Locate in world map
Belgium, Srilanka, Brazil, USA, Spain, Canada, Nigeria, South Africa.
Locate in India map
Delhi, West Bengal, Goa, Bay of Bengal, Kerala, Aurunachal Pradesh, Deccan Pleatue, Megalaya, etc....
 5. Out comes of Democracy
1. How does democracy produce an accountable, reponsive and legitimate government?
A. Accountable:
• A democracy makes sure that people will have the right to choose their rulers and if these
representatives do not work according to the people, people have the right to remove them.
• Whenever possible, citizens should participate in the decision-making process. This is known
as transparency.
• Therefore, the most basic outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that is
accountable to citizens and is responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
Legitimate:
• There is one aspect in which the democratic government is certainly better than its
alternatives.
• Regular elections are a key feature of the democratic government.
• That is, a democratic government is a legitimate government because it follows procedures
and its decisions are more acceptable to the people and are more effective.
2. What are the conditions under which democracies accomodate social diversities?
A. (i) Democracies accommodate social diversities when it is well understood that democracy is
not just the rule of the majority and that the rule of the majority is not just the rule of a single
religious or social community.
(ii)The majority always need to work with the minority so that governments function to
represent the general view. Majority and minority opinions are not permanent.
(iii) In India, different caste groups, as well as weaker sections are given proper representation.
They are given reservation in government jobs and education.
(iv) Democracy also ensures that the government is not formed by the majority and has the
representation of minorities as well. Every citizen should get a chance of being in majority at
some point of time.
(v) In this way, democracy accommodates social diversity as it not only takes the interest of
majority but it also takes care of the interests of weaker sections.
(vi) Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of
democratic regimes.
3. Explain the “Right to Information”?
A. Right to information act, passed in 2005. This act aimed to ensure transparency and
accountability in the governance of the country. It allows citizens to participate in government,
and this also increases communication between the government and the citizens of India. By
this act, Citizens got the right to know the functioning of the government, which is very
important in Democracy.
 1. Development
4 Marks Questions
1. Mention any four characteristics of development.
A. Characteristics of development are
(i) Development is linked with the desire to improve the present condition.
(ii) Development involves thinking about the questions and about the ways in which we can
work towards achieving our desired goals.
(iii) There can be different development goals for different people.
(iv) Development for one may not be development for other.
2. What do you mean by percapita income of a country? How can it be used to compare two
countries.
A. The Per Capita Income of a country is the total Income of the country divided by its total
population. It is used to compare the development of countries by the World Bank.
The country with a higher Per Capita Income implies that it people are earning more on an
average and this is considered the indicator of higher development.
However, this hides the fact that there may be wide differences in the earnings of people,
which implies inadequate social development.
3. Why income is not an adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are
able to use?
A. Income is not an adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use.
Quality of life also depends on non- material things like equal treatment, freedom, security,
respect of others, etc.
For example a person may be earning high income, but if he is not getting job security and
adequate time for family then the person is not able to get the feeling of security and freedom.
So income not the adequate indicator.
4. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
A. The issue of sustainability is important for development due to following reasons.
(i) There is a limited stock of natural resources if they are not used judiciously then there will
be nothing left for future generations.
(ii) Without sustainable development an ecological misbalance may be created leading to
destruction of the environment.
(iii) Without sustainable development, ecological misbalance also lead to environmental
pollution which is very big deal to handle. For example, air and water pollution are rising due
to industrial wastes.
5. Percapita income of select states.
State Percapita income for 2018-19 ( in Rs)
Haryana 2,36,147
Kerala 2,04,105
Bihar 40,982

a) Answer the following questions:

1. Which state has highest percapita income?
A. Haryana
2. hich state has lowest percapita income?
A. Bihar
3. What is percapita income?
A. The Per Capita Income is the total income of the country divided by its total population. It is
also called average income.
4. According to the given percapita income which state is developed?
A. Haryana
(OR)
b) Analyse the given Table
 Haryana state has highest percapita income, Bihar state has highest percapita income
and Kerala percapital income is lessthan Haryana and more than Bihar. The Per Capita
Income is the total income of the country divided by its total population. It is also called
 average income. Even though kerala percapita income is lessthan Haryana but literacy
rate is more and life expectancy is more.
6. Some Data regarding India and its neighbours for the year 2019
Country Gross National Life Mean years HDI Rank in
Income(GNI) per Expectancy schooling of the World
capita (2011 PPP) at birth people aged 25 (2018)
and above
Srilanka 12707 77 10.6 73

India 6681 69.7 6.5 130

Myanmar 4961 67.1 5.0 148
Pakisthan 5005 67.3 5.2 154
Nepal 3457 70.8 5.0 143
Bangladesh 4976 72.6 6.2 134

1. What is the Rank of India?

A. 130
2. Which country has highest expectancy at birth?
A. Srilanka
3. Who releases HDR?
A. UNDP
4. What is the percapita income of India?
A. 6681 as per 2011

1 Mark Questions
1. A good way to measure the quality of life in countries across the world is by comparing their
Percapita income.
2. Match the following :
List A List B

A. Percapita income [ 3 ] 1. Total Income

B. National Income [ 1 ] 2. Human Development Index
C. Body Mass Index [ 4 ] 3. Average Income
D. Decent standard of living [ 2 ] 4. Proper nutrition
1. Economic development bymaintaining the natural resources for present and future use is known
as Sustainable development .
2. Expand UNDP.
A. United National Development Programme
3. Which criterian is used in world development report in classifying countries?
A. Gross National Income (GNI) percapita, Life Expectancy, Mean years schooling
4. What is the full form of BMI?
A. Body Mass Index
5. State any two goals of development other than income.
A. Two goals of development other than income are
(i) Equal treatment
(ii) Improvement in standard of living.
6. What is Literacy rate?
A. This is the total percentage of the population of an area at a particular time aged 7 years or
above, who can read and write with understanding at least one language.
7. What is the full form of IMR?
A. Infant Mortality Rate
8. Define the term Net Attendance Ratio.
A. The total number of children enrolled in or attending primary school as a percentage of total
number of children of primary school age.
9. How do calculate percapita income?
A. The total income of the country divided by its total population is called percapita income
10. What is the Rank of India is HDR-2020?
A. India’s rank was 131 out of 189 countries on theHuman Development Index.
 2. Sectors of the Indian Economy
1. Graph : GDP by Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors

a) Analyse the given graph

The production of goods and services in the three sectors. This is shown for two years, 1973-
74 and 2013-14. We have used the data for these two years because the data are comparable
and authentic. You can see how the total production has grown over the forty yearsOver the
forty years between 1973-74 and 2013-14, while production in all the three sectors has
increased, it has increased the most in the tertiary sector. As a result, in the year 2013-14, the
tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary
sector.
(OR)
(b)Answer the following questions by looking the graph.
1.Which was the largest producing sector in 1973-74?
A. Primary sector.
2.Which is the largest producing sector in 2013-14?
A. Tertiary sector.
3.Can you say which sector has grown the most over forty years?
A. Tertiary sector
4.What was the GDP of India in 2013-14?
A. About 55,00,000 crores (in Rs).
2. Workers in different sectors
Sector Organised Unorganised Total
Primary 1 232
Secondary 41 74 115
Tertiary 40 88 128
Total 82
Total in
percentage 100%

Answer the following questions:

Sector Organized Unorganized Total
Primary 1 231 232
Secondary 41 74 115
Tertiary 40 88 128
Total 82 393 475
Total percentage 17.26% 82.74% 100%

1. What is the percentage of people in the unorganised sector in Agriculture?

A. 99.6% (231232×100)
2. Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganised sector activity? Why?
A. (i) The workers do not have facility of fixed working hours.
(ii) He may or may not be getting adequate wages.
(iii) There is no social security present.
(iv) Hence agriculture can be kept under the unorganized sector.
3. If we look at the country as a whole, we find that % of the workers in India are in the workers
in India are in the unorganised sector?
A. 82.74%, 17.26%
4. Organised sector employment is available to obly about % of the workers in India?
A. 17.26%
 3. Money and Credit
8 Marks Questions
1. Source of credit for Rs. 1000 of Rural Households in India in 2012.

Answer the following questions

1. What does the given pie chart tell us?
A. Percentage of sources of credit in rural areas.
2. Give two examples for formal credit in India?
A. Cooperative Society Banks, Commerical banks
3. What is the percentage of Government Credit?
A. 1%
4. Who monitors credit policy in India?
A. RBI
2. Of all the loans taken by urban house holds, what percentage was formal and what
percentage was informal?

Urban Household Percentage of loans from Percentage of loans

the informal sector from the formal sector
Poor households 85% 15%
Households with few 53% 47%
assets
Well-off households 28% 72%
Rich households 10% 90%

3. Analysis the given chart.

The people are divided into four groups, from poor to rich, as shown in the figure.
85 per cent of the loans taken by poor households in the urban areas are from informal
sources. Compare this with the rich urban households. Only 10 per cent of their loans are from
informal sources, while 90 per cent are from formal sources. A similar pattern is also found in
rural areas. The rich households are availing cheap credit from formal lenders whereas the
poor households have to pay a large amount for borrowing.
4. What are the differences between formal and informal Sources of credit?
Formal Sources of Credit Informal Sources of Credit
1. They cover those sources of credit which 1. They include those small and scattered
are registered by the government and have units which are outside the control of the
to follow its rules and regulations. E.g. government E.g. Individual money lenders,
Banks, cooperatives traders, employers Etc.
2. The RBI supervises the functioning of 2. There is no organizational supervision or
formal source of credit. adherence to rules and regulations in the
credit extending activities in this sector.
3. Apart from profit-making, they have also 3. Their only motive is to extract profit as
an objective of social welfare. much as possible.
4. The rate of interest charged by formal 4. They charge random and much higher
sources is always much lower than that of interest in comparison to formal sources.
informal sources.
5. The terms of credit are also fair and 5. They impose very tough and sometimes
reasonable. even, unreasonable terms of credit on the
borrower.
 4. Globalisation and The Indian Economy
2 Marks Questions
1. Which places are suitable for establishment of MNC’s?
A. Places are suitable for establishment of MNC’s are:
1. Availability of raw material at cheap rates.
2. Acailability of skilled and unskilled labour.
3. Closer to markets.
4. Transportation facilities
5. Liberalised government policies.
2. What are the various ways in which countries can be linked?
A. The various ways in which countries can be linked are -
1) By the movement of goods, services, investments and technology.
2) By the movement of people among countries in search of better income, jobs, education etc.
3. What is the role of MNC’s in the globalisation process?
A. MNCs play an important role in the process of globalization. They not only bring their products
to a country but also the new business policies and cultures. They also help in increasing
competitiveness among the Indian companies. At present, most of us are able to use the latest
models of cars and this could be possible only because of globalization. The setting up of large
number of MNCs develops broad outlook among the people of a country.
4. What are the difference between Foreign trade and Foreign Investment?
A. Foreign Trade Foreign Investment

1. Foreign trade is the exchange of 3. Foreign investment is the

goods and services between two or investment of money or assets by a
more countries. company or individual in another
2. It helps to connect economies of country.
different countries and allows 4. It can help to boost economic
business to reach new markets. growth and create jobs in the host
countries.

5. What is meant by trade barrier?

A. Tax on imports by the government is called trade barrier. It is called a barrier because some
restrictions have been set up.
6. What is Liberalisation?
A. Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as liberalisation
7. What is tariff? Why it is imposed on goods?
A. A tariff refers to the tax imposed by the government on imported goods from other countries.
Tariff is imposed majorly to protect the domestic producers, but the government also imposes
tariffs to reduce imports from other countries, thereby promoting the use of domestic
products.
8. What do you understand by liberalisation of Foreign trade?
A. There are two restrictions on foreign trade. These restrictions are removed by liberalization of
foreign trade.
a) Entry Tax or Customs Duty: This is levied on goods being imported into a country to protect
the local producers. This makes the foreign goods costlier so that the local goods can compete
with the foreign goods. Under liberalization, there will be no customs duty on any imported
product.
b) Quotas or Restrictions on the Quantity being Imported in a Specified Period: This will
prevent cheap foreign goods from flooding the market of another country. Under liberalization,
there will be no restrictions on the quantity of goods being imported from any country
9. What are the functions of WTO?
A. Functions
1. Administering trade agreements. 2. Acting as a forum for trade negotiations.
3. Settling trade disputes. 4. Reviewing national trade policies.
5. Building the trade capacity of developing economies.
6. Cooperating with other international organizations
10. What is SEZ?
A. Indian government has taken special steps to attract the foreign investors to invest in India.
Industrial Zones called Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are being set up for the same purpose.
SEZs are to have world class facilities such as electricity, water, roads and transport
11. Give some examples of Indian MNC’s.
A. LTI, TCS, Tech Mahindra, Deloitte, Capgemini are some of the examples of MNCs in India.
12. “The impact of globalisation has not been uniform.” Explain this statement?
A. The impact of globalisation has not been uniform”. It has only benefited the skilled and
professional person in urban not the unskilled persons. The industrial and service sector has
much gained in globalisation than in agriculture. Some have gained from successful
collaborations with foreign companies. It benefited MNCs on domestic producers and the
industrial working class. The consumers, particularly the well-off sections in the urban areas
have an advantage in the way that they have a greater choice and now enjoy the improved
quality and lower prices for several goods. Small producers of goods such as batteries,
capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres, dairy products and vegetable oil have been hit hard by
competition from cheaper imports.
1 Mark Questions
1. What is the main channel connecting distant countries?
A. Trade was the main channel connecting distant countries
2. Expand MNC’s? What is an MNC?
A. MNC: Multi-National Corporations
A. Multinational Corporation (MNC) is a company that owns or controls production in more than
one nation.
3. What is globalisation?
A. Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries
4. What are the factors playing a major role in the globalisation process?
A. Process of globalisation is the result of: (i) Historical factors. (ii) Role of international
organisations like JMF and WTO. (iii) Liberalisation and privatisation. (iv) Technological
innovations.
5. Tax on import is an example of Trade Barrier.
6. Explain e-Mail?
A. Electronic mail (e-mail) is a computer-based application for the exchange of messages between
users. A worldwide e-mail network allows people to exchange e-mail messages very quickly. E-
mail is the electronic equivalent of a letter, but with advantages in timeliness and flexibility
7. Information and communication technology played a major role in spreading out of
production of service across countries.
8. Arrange in correct sequence.
1. Manufacture 2. Design 3. Assemble 4. Market
Ans: 2. Design, 1. Manufacture, 3. Assemble, 4. Market
9. Expand WTO.
A. World Trade Organisation
10. The past two decades of globalisation has seen rapid movement in ( b )
a. goods, services and people between countries.
b. goods, services and investements between countries.
c. goods, investements and people between countries.
11. Globalisation has led to improvement in living conditions. ( d )
a. of all the people b. of people in the developed countries
c. of workers in the doveloping countries d. None of the above
 5. Consumer Rights
4 Marks Questions
1. What factors gave birth to the consumer movement in India? Trace its evolution?
A. The factors that gave birth to the consumer movement in India are manifold. The consumer
movement arose out of dissatisfaction of the consumers as many unfair practices were being
indulged in by the sellers. It started as a “social force” with the need to protect and promote
consumer interests against unfair and unethical trade practices. These unfair practices in the
market cause heavy loss to the consumer, they suffer from monetary loss as well as it affects
their health. Extreme food shortages, hoarding, black marketing and adulteration of food led to
the consumer movement becoming an organised arena in the 1960s. Till the 1970s, consumer
organisations were mostly busy writing articles in newspaper, magazine and holding
exhibitions. More recently, there has been an upsurge in the number of consumer groups who
have shown concern towards ration shop malpractices and overcrowding of public transport
vehicles. India has witnessed an upsurge in the number of consumer groups and these have
succeeded in bringing pressure on business firms as well as government to correct business
conduct which may be unfair and against the interest of the consumers at large. In 1986, the
Indian government enacted the Consumer Protection Act, also known as COPRA. This was a
major step in the consumer movement in India.
2. Explain the need for consumer consciousness by giving two examples.
A. Consumer consciousness is being aware of your right as a consumer while buying any goods or
services. Consumers have the right to be protected against the marketing of goods and delivery
of services that are hazardous to life and property. Example:
• The ISI and Agmark logos are quality certification on certain classes of products. Consumer
must look for such certifications while purchasing items requiring these marks.
• Because of conscious consumers, most of the sweet shops do not include the weight of the
container when they weigh sweets
3. What is the rationale behind the enactment of consumer protection Act 1986?
A. The rationale behind the enactment of COPRA 1986 was to set up a separate department of
consumer affairs in Central and State governments and it has been enacted to safeguard them
against the exploitation. This led to the formation of consumer courts at district and state levels.
4. Critically examine the progress of consumer movement in India?
A. The consumer movement in India has evolved vastly since it began. There has been a significant
change in consumer awareness in the country. Till the enactment of COPRA in 1986, the
consumer movement did not bear much force but ever since its inception, the movement has
been empowered substantially. The setting up of consumer courts and consumer groups have
been a progressive move. However, in contemporary India, the consumer redressal process is
very complicated. It is an expensive and time-consuming process. Filing of cases, attending
court proceedings, hiring lawyers and other procedures make it cumbersome for the
consumers. There are over 700 consumer groups in India out of which, unfortunately, only
about 20-25 are wellorganised and functioning smoothly so far. Even after more than 25 years
of the enacting of the COPRA, a large section of the society of consumers is still unaware of their
rights. Rules and regulations applicable to the market place are often not followed.

2 Marks Questions
1. What are the few factors which caused exploitation of consumers?
A. Factors which cause exploitation of consumers are:
• Lack of awareness of consumer rights among buyers.
• Improper and inadequate monitoring of rules and regulations. There is no fixed law for
quality and rate
• Misleading advertising in the media.
• Consumers are scattered over large areas.
• The main reason for exploitation of consumers is the lack of knowledge. Several consumers
do not have the knowledge about the price, quality, services related commodities
1. What legal measures were taken by the government to empower the consumers
in India?
A. Legal measures taken by the government to empower consumers in India are plenty.
 • The MRTP (Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act) was enacted in 1984 to check
unfair trade and practices by manufacturers and service providers.
• The COPRA (Consumer Protection Act) implemented in 1986 to protect consumers from
exploitation in the market.
• Also, under COPRA, a consumer can appeal in state and national courts, even if his case has
been dismissed at the district level. Thus, consumers even have the right to represent
themselves in consumer courts now if they are treated unfairly in the market place.
• Then, in October 2005, the Right to Information Act was passed, ensuring citizens all
information about the functioning of government departments.
2. What are the consumer forums?
A. The consumer movement in India has led to the formation of various organisations locally
known as Consumer Forums or Consumer Protection Councils
3. What are the objectives of COPRA? COPRA Mention some of the rights of consumers and
write a few sentences on each?
A. Objectives of COPRA:
1) Protection of Consumers
2) Promoting Consumer Rights
3) Consumer Redressal
4) Regulating Trade Practices
Rights of consumer protection act:
 Right to Safety: The consumer has the right to be protected from goods and services that
are hazardous to life and property.
 Right to Information: This right ensures that consumers are provided with factual, clear,
and accurate information, helping them make informed decisions.
 Right to Choose: Consumers have the right to choose from a variety of products at
competitive prices.
 Right to be Heard: In case of a dispute, consumers have the right to be heard and
represented in various forums.
 Right to Redressal: In case of unfair trade practices or exploitation, consumers have the
right to seek redressal and have access to compensation.
 Right to Consumer Education: The consumer has a right to acquire knowledge about
products, rights, and responsibilities.
4. How the consumer protection councils help the consumers?
A. Consumer Protection Councils' help consumers in the following ways:
i They guide consumers on how to file cases in the consumer court.
ii On many occasions they also represent individual consumer in the consumer courts.
iii They also create awareness among the people
5. Why do people buy ISI and Agmarked goods?
A. It is mandatory for products which can affect the health and safety of consumers to be certified
by an organisation. It helps consumers to check for the standard quality certification mark such
as ISI, Agmark and Hallmark logos of the product which they are willing to buy
 S.S.C. Public Examinations Model Paper - I
SOCIAL STUDIES
(ENGLISH VERSION)
Time: 3 Hours 15 Minus. Max Marks: 100
Instructions:
1. In the duration of 3 hours 15 minutes. 15 minutes of time is allotted to to read the question paper.
2. All answers shall be written in the answer booklet only.
3. Question paper consists of 4 sections and 33 questions.
4. Internal choice is available in section IV only.
5. All answer shall be written neatlyand legibly.

SECTION - I 12x1=12M
Note: 1. Answer all the questions.
2. Each question carries I Mark
1. Where was the First International Earth Summit held?
A. Rio de Janeiro
2. Which erosion does the given image show?

A. Gully erosion
3. Which of the following is not related to agrobased industries? (c)
(a) sugar (b) Rubber ( c ) Cement (d) Coffee.
4. Who hosted the Congress of Vienna In 1815?
A. Duke Metternich.
5. Expand IMF ?
A. International Monetary Fund
6 What is “El Dorado” in SouthAmerica famous for?
A. El Dorado had a legendary story in which precious stones were found in a great amount along with
the gold coins
1. Agriculture: State List :: Marriage : Concurrent list
2. Who Presides over the Meetings of a Municipal Corporation?
A. Mayor
3. Give two examples for National parties.
A. BJP,BSP,CPM,CPI
4. What is percapita income?
A. The quotient obtained by dividing national income with the country's population is known as
per capita income
5. Find out the mismatched pair. ( b )
(a) Tata Motors - Auto-Mobiles
(b) Ran Baxy. - IT
(c) Asian Paints- Paints
6. Arrange the states from the North to south.
Andhra Pradesh, Kerala , West Bengal , Haryana.
A. Haryana, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala
 SECTION -II 8x2M =16M

Note: 1. Answer all the questions.

2. Each question Carries 2 marks.
7. What are the Agro-Based Industries? Give an example.
A. Industries which obtain raw materials from agricultural products. Example: sugar industry.
8. Write the merits of the road ways.
A. Merits of Roadways (a) It provides us door to door service. (b) It is easier to construct roads
at affordable or less rates. (c) It provides feeder services to link other means of transportation.
9. Observe the given map and answer the following questions.
Aleppo Bukhara
Yarkand
Alexandria

Basra Lahore
Hoogly Canton
Bandar Abbas
Muscat
Surat
Jedda Hanoi

Macha Masulipatam Bangkok

Madras
Goa

Indian Ocean Acheh Mal-

acca

Mombasa
Batavia
Bantam

Mozambique

Sea route
Land route

1. Which Sea separates Asia from Afria?

A. Red Sea
2. Name any two ports on the west coast of India?
A. Goa, Surat
10. “Printing Press played a major role in shaping the Indian Society of the 19th
Century’ Comment on it.
A. The printing press played the following role in shaping the Indian society of the 19th century.
(I) Print media opened an era of debates and discussions on various socio-religious issues. It
spread many new ideas. All the ideas were accepted only after logical thinking rather than
accepting blindly.
(II) Socio-religious reformers are able to spread their ideas against several evil religious
customs such as sati, female infanticide etc. Example: Gulamgiri of Jyotiba Phule.
(iii) In north India the Muslim saints, the Ulemas, used cheap lithographic presses to print the
religious newspapers. They wrote against British policy of religious conversion and changing
of the Muslim personal laws.
(iv) Among Hindus, it encouraged the reading of religious texts.
(v) It connected communities and people in different parts of India.
(vi) By converging news from one place to another, newspapers created pan-Indian identities
11. A few subjects in various parts of the Indian Constitution are lists are given here, Group
them under the Union, state and Concurrent lists below. as provide in the table.
(a) Defence (b) Police (c)Agriculture (d) Education (e) Forests
(f) Communications. (g) Banking (h) Marriage (I) Trade
State List : Police, Trade, Agriculture
Central : Defence, Communication, Banking
Con Current List : Forests, Education, Marriage
12. Mention any two Constitutional Provisions that make India Secular State.
A. Two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state are:
• Freedom to practice, profess and propagate the religion of one’s choice.
 • The Constitution states that the government shall not discriminate against any citizen on the
basis of his or her religion and has laid the foundation of policies to reverse the injustices of the
caste system. There is no state religion in the country.
13. What do you understand by Globalisation? Explain in your own Words?
A. Globalisation is defined as the integration between countries through foreign trade and foreign
investments by multinational corporations (MNCs). Increase in foreign trade, migration of
people from one country to another, the flow of capital finance from one country to another
and private and public investments from foreign countries all together contribute to
globalisation.
20. Prepare any two Slogans to alert Consumers.
A. 1. Stand up, speak out, demand what's right!
2. Protect your wallet - be an informed consumer"

SECTION-III 8x4M=32M

Note: 1. Answer all the questions.

2. Each question Carries 4 marks

21. How have Flora and Human activities affect the depletion of Fauna
Explain?
Several human activities have affected the depletion of flora and fauna and
have led to decline in India’s biodiversity. The main factors responsible for
this damage are:
1) Habitat destruction, mainly due to overpopulation leading to expansion
of agriculture, mining, industrialization and urbanization and consequent
wiping out of large forest areas.
2) Hunting and poaching and illegal trade of animal skin, tusk, bones, teeth,
horns, etc. have lead many species to the verge of extinction.
3) Environmental pollution, poisoning of water bodies due to discharge of
industrial effluents, chemicals, wastes, etc. leading to animal deaths.
4) Forest fires often induced by shifting cultivation wiping out valuable
forests and wildlife.
5) Large scale development projects and destruction of forests.
6) Grazing and fuel wood collection.
7) Over-exploitation of forest products Other important causes of
environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable
consumption of forest resources and differential sharing of responsibility
for environmental well-being.
22. Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?
A. It takes millions of years for the formation of minerals. Compared to the
present rate of consumption, the replenishment rate of minerals is very
slow. Hence, mineral resources are finite and non-renewable. Due to this, it
is important that we conserve the mineral resources.
23. Read the following map and answer the questions given below.

1) Write any two African countries that share their boundaries with mediterranean sea.
A. Tunis,Egypt
2) Name any two Empires on the given map?
A. Russian Empire, Austrain empire and Ottoman empire
24. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
A. India witnessed increased industrial production during the First World War due to the
following reasons:
(i) British industries became busy in producing and supplying war-needs. Therefore, they
stopped exporting British goods or clothes for colonial markets like that in India.
Manchester imports to India declined.
(ii) It was a good opportunity for Indian industries to fill in empty Indian markets with their
own products. Hence industrial production in India increased.
(iii) As the war prolonged the British colonial government asked Indian factories to supply the
war goods like – jute bags, cloth or army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule
saddle, etc.
(iv) The increased demands of a variety of products led to the setting up of new factories in the
cities and old ones increased their production.
(v) New workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours to increase
production.
25. Observe the given Bar Graph.

Critically analyse your observations [any four observations]

A. •Women's literacy rate is very low. Even if some women are educated, they are not politically
motivated.
 • In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low
India is behind the averages for several developing countries of Africa and Latin America. In
the government, cabinets are largely all-male even when a woman becomes the Chief Minister
or the Prime Minister.
•There are only 29.5 percent of women in Americas and only 26.4 percent of women in Europe
in the national parliament. These percentages are not proportional to their population in the
respective countries.
26. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
A. Accountable:
• A democracy makes sure that people will have the right to choose their rulers and if these
representatives do not work according to the people, people have the right to remove them.
• Whenever possible, citizens should participate in the decision-making process. This is known
as transparency.
• Therefore, the most basic outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that is
accountable to citizens and is responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
Legitimate:
• There is one aspect in which the democratic government is certainly better than its
alternatives.
• Regular elections are a key feature of the democratic government.
• That is, a democratic government is a legitimate government because it follows procedures
and its decisions are more acceptable to the people and are more effective.
• It may be slow, less efficient but it is the people’s own legitimate government. Democratic
government is people’s own government. That is why there is an overwhelming support for the
idea of democracy all over the world.
Responsive:
• People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them.
• They also believe that democracy is suitable for their country and their problems would be
attended to because the representatives elected by them would definitely fulfil the demands of
the people who have elected them.
• Democracy’s ability to generate its own support is itself an outcome that cannot be ignored.
27 List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
A. Few examples of environmental degradation:
 Deforestation.
 Soil erosion.
 Falling levels of ground water.
 Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air
pollution.
 Water Pollution.
 Throwing waste in river.
 Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
 Burning of coal and mineral oil
28. Critically examine the progress of Consumer Movements in India?
A. The consumer movement in India has progressed rapidly over the past few years. The
consumer rights that have been passed by the Government of the country has managed the
people to become more aware and fight for their rights in the consumer courts. The Consumer
Protection Act (COPRA) passed by the government made it easier for people to complain
against any wrong practice performed by the shopkeeper or seller of the product. The public
has become more aware, and proper actions are taken against any ill practice in the
marketplace.
SECTION-IV 5x8M=40M
Note: 1. Answer all the questions.
2. Each question carries 8 Marks.
3. Each question has internal choice.
4. In question no: 33 both A and B (India Map and world Map) should be answered
seperately.
29. A) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of Multi-Purpose river projects.
Ans. Multipurpose river projects help in irrigation, electricity production, flood
 control, the supply of water for domestic and industrial use, recreation, inland
navigation and fish breeding. It integrates development of agriculture and the village
economy with rapid industrialization and growth of the urban economy. However, the
reservoirs destroy local flora and fauna. Dams fragment the river thus making it
difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate and for spawning. Many native villages are
submerged, and people lose their livelihood, with little or no hope of rehabilitation. The
dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to
sedimentation in the reservoir. It was also observed that the multi-purpose projects
induced earthquakes, caused waterborne diseases and pests and pollution resulting
from excessive use of water.
(or )
B) Enlist the various institutional reform programmesintroduced bythe government
in the interest of farmers?
Ans. Comprehensive land development programme included both institutional and
technical reforms.
Following reforms were introduced:
(a) Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
(b) Establishment of Grameen Banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing
loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some important steps in
this direction.
(c) Kisan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for easy availability of inputs.
(d) Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) was introduced by the Government of
India for the benefit of the farmers.
(e) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were
introduced on the radio and television.
(f) The government also announced minimum support price, remunerative and
procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by
speculators and middlemen.
30. A) “The Salt March to make clear way it was an effective Symbol of resistance
against colonialism.” Comment on it
Ans. • Gandhiji thought the salt was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism
because it was done in revolt against a commodity- salt, used by the rich and the poor
alike. An item of daily use could resonate more with all classes of citizens than an
abstract demand for greater political rights.
• The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production was a severely
oppressive administrative move.
• By breaking the salt law India showed their intention of non-cooperation and to break
the oppressive colonial laws.
• The Salt March was effective also because Gandhiji met a large number of commoners
during the march and he taught them the true meaning of swaraj and non-violence. By
peacefully defying law and making salt against government orders,
• Gandhiji set forth an example to the whole nation of how the oppressor could be
confronted in a non-violent manner. This also led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in
1930.
(or )
B) Some people feared that development of print could lead to the growth of
dissenting ideas.” Comment.
Ans. 1. People feared that the development of print could lead to the growth of dissenting
ideas because print and popular literature encouraged many distinctive interpretations
of religious faith and ideas.
2. People feared that the society may argue for reason rather than custom and this may
lead to anarchism in the society.
3. For instance, Menocchio, a miller in Italy gave a new interpretation of the Bible and
formulated a view of God and Creation that made the Roman Catholic Church angry.
4. As result, he was executed when the Roman Church began its inquisition to repress
heretical ideas.
 5. Troubled by such incidents, the Roman Catholic Church imposed severe controls over
publishers and book sellers and began to maintain an index of Prohibited Books from
1558.
6. The development of print technology allowed the dissemination of various
interpretations and opinions which challenged established religious doctrines and
political authority.
31. A) Convert the Bargraph into tabular form and write your comments, What you observe.

Ans.
1977-78 2017-18
Primary Secondary Tertiary Primary Secondary Tertiary
Share in employment 71% 11% 18% 44% 25% 31%
1. The given graph shows the share of employment in the three sectors in 1972-73 and 2011-12.
2. The primary sector continues to be the largest employer even now.
3. It is because not enough jobs were created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
4. Even though industrial output or the production of goods went up by more than nine times
during the period , employment in industry went up by around three times.
5. The same applies to the tertiary sector as well.
(OR)
(B) Analyse the following pie graph.

Ans. The various types of loans can be conveniently grouped as formal sector loans and informal sector
loans. Among the former are loans from banks and cooperatives. The informal lenders include
moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc the various sources of credit to rural
households in India.
i. Moneylenders and cooperative societies are the two major sources of credit for rural households
in India.
ii Moneylenders are the most dominant sources of credit for rural households.
iii Moneylenders are the most dominant sources of credit for rural households because a Rural
households need not to produce certificate of their earning or documents of their employment
while borrowing money from the money lenders. Neither they have to show any property or assets
as collateral security or guarantee

32. A) Evaluate the power sharing System in India?

Power sharing system in India can be described in the following ways
 (i) In India power is shared among different organs of government, such as
legislature, executive and judiciary. This separation of power ensures that none of
the organs can exercise unlimited power.
(ii) In India, power is shared among Union Government and State Government. Our
constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government. Under
the State Government power is divided into municipality and panchayat.
(iii) In India, there are reserved constituencies for both women and socially weaker
sections, both in parliament and in assemblies.
(iv) In India, different political parties, pressure group and movements control and
influence the government.
(OR)
B) Describe the functions of Political Parties?
(a) Political parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly
among the candidates put up by the parties.
(b) Parties forward different policies and programs and voters choose them from: A
government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the Ruling Party.
(c) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Laws are debated and
passed in the legislature. But most of the members of legislature are the members of
political parties.
(d) Parties form and run the Governments.
(e) Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition of the parties in
power, by voicing different views and criticizing government for its failure or wrong
policies.
33. A) Locate the following in the given outline map of India.
1) Narmada River 2) Gujarat 3) Paradwip 4) Tamil Nadu
(OR)
5) Kolkata 6) Mahanadi River 7) Bay of Bengal 8) Deccan Plateau
(B) Locate the following in the given outline map of world.
1) China 2) Japan 3) France 4) Mediterranean Sea
(OR)
5) Egypt 6) Black Sea 7) Sicily 8) Britain
 S.S.C. Public Examinations Model Paper - II
SOCIAL STUDIES
(ENGLISH VERSION)
Time: 3 Hours 15 Minus. Max Marks: 100
Instructions:
1. In the duration of 3 hours 15 minutes. 15 minutes of time is allotted to to read the question paper.
2. All answers shall be written in the answer booklet only.
3. Question paper consists of 4 sections and 33 questions.
4. Internal choice is available in section IV only.
5. All answer shall be written neatlyand legibly.
SECTION – I 12x1=12M
Note: 1. Answer all the questions.
2. Each question carries 1 Mark.
1. Metals : Recyclable : : Fossil fuels : non - renevable .
2. Who wrote the book “small is beautiful”?
A. E. F. Schumacher.
3. From which raw material isAluminium extracted?
A. Bauxites
4. Find out the mismatched pair from the
following. Frederic sorrieu - Artist
Earnest Renan - philosopher
Andreas Rebmann - Historian Friedrich
list - professor of economics
Ans. Andreas Rebmann - Historian Friedrich
5. Who was the founder of ‘Young Italy’?
A. Giuseppe Mazzini
6 Arrange the following in the correct chronological order.
i) The first world war
ii) Potato famine in Ireland
iii) The Great Depression
iv) Rinderpest or cattle plague inAfrica
Ans. ii), iv), i), iii)
7. What is the coalition government?
A. A government formed by multiple political parties coming together and sharing power to secure a
majority in the legislative assembly or in the parliament.
8. Which of the following countries is an example for “holding together” federation? ( d )
a) USA b) Australia c) Switzerland d) India
9. Define a multi party system.
A. Multo Party system is a political system where more than two parties exist and contest elections to
come to power.
10. A good way to measure the quality of life in countries across the world is comparing by Human
Development Index.
11. Show on Bar graph. Chinese toys - 70%, Other toys - 30%.

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
Chinese toys Other toys

Chinese toys Other toys

 12. Arrange the following countries from east to west according to their
location.
India, USA, Japan, Egypt
Ans. Japan, India, Egypt, USA
SECTION -II 8x2M =16M

Note: 1. Answer all the questions.

2. Each question Carries 2 marks.
13. Define and give an example for a mineral based industry?
A. Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.
Four examples of mineral based industries are as follows
(i) The iron and steel industry All other industries depend on it for their machinery.
(ii) Chemical industry It contributes approximately 3 per cent of India’s GDP.
(iii) Fertiliser industry It is centered around the production of nitrogenous, phosphatic, ammonium
phosphate and complex fertiliser.
(iv) Cement industry This requires limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum as raw materials.
14. Observe the given map and answer the following questions.

1. Where is Indira Gandhi international airport located?

A. New delhi
2. Which international airport is located in Kolkata?
A. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
15. Explain the importance of silk routes.
A. The importance of the Silk route is explained as follows.
 Silk routes are pre-modern and cultural links with different parts of the world.
 Precious metals from Europe, spices from South Asia, and Chinese pottery flowed
worldwide.
 The silk route helped to establish new cultures in other countries.
 The route through which silk was carried by traders is known as the silk route.
 Silk was invented in China. Traders spread methods of making silk worldwide.
 People got attracted to this fabric. It got popularity in Rome.
 In India, rulers tried to control this route because they were getting benefitted from taxes
and tributes, and gifts that traders bought while traveling along this route.
 The Kushans succeeded to control this silk route.
16. Explain the effects of the great depression of 1929 on the Indian economy.
 A. i India’s exports and imports nearly halved.
ii As international prices crashed prices in India also plunged.
iii Wheat prices in India fell by 50 percent.
iv Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers.
v The colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands.
vi India’s peasants indebtedness increased.
vii They used up their savings and sold jewellery and precious metals. The Great Depression
helped the urban people especially the fixed income earners.
17. Give examples for Central list and State list.
A. Union or Central list: It is a list which includes subject of national importance such as defense
of the country, foreign affairs, banking, etc.
State list: It means the important subjects on which the state government can pass the law.
The important subjects include police, trade, commerce, agriculture and local government
18. Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.
A. Two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state are:
• Freedom to practice, profess and propagate the religion of one’s choice.
• The Constitution states that the government shall not discriminate against any citizen on the
basis of his or her religion and has laid the foundation of policies to reverse the injustices of the
caste system. There is no state religion in the country.
19. What is the impact of globlization on India.
A. The impact of globalization on India are:
(a) It has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as MNCs themselves such as Tata
Motors, Infosys..
(b) It has also created new opportunities for companies providing services like information
technology.
(c) Greater competition among producers has been of special advantage particularly to the welloff
sections of consumers in the urban areas. They have greater choice and enjoy improved quality
and lower prices for various products. Thus, they are enjoying a higher standard of living than was
possible earlier.
(d) Impact of globalisation has not been uniform on the producers and workers, MNCs have
increased their investment in India and they have been beneficial for them. Their products have a
large number of well-off buyers. In these industries and services, new jobs have been created and
also the companies supplying raw materials to these industries have prospered.
(e) Several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition.
They have invested in new technology and production methods and raised the standard of their
products. Some of them have gained from successful collaboration with foreign companies

20. Write two slogans on consumer rights.

A. 1. "Don't be fooled - know your consumer rights"
2. Your Product. Your Right
3. Know your rights, before buying the products
4. Buy what you need and make sure that you buy for best
5. Be alert and ensure your rights as a consumer
6. Voice your complaints and concerns as a consumer.

SECTION-III 8x4M=32M

Note: 1. Answer all the questions.

2. Each question Carries 4 marks.
21. Write a note on good practice towards conservation of forest and wildlife?
A. For the conservation of forests many good practices have been evolved. These include:
 Worshiping of trees and animals.
 Use of flora and fauna in religious functions.
 Formation of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and bio reserves to protect endangered
species.
 Punishable penal codes on killing animals.
 Community programs like Vanmahotsav etc. to bring awareness among the people about
the importance of wildlife.
  Regulated and Planned Cutting of Trees.
 Control over Forest Fire.
 Reforestation and Afforestation.
 Check over Forest Clearance for Agricultural and Habitation Purposes.
 Proper Utilization of Forest and Forests Products.
22. Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
A. Solar energy has a bright future in India because –
• India being a tropical country receives sunlight in abundance throughout the year.
• Solar plants can be easily established in rural and remote areas.
• It will minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dunk cakes which in
turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in
agriculture.
23 Observe the given map and answer the following questions.

1. Who was the architect of unification of Germany?

A. Otto Von Bismarck
2. Write two names of seas you have observed in the map?
A. North Sea, Baltic Sea
3. Write the name of the empire which is on the south of the map?
A. Austrian Empire
4. Who was the first emperor of the German Empire?
A. Wilhelm I
24. How did East India company procure regular supply of cotton and silk textiles from
Indian weavers?
A. The English East India Company used different means to procure silk and cotton from the
weavers:
• Once East India company established political supremacy it monopolised the trade and
eliminated its rival traders controlled the costs and ensured regular supplies of cotton and
silk goods.
• They developed a system of management and direct control over the weavers by appointing
paid supervisors called Gomasthas.
• Gomasthas supervised weavers and also collected supplies and examined cloth quality of
the weavers.
• He ensured prevention of Company weavers from dealing with other buyers through a
system of advances and loans. As loans flowed in demand for fine textiles expanded, weavers
eagerly took advances, hoping to earn more. Now they had to lease out the land and devote
all their time to weaving.
• In many villages, there were reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas.
They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoy and peons, and punished
weavers for delays in supply -often beating and flogging them.
25. Analyse the graph.
A. Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world's major religions, namely, Buddhism,
Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, which are collectively known as native Indian religions or
Dharmic religions and represent approx. 83% of the total population of India. According to the
2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India follows Hinduism, 14.2% Islam, 2.3% Christianity,
1.7% Sikhism, 0.7% Buddhism and 0.4% Jainism. Zoroastrianism, Sanamahism and Judaism also
have an ancient history in India, and each has several thousands of Indian adherents. India has the
largest population of people adhering to both Zoroastrianism (i.e. Parsis and Iranis) and the Bahá'í
Faith in the world;
26. Appreciate democratic government is better than all other forms of governments right.
A. The democratic governments are better than other forms of governments because:
i Democratic governments have formal Constitution while it is not the case in other form of
governments.
ii They hold regular elections while it is not the case in other form of governments.
iii They have political parties whereas there is no such thing in other form of governments.
iv They guarantee rights to citizens while it is not the case in the other form of governments. v
Such governments allow room to correct mistakes while it is not there in the other form of
government.
vi Such government accommodates social diversities while no such thing in other form of
government.
27 Why do we use averages? Are there any illustrations to their use? Iillustrate with your
own examples related to development.
A. We use averages because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same
category. For example, to compute the per capita income of a country, averages have to
be used because there are differences in the incomes of diverse people. However, there
are limitations to the use of averages. Even though they are useful for comparison, they
may also hide disparities. For example, the infant mortality rate of a country does not
differentiate between the male and female infants born in that country. Such an
average tells us nothing about whether the number of children dying before the age of
one are mostly boys or girls.
28. Explain how the consumers are exploited?
A. 1. False Advertising- making deceptive and misleading claims in the advertisements of the
products.
2. Deceptive Pricing- Very often traders charge deceptive and high prices from their consumers
than the prescribed retail price.
3. Deceptive Billing- It may sometimes happen that traders sell fake or duplicate goods in the
name of genuine goods.
4. Misuse of Customer Data- The information or data collected by the customers at the time of
sale can be misused.
 SECTION-IV 5x8M=40M
Note: 1. Answer all the questions.
2. Each question carries 8 Marks.
3. Each question has internal choice.
4. In question no: 33 both A and B (India Map and world Map) should be answered
seperately.
29. A) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource
Ans. Water is a renewable resource as it is renewed by water cycle itself, where three
processes take place as evaporation, condensation and precipitation. This process of
water cycle is never ending and hence, water is a renewable resource. The water then
runs into rivers and dams where it is used and the waste is partially cleaned before it
makes its route to the sea, where the cycle begins again. Freshwater is mainly obtained
from surface runoff and groundwater that is continually being renewed and recharged
through the hydrological cycle
(OR)
B) Explain the importance ofAgriculture in India.
Ans. (1)India is an agricultural country as nearly 65% of its population depends on
agriculture for its livelihood.
(2)It provide food, raw material for industries and some product for export.
(3)it accounts for about 25% of the gross domestic product.
(4)Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on agriculture for its livelihood.
(5)Agriculture is the main stay of India’s economy.
30. A) Read the paragraph and comment on it.
‘To the altar of this revolution we have brought our youth as incense’
Many nationalists thought that the struggle against the British could not be won through
non-violence. In 1928, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) was founded at
a meeting in Ferozeshah Kotla ground in Delhi. Amongst its leaders were Bhagat Singh,
Jatin Das and Ajoy Ghosh. In a series of dramatic actions in different parts of India, the
HSRA targeted some of the symbols of British power. In April 1929, Bhagat Singh and
Batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly. In the same year there was
an attempt to blow up the train that Lord Irwin was travelling in. Bhagat Singh was 23
when he was tried and executed by the colonial government. During his trial, Bhagat
Singh stated that he did not wish to glorify ‘the cult of the bomb and pistol’ but wanted a
revolution in society:
‘Revolution is the inalienable right of mankind. Freedom is the imprescriptible birthright
of all. The labourer is the real sustainer of society … To the altar of this revolution we
have brought our youth as incense, for no sacrifice is too great for so magnificent a cause.
We are content. We await the advent of revolution. Inquilab Zindabad!’
Ans: It was Viceroy Lord Irwin under whose tenure the great martyrs of India, Bhagat
Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru was hanged. Martyr Bhagat Singh tried to blow up the
train that the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, was travelling. He was caught,
brought to trial, and executed for the same by the colonial government. Before that
year, in 1929, Bhagat Singh, along with Batukeswar Dutta, threw a bomb in the
Legislative Assembly. Bhagat Singh was a nationalist and believed revolution was
the only solution to end the Indian struggle against the British government. Bhagat
Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru were hanged for their dramatic actions, which were
revolutionary.
(OR)
B) ‘Print culture would bring enlightenment’ - Do you agree? Justifyyour opinion.
Before the invention of the printing press, access to print was limited. It was restricted to upper
classes. Common people largely learnt from oral culture. Books were expensive and produced in
insufficient numbers. However, with the advent of print culture, a new reading public emerged.
• It contributed to the spread of knowledge.
• The cost of books was reduced. The time and labour required to produce each book also reduced
and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease. As a result, the market was flooded by
books for all kind of readers. Now books could reach out wider sections of people.
• Print created the possibility of a wide circulation of ideas and introduced a new world of debate
and discussion.
 • Social reformers like Louise, Sebastian Mercier, and Martin Luther felt that the print culture is
the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion and hence, it would definitely bring
enlightenment and an end to despotism. Several scholars, in fact, think that print brought about a
new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to the Reformation.
31. A) Analyse the table.
Year Primary Secondary Tertiary
2000 52,000 48,500 1,33,500
2013 8,00,500 10,74,000 38,68,000
Ans: i) In 2000, primary sector = 22.22%, secondary sector = 20.73%, tertiary sector =
57.04% And In 2013, primary sector = 13.94%, secondary sector = 18.70%, tertiary
sector = 67.36%
ii) The conclusion that the share of the tertiary sector in the GDP has increased by 10%,
while that of the primary sector has almost halved. The secondary sector has grown by
about 2% in the last 13 years
(OR)
B) Analyse the given graph.

Ans. The various types of loans can be conveniently grouped as formal sector loans and
informal sector loans. Among the former are loans from banks and cooperatives. The
informal lenders include moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc
the various sources of credit to rural households in India.
i. Moneylenders and cooperative societies are the two major sources of credit for rural
households in India.
ii Moneylenders are the most dominant sources of credit for rural households.
iii Moneylenders are the most dominant sources of credit for rural households because
a Rural households need not to produce certificate of their earning or documents of
their employment while borrowing money from the money lenders. Neither they have
to show any property or assets as collateral security or guarantee
32. A) State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example of
each of these.
Ans. A prudential reason for power sharing is that it leads to an avoidance of conflict between
social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power
sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. In India, seats have been
reserved in legislatures for the socially weaker sections keeping in mind this prudential
reason for power sharing.
A moral reason for power sharing is that it upholds the spirit of democracy. In a
truly democratic setup, the citizens too have a stake in governance. In India, the
citizens can come together to debate and criticise the policies and decisions of the
government. This in turn puts pressure on the government to rethink its policies
 and reconsider its decisions. This active political participation is in keeping with the
moral reason for power sharing.
(OR)
B) Explain the characteristics of a National party.
Ans. A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or
Assembly elections in four states and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is
recognised as a national party. A political party is called a national party if : (i) It
secures at least six per cent (6%) of the valid votes polled in any four or more states, at
a general election to the House of the People or, to the State Legislative Assembly, (ii)
In addition, it wins at least four seats in the House of the People from any State or
States.
33. A) Locate the following in the given outline map of India.
1) Malwa plateau 2) Luni river 3) Eastern Railway headquarter 4) Chilka lake
(OR)
5) Amaravathi 6) Gujarat 7) Mumbai 8) Lakshadweep
B) Locate the following in the given map of world.
1) SouthAfrica 2) Mediterranean sea 3) Brazil 4) Japan
(OR)
5) Mexico 6) Egypt 7) Russia 8) China
 S.S.C. Public Examinations Model Paper - III
SOCIAL STUDIES
(ENGLISH VERSION)
Time: 3 Hours 15 Minus. Max Marks: 100

Instructions:
1. In the duration of 3 hours 15 minutes. 15 minutes of time is allotted to to read the question paper.
2. All answers shall be written in the answer booklet only.
3. Question paper consists of 4 sections and 33 questions
4. Internal choice is available in section IV only
5. All answer shall be written neatlyand legibly.

SECTION - I 12x1=12M
Note: 1. Answer all the questions.
2. Each question carries 1 Mark.
1. Give any one example of renewable resource.
Examples of renewable resources include the sun, wind, water, the Earth's
heat (geothermal), and biomass.
2. Which soil is ideal for growing cotton?
Black soil is the best soil for growing cotton because it has a high
percentage of clay, which allows it to retain water well.
3. Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material? [ a]
a)Alluminium b) Cement c) Paper d) Steel
4. Choose the odd one out.
Mazzini, Cavour, Bismark, Garibaldi
Ans: Bismark
5. Expand IBRD.
A. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6 Germany : Axis power : : Britain : Allied Power .
7. What is Federalism?
A. Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central
authority and various constituent units of the country.
8. Andhra Pradesh was the first state created on the basis of language.
9. What is “Manifesto”?
A. A manifesto is a written declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be
it an individual, group, political party, or government
10. A company that owns or controls production in more than one nation is called Multi National
Corporation.
11. Show on a bar graph.
Employment

Primary Sector - 44%

Secondary Sector - 25%

Tertiary Sector - 31%

 Employment

Tertiary Sector

Secondary Sector

Primary Sector

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Employment

12. Name the Eastern most country from the

given list. Mexico, USA, China, India
A. China
SECTION -II 8x2M =16M

Note: 1. Answer all the questions.

2. Each question Carries 2 marks.
13. Explain the importance of manufacturing industries.
A. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing
industries in it.
i) Agricultural development: Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture
which forms the backbone of our economy. It also helps people providing jobs in
secondary and tertiary sectors.
ii) Industrial development: It helps reducing unemployment and poverty from our
country.
14. What are the means of transportation and communication called the life line
of national economy?
A. The means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its
economy due to the reasons given below:
(i) The means of transportation and communication help in the production and movement
of goods and services.
(ii) Transport helps in the development of communication. Various means of
communication help us in interacting with other in all the parts of the world it has
brought the world closer.
(iii) Transport like railways help us in conducting various activities like business,
sightseeing, pilgrimage and transportation of goods over longer distances.
(iv) Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil and natural gas to refineries and
factories.
(v) Water provides the cheapest means of transport and is useful for international trade.
(vi) Air transport provides the fastest, most comfortable mode of transport.
Thus, it is clear that there are many advantages of transportation and communication.
These mean help in the development of the country. So they are called the lifelines of a
nation and its economy.
15. Observe the map and answer the following question.

1. Name the Island in the Indian Ocean?

A. Madagascar, Maldives, Seychelles, Socotra, and Sri Lanka
16. “It is difficult to imagine a world without printed material”. - Comment.
A. (a) We find print everywhere around us in books, newspapers, journals, magazines famous
paintings, official circulars, calendars, diaries, advertisements and cinema posters.
(b) We read printed literature, books, novels and stories.
(c) We read newspapers every day and track public debates.
17. Make a table that shows central, state and concurrent lists.
A.
Central list State List Concurrent List
1. Union List is the first fold 1. List is the second fold of 1. This list constitutes the
of the three List system. the three – fold division. third fold of the List system.
2. It includes subjects of 2. This list contains 2. The Concurrent list
legislative importance subjects of state and local includes subjects of common
because we need a uniform importance such as police, interest to both the union
policy on the Union List trade and commerce, government and the state
subjects throughout the agriculture and irrigation. government, such as
country. It has 97 subjects. 3. It has 66 subjects. The education, forests, trade
3. The parliament is solely state legislature alone can unions, marriages, adoption
empowered to enact laws make laws relating to the and succession.
on the Union List subjects. subjects mentioned in the 3. Both the Union and the State
Defence, atomic energy, state list. government can make laws on
foreign affairs, railways, the Concurrent List.
banking posts and 4. But in case of a conflict
telegraphs are the between the Central and state
important Union List Laws, Central law prevails.
subjects. This has been done with the
aim of decentralization of
power with a normal division
of subjects under the three list
system.
18. Mention the problems faced by the women, today.
A. Women's rights have improved over the years, but continued progress is not guaranteed.
In a time of escalating conflicts, rising authoritarianism and devastating climate change
impacts, women face many issues related to education, work, healthcare, legal rights,
violence and much more.
 19. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our
lives.
A. Money is our pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that we may need to
live well.
(a) Money cannot buy us pollution -free environment.
(b) Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not be able to get protection
from infectious disease.
(c) Besides money people also like to have equal treatment in the society, freedom,
dignity and honour in their lives, which money cannot buy them.
20. What precautions should be taken by a consumer before purchasing a product?
A. Following thing should be kept in mind before buying a product -
 Value and money, whether the following product is worth of that particular value or not
 Quality standards - he should check all those standards fixed by govt which are given to only those
product who full fill the norms set out by tyhe government.
 Consumer should check the MRP of the product.
 He should be able to make understand the seller about his expectations from goods.
 He should always obtain a bill for the purchase made by him.

SECTION-III 8x4M=32M

Note: 1. Answer all the questions.

2. Each question Carries 4 marks.
21. Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
A. Biodiversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and
function, but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of
interdependencies. It is important for human lives because the human beings, along with
the biodiversity, form a complete web of ecological system in which we are only a part and
are very much dependent on this system for our own existence.
22. Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?
A. It takes millions of years for the formation of minerals. Compared to the present rate of
consumption, the replenishment rate of minerals is very slow. Hence, mineral resources
are finite and non-renewable. Due to this, it is important that we conserve the mineral
resources
23 Observe the map and answer the following questions.

1. What is the sea between the Europe and Africa?

A. Mediterranean Sea
2. Name the biggest empire in this map?
A. Russian Empire
 24. Explain about "Proto - Industrialisation."
A. Proto-industrialisation is referred to as the phase of industrialization that existed even
before factories began in England and Europe. There was a huge large-scale industrial
production for an international market but not based on factories and completely
handcrafted. Before the coming of factories, there was large-scale industrial production
for an international market. This part of industrial history is known as proto-
industrialization.
25. Analyse the graph.

A. •Women's literacy rate is very low. Even if some women are educated, they are not
politically motivated.
• In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low
India is behind the averages for several developing countries of Africa and Latin America.
In the government, cabinets are largely all-male even when a woman becomes the Chief
Minister or the Prime Minister.
•There are only 29.5 percent of women in Americas and only 26.4 percent of women in
Europe in the national parliament. These percentages are not proportional to their
population in the respective countries.
26. "Democracy can't reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens."
Support or Oppose your answer.
A. This statement is correct. It is rightly said that democracy gives equal opportunity to all
the sections of the society. That is why it is necessary that there should be less inequality
in democracy. But the present day is quite different from reality. It is so because in a
democracy, we cannot stop anyone from earning more money. Everyone gets equal
opportunity to earn for themselves. The difference lies in the opportunity that one is
earning more and the other less. Hence, democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes
between different citizens.
27 Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
A. The issue of sustainability is important for development due to following reasons.
(i) There is a limited stock of natural resources if they are not used judiciously then
there will be nothing left for future generations.
(ii) Without sustainable development an ecological misbalance may be created leading to
destruction of the environment.
(iii) Without sustainable development, ecological misbalance also lead to environmental
pollution which is very big deal to handle. For example, air and water pollution are rising
due to industrial wastes.
28. Mention a few factors which cause exploitation of consumers.
A. Factors which cause exploitation of consumers are:
• Lack of awareness of consumer rights among buyers.
• Improper and inadequate monitoring of rules and regulations. There is no fixed law for
quality and rate
• Misleading advertising in the media.
• Consumers are scattered over large areas.
• The main reason for exploitation of consumers is the lack of knowledge. Several
consumers do not have the knowledge about the price, quality, services related
commodities
 SECTION-IV 5x8M=40M
Note: 1. Answer all the questions.
2. Each question carries 8 Marks.
3. Each question has internal choice.
4. In question no: 33 both A and B (India Map and world Map) should be
answered seperately.
29. A) Explain the importance of water resources.
A. Water is essential for life on Earth and is important for many reasons, including:
 Life support: Water is required for the survival of humans, animals, and plants.
 Ecosystem maintenance: Water is vital for maintaining the ecological balance and
supporting biodiversity.
 Food production: Water is required for food production and economic growth.
 Human health: Water carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, which improves
blood circulation and overall health.
 Environmental activities: Water is used for recreational, industrial, and household
activities.
(OR)
B) Describe geographical conditions required for the growth of Rice.
A. The geographical conditions required for growth of rice are as follows:
 It is a Kharif crop and requires a hot and humid climate for cultivation.
Temperature above 25°C and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm are
favourable for the growth of rice.
 Rich alluvial soils of the floodplains and deltaic areas which are renewed every
year are ideal for rice cultivation.
 Rice requires abundant rainfall or good water supply through irrigation and
flooded fields during the earlier part of its growing season in June-July.
Plenty of cheap labour as most of the farming involves manual labour.
30. A) Read the paragraph and comment on it.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association
in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by
demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded
Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate
electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.
Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poo people
in 18th century Europe na Pact of September 1932. It gave the Depressed Classes
(later to be known as the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central
legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate. The dalit
movement, however, continued to be apprehensive of the Congress-led national
movement.
(OR)
B) "Some people in 18th century Europe think that print culture would bring
enlightment." comment.
A. Before the invention of the printing press, access to print was limited. It was
restricted to upper classes. Common people largely learnt from oral culture. Books
were expensive and produced in insufficient numbers. However, with the advent of
print culture, a new reading public emerged.
• It contributed to the spread of knowledge.
• The cost of books was reduced. The time and labour required to produce each
book also reduced and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease. As a
result, the market was flooded by books for all kind of readers. Now books could
reach out wider sections of people.
• Print created the possibility of a wide circulation of ideas and introduced a new
world of debate and discussion.
• Social reformers like Louise, Sebastian Mercier, and Martin Luther felt that the
print culture is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion and hence,
it would definitely bring enlightenment and an end to despotism. Several scholars,
 in fact, think that print brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped
spread the new ideas that led to the Reformation.
31. A) What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an
example of each of these.
A. Different forms of power sharing in modern democracies:
Horizontal division of power: It is the sharing of power among the different
organs of government. The division of government into the executive, the
legislature and the judiciary is an example of horizontal division of power. In such
a power sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same
level, exercise different powers. This separation of powers ensures that no organ
exercises unlimited power. Each organ checks the others, thereby putting in place
a system of checks and balances. The division of power between the Council of
Ministers headed by the Indian Prime Minister, the Parliament of India and the
Indian Supreme Court is an example of this kind of power sharing.
Vertical division of power: It is the sharing of power among governments at
different levels — a general government for the entire country and governments
at the provincial or regional level. For example, in India, the Constitution defines
the way power is to be shared between the Central or Union government and the
various State governments. There are certain matters on which only the Central
government can take decisions, while there are others on which only an individual
state government has an exclusive right for decision making.
Division of power among social groups: Power can also be shared among
different groups which differ socially. The system of 'community government' in
Belgium is an example of this type of power division. This government is elected
by people belonging to one language community (Dutch, French and German-
speaking), and has the power to take decisions regarding cultural, educational and
language-related issues. The system of reserved constituencies in India is another
example.
Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and
movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by
contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among
the various contenders for power (the different political parties or the different
alliances comprising political parties). Such a freedom of choice entails
competition among the different parties, which in turn ensures that power does
not remain in one hand, and is shared among different political parties
representing different ideologies and social groups.
(OR)
B) What are the various challenges faced by political parties?
A. The various challenges faced by political parties are:
• Lack of Internal democracy: Every member of the party does not have a chance
to take part in the decision-making process. Power remains in the hands of a few
top leaders, who do not consult ordinary members. All the major or minor
decisions are taken by the party head. Ordinary members have no information
about the internal working of the party. They hardly get a ‘ticket’ in an election.
Since one or few leaders exercise paramount power in the party, those who
disagree with the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party. More than
loyalty to party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes
more important.
• Dynastic Succession: The biggest challenge within the political party is the issues
of dynastic succession. These parties do not have transparent functioning and
always try to give an unfair advantage to their family members. Hence, a political
party remains under the control of one family. This is unfair to the other members
of the party. This is also bad for democracy since people who do not have
adequate experience or popular support come to occupy the positions of power.
We can take examples of Congress, SP, RJD, DMK, etc.
• Money and Muscle Power: Money is needed to organize demonstrations, public
meetings, and speeches to publicize the image of the party. Parties choose those
 candidates who can raise money for the party and win elections with their money.
Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have an influence
on the policies and decisions of the party. Sometimes parties also support criminal
candidates because they can win elections.
• The Meaningful choice to others: Most of the political parties have same
fundamental and ideological issues. Voters do not have a meaningful choice. Even
leaders keep changing parties, thus confusing the voter.
32. A) Analyse the graph

A. The production of goods and services in the three sectors. This is shown for two years,
1973-74 and 2013-14. We have used the data for these two years because the data are
comparable and authentic. You can see how the total production has grown over the forty
yearsOver the forty years between 1973-74 and 2013-14, while production in all the three
sectors has increased, it has increased the most in the tertiary sector. As a result, in the
year 2013-14, the tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India
replacing the primary sector.
(OR)
B) Observe the pie graph and analyse it?

A. The people are divided into four groups, from poor to rich, as shown in the figure.
85 per cent of the loans taken by poor households in the urban areas are from informal
sources. Compare this with the rich urban households. Only 10 per cent of their loans are
from informal sources, while 90 per cent are from formal sources. A similar pattern is also
found in rural areas. The rich households are availing cheap credit from formal lenders
whereas the poor households have to pay a large amount for borrowing
33. A) Locate the following in the given outline map of India.
1) Mumbai 2) Jammu 3) Jamshedpur 4)
Goa (OR)
5) Kerala 6) Bihar 7) Delhi 8) Arabian Sea
B). Locate the following in the given map of world.
1) Italy 2) SouthAfrica 3) Belgium 4) Germany
(OR)
5) Nigeria 6) Pacific Ocean 7) Norway 8) Pakistan