QQ. What is Research Methodology? 3.

Analytical and critical: Conceptual research involves a

Research methodology is a plan or framework that outlines systematic and rigorous examination of existing knowledge
how to conduct research. It involves selecting the right and ideas.
approach, methods, and tools to collect and analyze data. 4. Creative and innovative: Conceptual research aims to
Types of Research Methodologies: Q. Important points Important points create new or improved conceptual frameworks.
1. Qualitative Research: Focuses on exploring and
understanding phenomena through non-numerical data Types of Conceptual Research
Research Objectives
(e.g., text, images). 1. Concept analysis: Involves the examination and
1. Clearly define the research question and objectives.
2. Quantitative Research: Involves collecting and analyzing clarification of concepts and their relationships.
2. Ensure the objectives are specific, measurable,
numerical data to identify patterns and trends. 2. Theory development: Involves the creation of new
achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
3. Mixed-Methods Research: Combines both qualitative and theories or the refinement of existing ones.
quantitative approaches. 3. Framework development: Involves the creation of new
Research Design
Key Considerations frameworks or the refinement of existing ones.
1. Choose an appropriate research design (e.g.,
1. Reliability: Ensuring consistency in data collection and 4. Conceptual modeling: Involves the creation of conceptual
experimental, quasi-experimental, survey, case study).
analysis. models to represent complex phenomena.
2. Consider the type of data needed (quantitative,
2. Validity: Ensuring accuracy and relevance of the research
qualitative, or mixed-methods).
findings.
3. Ensure the design aligns with the research question and
3. Ethics: Respecting participants' rights, privacy, and
objectives.
dignity.
4. Generalizability: Ensuring the research findings can be
Sampling Strategy
applied to other contexts.
1. Define the target population and sampling frame.
2. Choose an appropriate sampling technique (e.g.,
Common Research Methods
random, stratified, convenience).
1. Surveys: Self-administered questionnaires.
3. Ensure the sample size is sufficient to achieve the
2. Interviews: One-on-one or group discussions.
desired level of precision.
3. Observations: Systematic observation of behavior or
phenomena.
Data Collection Methods
4. Experiments: Controlled studies to test hypotheses.
1. Select data collection methods that align with the
Tools and Software
research design and objectives (e.g., surveys, interviews,
1. SPSS: Statistical analysis software.
observations).
2. NVivo: Qualitative data analysis software.
2. Ensure data collection methods are reliable and valid.
3. SurveyMonkey: Online survey tool.
3. Consider using multiple data collection methods to
4. R: Programming language for statistical analysis.
triangulate finding
QQ. object of research
Data Analysis
The object of research refers to the phenomenon, entity, or
1. Choose appropriate data analysis techniques (e.g.,
concept being studied or investigated in a research study. It
statistical, thematic, content).
is the central focus of the research, and the study's
2. Ensure data analysis aligns with the research question
objectives, methods, and conclusions are all directed
and objectives.
towards understanding or explaining this object.
3. Consider using data visualization techniques to present
findings.
Characteristics of the Object of Research
1. Specificity: The object of research should be clearly
QQ. App
defined and specific.
lied vs fundamental research
2. Measurability: The object of research should be
Applied Research
measurable or quantifiable.
1. Focus: Practical applications and solving real-world
3. Relevance: The object of research should be relevant to
problems.
the research question or problem.
2. Objective: To develop new or improved products,
4. Feasibility: The object of research should be feasible to
processes, or services.
study given the resources and constraints of the research.
3. Methodology: Often involves experimentation, testing,
Types of Objects of Research
and evaluation.
1. Concrete objects: Physical entities such as people,
4. Outcome: Expected to yield tangible results, such as new
organizations, or artifacts.
technologies or products.
2. Abstract objects: Concepts, ideas, or phenomena that
5. Timeline: Typically shorter-term, with a focus on rapid
cannot be directly observed.
development and implementation.
3. Social objects: Social entities such as groups,
6. Funding: Often sponsored by industry, government, or
communities, or societies.
organizations with a vested interest in the research.
Ex. Students' academic performance: A concrete object
that can be measured and studied.
Fundamental Research
1. Focus: Advancing knowledge and understanding of
QQ. descriptive research vs analytical research
fundamental principles and phenomena.
Descriptive research and analytical research are two
2. Objective: To explore, describe, and explain natural
fundamental approaches used in research studies. Here's a
phenomena or underlying mechanisms.
comprehensive comparison of the two:
3. Methodology: Often involves observation,
Descriptive Research: Descriptive research aims to describe
experimentation, and theoretical modeling.
and summarize the characteristics of a phenomenon or a
4. Outcome: Expected to yield new insights, theories, or
population. It provides an accurate and detailed picture of
understanding of fundamental principles.
the research subject.
5. Timeline: Can be long-term, with a focus on exploring
Objectives
complex phenomena.
1. To describe the characteristics of a population or
6. Funding: Often sponsored by government agencies,
phenomenon.
foundations, or institutions that value basic research.
2. To summarize the findings in a concise and organized
Ex.1. Applied Research: Developing a new vaccine to
manner.
combat a specific disease.
Methods
QQ. Quantitative vs qualitative research
1. Surveys and questionnaires.
2. Observational studies. Quantitative Research
3. Case studies. 1. Focus: Numerical data and statistical analysis.
4. Content analysis. 2. Objective: To test hypotheses, predict outcomes, and
Key Differences identify patterns.
1. Purpose: Descriptive research aims to describe, while 3. Methodology: Surveys, experiments, observations, and
analytical research aims to analyze and explain. statistical analysis.
2. Methods: Descriptive research often uses surveys and 4. Data collection: Structured questionnaires, numerical
observational studies, while analytical research uses data, and observational records.
experiments, statistical analysis, and modeling. 5. Data analysis: Statistical software, hypothesis testing,
3. Level of complexity: Analytical research is generally and regression analysis.
more complex and requires advanced statistical and 6. Outcome: Generalizable results, predictions, and
analytical techniques. recommendations.
4. Generalizability: Analytical research findings are often
more generalizable to other populations and contexts. Qualitative Research
1. Focus: Non-numerical data, themes, and meanings.
QQ.table Descriptive Research vs Analytical Research 2. Objective: To explore, understand, and interpret
phenomena.
Characteristics Descriptive Analytical
Research Research 3. Methodology: Interviews, focus groups, observations, and
content analysis.
Purpose Describe a Analyze and 4. Data collection: Unstructured or semi-structured
phenomenon explain interviews, observational notes, and textual data.
or population relationships, 5. Data analysis: Thematic analysis, coding, and
ve causes, and interpretive techniques.
effects 6. Outcome: In-depth understanding, themes, and
Objecti Summarize Identify conceptual frameworks.
and describe patterns,
characteristics relationships, Examples
and causes 1. Quantitative Research: A survey to measure the
Methods Surveys, Experiments, relationship between exercise frequency and weight loss.
observational statistical 2. Qualitative Research: An in-depth interview study to
studies, case analysis, explore the experiences and perceptions of patients with a
studies modeling,
chronic illness.
comparative
studies
Q. Conceptual research
Level of Relatively More complex,
Complexity simple requires Conceptual research is a type of research that focuses on
advanced the development and refinement of concepts, theories, and
statistical frameworks. It involves a systematic and rigorous
techniques examination of existing knowledge and ideas to create new
Generalizability Limited More or improved conceptual frameworks.
generalizability generalizable
to other Characteristics of Conceptual Research
populations 1. Focus on concepts and theories: Conceptual research
and contexts focuses on the development and refinement of concepts,
Data Analysis Descriptive Inferential theories, and frameworks.
statistics, statistics, 2. Non-empirical: Conceptual research does not involve
frequencies regression, empirical data collection or analysis.
hypothesis
testing
Data Collection Cross- Experimental,
sectional, longitudinal
observational