24.01.

24
() Baic concept oh qrcup
(2) Suhgroup
(3) Cyelie graup

() Cesct and Lgage's therem

Einang compo:ition Pre-ing
Af Lat A be a nn -cmpy sat.
ALinany cempesiti D binary
AA
BAxA’A.

* (a,b) a*b|
et

a xb = a+h +| Foy 4. a = - - 3
a*b= -|-3+|=-3

hen A set i called closcd uden

ZZ
Mathematical cyctam (Z, +) is a matheuatal
Lot A be a , *, be
on A
then (A,*)* * - )*) caled a mathematial system.

a,b,c E A, uhee (A, *) is a mathematcal ystem.

(b*c) = (a*b) * c hca ' ' i! calid asociative
ia*b =b*a 1heu * i caled eommutetive

element
Tatity
Lt (A,) be a matkematical yetam

Nete
Lt ideutiRght ideatty
 Bor afA, aEA aka'= a'*a = e
e n ' he inverLe
ea A= R, +
c = 0 5 +(-5) -0
5,S
Greupetd O10.24
Lt (G, *) be a matke matical sytim.
n 6is leud nden, * then Gis called Greupaid
2,3¬Z
(Z,+) and (Z, -) ne reupcids 2-3=-1E Z
3-2 =|EZ
Neta : (Z,-) is wet commutative
ideutity in (Z-)
e is Be iclonti ty elomcnt
eo aeaoe = a a EZ a=lje=2
e

reupeid (Z,-) they

but 0 i he
ilonit
greupoid( * ) is saád to be a tami
Notei (Z,+) u (Z,-) i: nota

Maveid
-grep (Ga) j: satd t be mneid it ataiy the identity aloet
(Z,+) is a mncid [0 is the idontity]
(Z,) a maneid Ii te ideathi ty
(M,(R) ) is a moneid LI, i the
Quant greup
Agreupeid *) i: chid to be a gai
a,b E G acach h the equatios
a x * b and *a =b has uniqne selution

et (Z,+) iis grupcid,

Lot, aybE
 atx =b x ratb
ha
+ a =L y c-a+b

.. (Z, +) is a

23-10- 24

Gqreup
A non -emp st is said to om
)6 is docd unden
(i) is ao iative oM

() Melement eEG: e * a = a ke
=a VaEG.
a

aA alement a
a *a'=a' * a = e .

i: denated by (h*).
Dthen dafini tiom (Stoudand)
A ordeted (G,*),wane G i a nn -empty set and
a
binany rt
G) For al a,b, c¬ G, a * (b*c) =(a tb)*e (amociative Lan)

a *e= a =e*a (exitence e an

idatity)
G3) For al a f G, thore exists bE G
such that, at b = e =b * a
fuvene)

Nete: Ia agroup a d b=b*a a,b GG then Gis said t be

a
commtative arup
ru or Abelinn greup
G) Fiite
, then the grup is caed inite
called
1} 6 is intinite, then the'
 abelian rp
Soln. Na, we cmtrat tha compositio 4abla for Gwrt.

) - -i ((omgoitim fable
Coylaytbte)
-I ) 0 -i
1 -i

i -

ke pind that .

( ince . ' is aso dative on CandG o

(,) a s auoiadive ou
vight idantity iey
elemant'

and inveue -i is h.
Iwne oh each elemant in b esits in G
:

Thuy, (G,) à a
gmmetric about the maik
a Commataie group abe'an
(G-)
Q2. Shas that (Gt,) i an Abelian ehere
4{0),0,DJ,3J}
Sela. No, cndrd tha cmpoztien tibe for ut.

0D 2] (3] [O]
[2 2] B] [O]
[IJ [2]

G) G is doed unde
 (ti) Since,
is alo asociai vé on

the identit alamint.

leiat

Thus
() The cmperition table is ymmetrie abaut the main
Commutive and
hance (6it), a comnutative or abolian

() (Z_)
) (U)
() Nov, we utrud the composition table forZ,, u.rt.

(2] 31 4]
21[O] 2] 4] [] [3]

Bindthat
Z- is doed unles.
) . i s awoiakve on

the tdo ntity dhet.

() 0] has no inyeue.

Hence,
(Zg,) is net
61) Be'-f*eZ:o<i(I0 mad ad
gd (", 10) =1 }
=(),3,7,1) =(D), B), ), J}
No,e
[3] [1

B]

() Uyo i dosed undon

+

() Siace, , is asoiative on

is the tdetty slanent.

Hene, we cam say that,

Exenciu 8
I.) Let, a,bt Z
Nas, aob= at b+| 7
aobE Z VajbE Z:
Qeed uden te binany compaitioh (,)o
) Acso cioi ve law
Lot a, b, c E Z
No, (borc)
 4 o(btc+ )
a+ (b+ ct ) + |
at bt+|+|
a +b+(t 2.

and (a ob) oc -, (a+b+ )"c

= atbt ) +c+ |.
=at btol + (+ |.
= a t b+c+ 2.
so o is ausciaive on
Z.
(2) Exictane an identity
Lot a E Z.
Lot e be au loment
Nos, 2= a

> at e+=a ) e t a+ = a.

YaEZ.
Tuuy, e =-| is the identity aement
3) Exitance of
Lt a Z Let a be an slamont Aoa': ao a =2
a)
Na, a e a = e

-’ ata'+|= -I ’ a't a + | -|
a' = -a-l-| =) a' : -|-|- a
’ a' = -2- a ’ a'= -2-a.
a' Z.
Thur, the invere each leMLnt in Zeåsts in Z.
Honce, fm (), (2) and (3) (Z,) u a
 07.I1. 24
Thercm (Relatiom etaeen seni
L# ( +) be astmi -preup and for ny too clemonts a, bin Geach a thou
a=bha a oution fn G. Then
(G*) i: a grop
Since is asemi rep
’ 6 is cou.t# and
nd * citive
 Exictane of idantity olamant |:
alamant in G catiying the nquation
a * x = and De, be an
the esmati y* a = a
al. e, * a FA
beias soltin in G the eyatin

Then, ea *p =C indiq'x=

4 *(a*)
C*amoi ati ve!

Stne cis witry

a *e, = a VacG |e, *a = a a¬ Gl

No, é, EG and krom )'3

Thi
1 Honce) an elerjont
e3 a= axe=a
an inverne

Lot a' be ag and a"

be a
a *a=e and * a =e

No, (a'e a)*a' =a* (axa')

= a'*e
= a

ond (a?x a)*a' =e*a'

=e

So,
 .". for each clemet aG an alement a'E G:
a * a, a * a

ThNcm 2
Lot (G *) be a scmi lemon in hich boH
the Lelati Law hold i.e, a b=a *e ’ b=c ( (oM calation la)
b*a =c*a ’ b=e (right cohcelation law)
Then (G,*) a
semi-greup, G is doned rt *oud 'is niative
Lt G tains M

Lot con sidon the clomants :

Thee nelemaat beloy to qwnd thoy

dictinct
Became
(by aft canalation

e mut have the cquatin

l4, * X

nbin so the cquation a,*x =B| has asalation

coiden he lements
tgnin, tet
Tue nelemenh belomg to o and taye ae dicind.

(hy ight llation law)

Since, cntins olement,) So we mugt have fke

Sine, a, is anbitra
solion in G
 Thus, G *) is a semi a y - h and
A*a=b has a solation in G Va,béó
Hencey
S.Lat (G, o) be agreup ond aE G.
G Prove Bn

Then, aog come

No,

Lat
Then a uuiane elemeat xEG9aox = 4

q2 Lot (S, ) be a semirop and'x,ES.

prove that (S,) an bolian
Soh. Letp¬ S
Then p (=p°p) ES md aES)p3oa = a op-a by the
gven condition
This hoy that an idenithy seme at.
By inilan ngumnt, i 11¬S the it an idntity lenat
B the cmdition

Theafere p'
This proves identity lement in S
Let e be the
ikunkly loment in S
gven condiion
That is x=e or

Lot atS ,bES

Theu, aobéS
Since x=x x¬S, 4= a b-L', (a ob) - (a ob)
a ob = (ao b)
=|7oa
= bo a

aob= boa VaLes.

Hene, (S, ) is abelin