CHAPTER-7

BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

 CONTENTS
❑ Introduction
❑ Reinforced concrete structures
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❑ Steel framed structures

❑ Timber structures
❑ Prefabricated building systems
❑ Shell and dome structures
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❑ Structural systems of a building support all loads and resist all
constraining forces that may be reasonably expected to be imposed
on them during their expected service life, with out:
➢ hazard to users,
➢ dangerous deformations,
➢ excessive side sway (drift) or
➢ annoying vibrations.

❑ Loads and environmental forces acting on structural systems are:

➢ gravity loads
➢ wind/seismic loads
➢ expansion/contraction of material
➢ heat and cold
➢ moisture and precipitation

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Gravity Load

Lateral Loading
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❑ The structural systems could be either concrete, steel, timber,
prefabricated element or a combination.
❑ The selection of the appropriate structural system or combination
of systems depends on:
❖Soil conditions
❖The program and concept (function of a building)
❖Applicable codes
❖Type of building
❖Material delivery and construction timing
❖Local construction capabilities and preferences
❖Ease of construction and schedule
❖Cost of the selected system
❖Cost impact on other systems
❖Appearance and aesthetic potential

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❑ Concrete is a product obtained artificially by hardening of the
mixture of
i. binding material (cement),
ii. fine aggregate (sand),
iii. coarse aggregate (gravel), and
iv. water, in predetermined proportions.

❑ The property of concrete depend on the characteristic of the

ingredients and the proportion of the mix.
❑ In mix proportioning workability, strength, durability and
economy should be taken into consideration.
❑ Concrete works are classified as:
▪ Class I - works under the direction of qualified supervisor
▪ Class II – works with lower level of quality

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Classification based on density
Classification of concrete based on density
Classification Density (Kg/m3)
Normal-weight concrete 2400
Light weight concrete 1800
Heavy weight concrete 3200

Classification based on strength

Classification based on strength

Classification Maximum strength Type
Ordinary concrete < 20 Low-strength
Standard concrete 20-40 Medium-strength
High-strength concrete 40-80 High-strength

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Advantages and disadvantages of concrete structures

Advantages Disadvantages

• High compressive strength • Low tensile strength

• High stiffness (rigidity) • Limited ductility
• Ability to be cast • Little resistance to cracking
• Low thermal and electrical • Volume instability
conductivity
• Low strength to weight
• Economical ratio
• Durable • Forms and shoring
• Fire resistant
• Energy-efficient
• Onsite fabrication
• Aesthetic properties

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❑ Reinforced concrete (RCC) is a concrete in which steel
reinforcement bars have been incorporated to eliminate the major
weakness of concrete (tensile strength).
❑ The number, diameter, spacing, shape and type of bars to be used
have to be designed.

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REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
❑ A reinforced concrete structure is made up of many types of
reinforced structural members, including:
✓ footings,
✓ columns,
✓ beams,
✓ slabs,
✓ walls, and so forth

FOOTINGS
❑ Footings support the entire structure and distribute the load to the
ground.
❑ The size and shape of a footing depend upon the design of the
structure.

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FOOTINGS (CONT…)

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COLUMNS
❑ These are the vertical load bearing members of the structural frame
which transmits the beam loads down to the foundations.

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BEAMS
❑ These are horizontal load bearing members which are classified as
either
❑ Main beams which transmit floor and secondary beam loads to
the columns or
❑Secondary beams which transmit floor loads to the main beams.

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SLABS
❑ Carry the live loads of the building and transfer them to the beams.

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JOINTS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Contraction joints: the purpose of contraction joints is to control
cracking caused by temperature changes.
Expansion joints: Wherever expansion might cause a concrete slab to
buckle because of temperature change, expansion joints are
required.

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INTRODUCTION
❑ Steel has the maximum number of properties which are not found in
any other materials.
✓ High tensile and compressive strength
✓ Ability to deform plastically with out damage
✓ Can be easily welded, forged and riveted
✓ Large displacement before collapse

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INTRODUCTION (cont...)
❑ Steel is the only material which is equally strong both in tension
and compression.
❑ Steel is suitable for all construction purposes in the present day
practice.
▪ Steel bars are used as reinforcement
▪ Construction of steel bridges
▪ Construction of buildings
◦ Skeleton construction
◦ Long span construction
▪ Erection of towers, etc
❑ The construction of a framework of structural steel involves two
principal operation: fabrication and erection.

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INTRODUCTION (cont...)

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STEEL SECTIONS
Cold rolled sections: Cold-formed shapes are relatively thin sections
made by bending sheet or strip steel in roll-forming machines,
press brakes, or bending brakes.
❑ Door and window frames, partitions, wall studs, floor
joists, sheathing, and moldings are made by cold forming.

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STEEL SECTIONS (cont...)
Hot rolled sections: these are structural steel available in wide range
of size, shape and weight.

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STRUCTURAL STEEL CONNECTORS
❑ There are four basic connectors used in making structural steel
connections. They are bolts, welds, pins, and rivets.

Rivets
Welding

Pins
Bolts

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Advantages and disadvantages of steel structures

Advantages Disadvantages

• High strength to weight ratio • Energy intensive material

• Non-combustible • Susceptible to rust and
• Recyclable corrosion
• Consistent material quality • Requires fire proofing
• Safety: offers greater • Highly conductive
protection • Emission of gases during
• Flexibility production
• Inorganic: will not warp, split, • Extra cost for protective
creep, crack coating
• Dimensional stability
• Straight walls, corners
• Speedy construction

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INTRODUCTION
❑ Wood has always been a very good construction material since
olden times. And it is still used extensively for construction
purpose, railways, furniture, formwork, miscellaneous articles,
transportation.
❑ Wood that is suitable for structural work is called timber. It can be
used as:
◦ Beams, joists and rafters ◦ Studs and posts ◦ Girders
◦ Trusses ◦ Decking ◦ Piles
◦ Structural laminated members
❑ The qualities of timber depend upon:
◦ Type of tree ◦ Maturity of tree ◦ Time of felling
◦ Method of seasoning ◦ Type and process of preservation

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Structural uses of timber
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Timber frame construction

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Timber frame construction

Column to base connection

Beam to beam connection

Composite timber beams

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Advantages and disadvantages of timber structures

Advantages Disadvantages

• Quick erection time • Additional design and

• Reduced site labour engineering time
• Reduced construction waste • Susceptible to decay
• Easily converted to any shape • Very likely to warp and crack
• Economical and cheap • Not fire resistant
• High strength to weight ratio • Requires regular
• Light weight structural maintenance
members • Lack of experience of
• Easy alteration and repairs following trades
• Energy efficient in its
production
• Non conductor of heat and
sound

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INTRODUCTION
❑ Prefabrication may be in general terms defined as a continuity of
production implying:
▪ A steady flow of demands
▪ Standardization
▪ Integration of different stages of production
▪ High degree of organization of work
▪ Mechanization to replace manual labour

❑ The prefabrication practice have advantages with respect to cost,

time, quality, safety and environment.
❑ Types of prefabrication approach:
❖ Fully Pre-fabricated Construction Method
❖ Partially pre-fabricated Construction Method
❖ Prefabrication of elements of the construction
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Precast structural elements

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Precast structural elements

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Connections in precast concrete structures

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Connections in precast concrete structures (cont…)

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Advantages and disadvantages of precast concrete

Advantages Disadvantages

• More time efficient • Very heavy members

• Ensures high quality • Problems at connections
• Better cost savings • Requirements for lifting
• safety device
• Lower maintenance cost • Limited building design
• Erection at every weather flexibility
condition • Accommodation for last
• Less formwork minute change
• Early return of the investment • Additional reinforcements
• Less wet work at the site for handling
• Better fire protection • Transportation cost

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Shells
❑ A shell is structural curved skin covering a given plan shape and
area where the forces in the shell or membrane are compressive
and in the restraining edge beams are tensile.
❑ The main factors of shell roofs are:
➢ The entire roof is a structural element
➢ Basic strength is inherent in its geometrical shape and form
➢ Comparatively less material is required than other forms of roof
structure
❑ Advantages:
o The curved shapes are naturally strong structures
o Allow wide areas to be spanned
o No use of internal supports
o Gives an open and unobstructed space
o Ideally suited for architectural applications
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Types of shell structures

folded plates Z shell The lazy S

Barrel shells Short shells Hyperbolic parabolic

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 Shell structures
Barrel Shell for Bakery

Folded plate roof for gymnasium and cafeteria

St. Louis Airport Outside

Hyperbolic Paraboloid Roof for Entertainment Center

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DOMES
❑ Domes are double curvature shells which can be rotationally
formed by any curved geometrical plane figure rotating about a
central vertical axis.
❑ These are shells curved in two directions. They are one of the
oldest types of construction.
❑ Advantages:
o They are completely span-free
o Have high ratio of thickness to span
o Aesthetically very pleasing
o Virtually any size and number of openings are possible
o excellent for athletic facilities, schools, auditoriums, churches,
convention halls, museums etc.

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Types of dome structures

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 Dome structures
Pittsburg Marine Terminal

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THANK YOU!

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