ENGINEERING WORKSHOP LAB

(EL-1006)

LABORATORY MANUAL

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
(LAB # 01)
Engr. Shehzad Ahmad

Engr. Tooba
Student Name: ______________________________________________

Roll No: ________________ Section: ____

Date performed: 28th January, 2024

MARKS AWARDED: ________ / 10

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD

Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1

Lab # 01: Introduction to MATLAB

Learning Objectives:
In this lab, you will learn:
 The interface of MATLAB
 Basic arithmetic operators
 Matlab variables
 Matrix manipulation

Software Used: MATLAB

Description:

Matlab (stands for Matrix Laboratory), it integrates computation, visualization, and programming
in an easy-to-use environment, where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar
mathematical notation.

Examples:

 Matrix computations and linear algebra

 Solving nonlinear equations
 Numerical solution of differential equations
 Mathematical optimization
 Statistics and data analysis
 Signal processing
 Modelling of dynamical systems
 Solving partial differential equations
 Simulation of engineering systems

Strengths of MATLAB

 MATLAB is relatively easy to learn.

 MATLAB code is optimized to be relatively quick when performing matrix operations.
 MATLAB may behave like a calculator or as a programming language.
 MATLAB is interpreted, errors are easier to fix.

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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1

“Fig 1.1”

Desktop Tools
1. Command Window
Use the Command Window to enter variables and run functions and M-files.

“Fig 1.2”
2. Command History:
Statements you enter in the Command Window are logged in the Command History. In
the Command History, you can view previously run statements, and copy and execute selected
statements.
Enter a command “commandhistory” in Command Window to see commands historY.

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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1

“Fig 1.3”

“Fig 1.4”

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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1

“Fig 1.5”
3. Workspace Browser:
The MATLAB workspace consists of the set of variables (named arrays) built up during
a MATLAB session and stored in memory.

“Fig 1.6”
4. Variable Tab:
 Double-click a variable in the Workspace browser to see it in the Variable Tab.
 Use the Variable Tab to view and edit a visual representation of one- or two-dimensional
numeric arrays, strings, and cell arrays of strings that are in the workspace.

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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1

“Fig 1.7”

5. Current Folder:
It lists all the files that are available in current directory.

“Fig 1.8”

“Fig 1.9”

Reserved Words:
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
 Reserved Words List:
for end if while
function elseif case otherwise

switch continue else try

catch global persistent break

 This list is returned as an output of the ‘iskeyword’ function. For example,

>> iskeyword(‘case’)
ans =
1 (else 0 will be displayed)
 The function isvarname(‘MCS’) work in the same manner.
 Matlab will report an error if you try to use a reserved word as variable.

Basic Arithmetic Operations:

Operations Symbol Example

Addition + 3 + 22
Subtraction - 54.4 – 16.5
Multiplication * 3.14 * 6
Division / or \ 10/2 or 2\10
 Expressions are evaluated from left to right, with precedence;
Exponentiation > Multiplication & Division > Addition & Subtraction.

Variables Naming Rule:

 The first character MUST be alphabetic followed by any number of letters, digits, or
underscore.
 The variable names are case sensitive.
 Blanks are NOT allowed in a variable name.
 Variable names can contain up to 63 characters.
 Punctuation characters are not allowed, because many of them have special meanings in
Matlab.

Matlab Special Variables:

ans Default variable name for results
pi Value of p
inf infinity
NaN Not a number e.g. 0/0
i and j i = j = -1
realmin The smallest usable positive real number
realmax The largest usable positive real number

Examples:
>>a = 2
a=

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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
>> 2*pi

ans =

6.2832
Types of Variables:
Type Examples

Integer 1362,-5656
Real 12.33,-56.3
Complex X=12.2 – 3.2i (i = sqrt(-1))

Complex numbers in MATLAB are represented in rectangular form. To separate real & imaginary
part

 H = real(X)
 K = imag(X)
 Conversion between polar & rectangular
 C1 = 1-2i
 Magnitude: mag_c1 = abs(C1)
 Angle: angle_c1 = angle(C1)
 Note that angle is in radians

Useful Matlab Commands:

 who List known variables
 whos List known variables plus their size
 clear all Clear all variables from work space
 clear x y Clear variables x and y from work space
 clc Clear the command window only and not any variable
 close all closes all open figures

 Extras:
Using up-arrow key allow user to recall most recently used commands
Another trick is to use a ‘letter’ prior using up-arrow

Other MATLAB symbols:

, separate statements and data

% start comment which ends at end of line

; (1) suppress output

(2) used as a row separator in a matrix

: specify range

MATLAB Matrices:
 MATLAB treats all variables as matrices. For our purposes a matrix can be thought of as an
array, in fact, that is how it is stored.
 Vectors are special forms of matrices and contain only one row OR one column.
 Scalars are matrices with only one row AND one column.

 A matrix can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the commas AND semicolons):
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
» matrix = [1 , 2 , 3 ; 4 , 5 ,6 ; 7 , 8 , 9]

matrix =

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Row Vector:

 A matrix with only one row is called a row vector. A row vector can be created in MATLAB
as follows (note the commas):
» rowvec = [12 , 14 , 63]
rowvec =
12 14 63
 Row vector can also defined in a following way:
rowvec = 2 : 2 : 10; % start : step size : stop
 rowvec =
2 4 6 8 10

Column Vector:

 A matrix with only one column is called a column vector. A column vector can be created in
MATLAB as follows (note the semicolons):

» colvec = [13 ; 45 ; -2]

colvec =

13
45
-2

Extracting a Sub-Matrix:

 A portion of a matrix can be extracted and stored in a smaller matrix by specifying the names of
both matrices and the rows and columns to extract. The syntax is:

sub_matrix = matrix ( r1 : r2 , c1 : c2 ) ;

where r1 and r2 specify the beginning and ending rows and c1 and c2 specify the
beginning and ending columns to be extracted to make the new matrix.

 A column vector can be extracted from a matrix. As an example we create a matrix below:

» matrix=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] Here we extract the column 2 of matrix and

make a column vector:
matrix = » col_two =matrix( 1:3 ,2: 2)
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1

1 2 3 col_two = 2
4 5 6 5
7 8 9 8

 A row vector can be extracted from a matrix. As an example we create a matrix below:

» matrix=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] Here we extract row 2 of matrix and make a row

vector. Note that 2:2 specifies the 2nd row and
matrix = 1:3 specifies columns of 2nd row.

1 2 3 » rowvec =matrix(2 : 2 , 1 : 3)
4 5 6 rowvec =
7 8 9 4 5 6

Concatenation:
 New matrices may be formed out of old ones
 Suppose we have:

a = [1 2; 3 4]
a=12
34
Input output

[a , a, a] ans = 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4 3 4

[a ; a; a] ans =
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4

[a, zeros(2); zeros(2), a'] ans = 1 2 0 0

3 4 0 0
0 0 1 3
0 0 2 4

Scalar Matrix Addition & Subtraction:

» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3;4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c= b+a % Add a to each element of b
c=
4 5 6
7 8 9

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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
Scalar - Matrix Multiplication:

» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c = a * b % Multiply each element of b by a

c=
3 6 9
12 15 18

Other matrices Operations:

Let a=[1 4 3;4 2 6 ;7 8 9]
 det(a) : Find the determinent of a matrix.
ans = 48

 inv(a) : Find the inverse of matrix.

ans =

-0.6250 -0.2500 0.3750

0.1250 -0.2500 0.1250
0.3750 0.4167 -0.2917
 a' : Find the transpose of a matrix.
ans =
1 4 7
4 2 8
3 6 9

 min(a) :Return a row vector containing the minimum element from each column.
ans = 1 2 3

 min(min(a)): Return the smallest element in matrix:

ans = 1

 max(a) : Return a row vector containing the maximum element from each column.
ans = 7 8 9

 max(max(a)): Return the max element from matrix:

ans = 9

 a.^2 :Bitwise calculate the square of each element of matrix:

ans =
1 16 9
16 4 36
49 64 81

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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
 sum (a) : treats the columns of ‘a’ as vectors, returning a row vector of the sums of each
column.
ans = 12 14 18
 sum(sum(a)): Calculate the sum of all the elements in the matrix.
ans = 44

 size (a) : gives the number or rows and the number of columns:
>> [r c] = size(a)
r=3 c=3
 Let a =[ 4 5 6] , length(a) finds the number of elements in row vector.

Bitwise Multiplication of Two Vectors:

Let a=[1 2 3] ; b=[4 5 6];

 a.*b :Bitwise multiply the each element of vector ‘a’ and ‘b’:

ans =
4 10 18

Matrix Division:

 MATLAB has several options for matrix division. You can “right divide” and “left divide”.

Right Division: use the slash character

»A/B
This is equivalent to the MATLAB expression
» A*inv (B)

Left Division: use the backslash character

»A\B
This is equivalent to the MATLAB expression
» inv (A)*B

Matrix of Zeros:

 Syntax : zeros array

 Format : zeros(N), zeros(M,N)
 Description:
This function is used to produce an array of zeros, defined by the arguments.

(N) is an N-by-N matrix of array.

(M,N) is an M-by-N matrix of array.

 Example;
>> zeros(2) >> zeros(1,2)
ans = ans =
0 0 0 0
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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
0 0

Matrix of Ones:

 Syntax : ones array

 Format : ones(N), ones(M,N)
 Description:
This function is used to produce an array of ones, defined by the arguments.
(N) is an N-by-N matrix of array.
(M,N) is an M-by-N matrix of array.
 Example;
>> ones(2) >> ones(1,2)
ans = ans =
1 1 1 1
1 1
Identity Matrix:

 Syntax : identity matrix

 Format : eye (N), eye (M,N)
 Description:
Create an NxN or MxN identity matrix (i.e., 1’s on the diagonal elements with all others
equal to zero). (Usually the identity matrix is represented by the letter “I”. Type

 Example;
>> I=eye(3)
I=
100
010
001

Exercises:-
NOTE:
 Solve these questions in MATLAB and write answers/code in the manual.

Q.1 Run the MATLAB help desk by typing helpdesk. The help desk provides a hypertext interface
to the MATLAB documentation.

Q.2 Use MATLAB as a calculator. Try the following:

 pi*pi – 10
 sin(pi/4)
 ans ˆ 2 %<--- "ans" holds the last result

Q.3 Create a vector

a. ‘A’ of even whole numbers between 31 and 75.
b. ‘B’ of odd whole numbers between 75 and 131.

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Introduction to MATLAB LAB 1
Q.4 Make sure that you understand the colon notation. In particular, explain in words what the
following MATLAB code will produce.
 jkl = 0 : 6
 jkl = 2 : 4 : 17
 jkl = 99 : -1 : 88
 ttt = 2 : (1/9) : 4
 tpi = pi * [ 0:0.1:2 ];

Q.5 Enter the following in MATLAB.

A=
[ 26 34 ] [ 16 62 ]
,B=

Find AB, and A-1.

TASKS:
Matrix Manipulation:
A. Generate a 6x6 matrix A with magic command and replace first column with:
1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

B. Generate a 6x1 matrix z as given

1
2
3
4
5
6

C. Solve linear system of equations Ax=z

D. Compute determinant of matrix A

E. Extract a 4x4 matrix (first 4 rows and first 4 columns) from matrix A.

F. Write commands to make a matrix of 2nd , 4th and 6th columns of the original matrix?

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