ZOO504 – WILD-LIFE (SUBJECTIVE)

FINAL-TERM FILE BY
SULMAN ALI (BS-ZOOLOGY)
(0341-7547044)

Threats to sand dune cates?

Threats: Habitat degradation and loss are considered to be the major threats to the Sand Cat.
Many areas are also more heavily frequed by humans, their domestic animals and commensals
(i.e. red fox, Vulpesvulpes.
1= Arid ecosystems are being rapidly converted. 2= Infrastructural development 3= Human
settlement and activity 4= Degradation occur through livestock grazing 5=They are also killed in
retaliation for killing chickens or Houbara and MacQueen's bustard.

Threats to panther:
1= The primary threats to Leopards are anthropogenic. 2= Habitat fragmentation 3= Reduced
prey base 4= Conflict with livestock Leopards are targeted for 5= Trophy hunting 6= Illegal
wildlife trade for their 7= Skins (used in traditional ceremonies) 8= Bones and other parts (used
for medicinal purposes in eastern cultures).

Note on barking deer:/ description of barking deer.

It is among the smallest deer species. It is an omnivore and eats grass, fruit, shoots, seeds, bird
eggs, and small animals, and occasionally scavenges on carrion. Its calls sound like barking,
often when frightened by a predator, hence the common name "barking deer".
Feeding habit:Diet includes grasses, low growing leaves, tender shoots and fruits.
Native: Brunei Darussalam; Indonesia; Malaysia; Thailand
Threats: Illegal hunting and poaching Hunting and poaching was assessed as a serious threat to
Barking deer in PLNP and surrounding areas (Choch).

What are conservation strategies for kingfisher:

Conservation Actions Underway: 1= Bern Convention Appendix II. 2= EU Birds Directive
Annex I. 3= There are no known current conservation measures for this species within its
European range.
Conservation Actions proposed: 1= Preservation of rivers and streams must be mediated
through industry, agriculture and water authorities, 2= Research to investigate the importance of
individual threats and mitigation measures against all the factors.

Threats to wild ass?

1= Major threats to its survival are hunting, competition with livestock, and interbreeding with
the domestic donkey. 2= Illegal trade seems to happen primarily on a national level. 3= Poaching
for meat, hides and fat, is believed to have apparent medicinal properties. 4= A series of drought
years could have devastating effects on this species. 5= Habitat fragmentation.

What is the bobcat and what are the threats to the bobcats: /Note on Lynx
Rufu/ characteristics of Lynx Rufu.
IUCN Red list Threat Status: Least concern
Bobcats (Lynx rufus) may look cute and fluffy, but don't be fooled into thinking they're anything
like a house cat. One of the four species of lynx, these wildcats are around twice the size of the
average domestic cat and are fierce predators. Found throughout much of North America, they
live in a diverse range of habitats. Bobcats got their names because of their tails. Though many
felines have long, sinuous tails, an adult bobcat's averages just 6 to 7 inches in length; the word
bobcat is a reference to this stubby appendage.
Threats: As solitary and far-ranging mammals, interactions between humans and bobcats are
rare, but humans are the bobcat's largest threat. Bobcats need large areas of interconnected wild
lands to thrive. Land development, over-hunting and trapping bobcats for their fur are just a few
reasons bobcat populations can decline.

Wild birds of fauna of Ayubia National Park, write birds names:

Ayubia National Park was declared a National Park in 1984. Ayubia was named after
Muhammad Ayub Khan, the then President of Pakistan. It is located Abbottabad District, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa- Pakistan.
Major Birds Fauna: 1= The park harbors up to 203 species of birds. 2= Golden eagle 3=
Vulture 4= Eurasian sparrow 5= Hawk 6= Hill pigeon 7= Khalij Pheasant (30 species) 8=
Spotted dove 9=Collared dove.

Types of zoo on the basis of endangered species:

Number of Endangered Species Exhibited: 1= Large Zoo (More than 15) 2= Medium Zoo
(15-10) 3= Small Zoo (9-5) 4= Mini Zoo (Less than 5).

Types of zoo on the basis of Annual Number of Visitors per Year:

1= Large Zoo (More than 0.75 million) 2= Medium Zoo (0.5-0.75 million) 3= Small Zoo (0.5-
0.2 million) 4= Mini Zoo (Less than 0.2 million).

Characteristic of male tragopan:

Medium sized pheasant. Sexes are highly dimorph. Male grey upper parts and reddish facial skin
Numerous white spots. Each spot bordered with black and deep crimson patches on the sides and
back of the neck. The throat is bare with blue skin while the bare facial skin is red. They have a
small black occipital crest.
1= Weighs 1.8–2.2 kg (4.0–4.9 lb) 2= Length from 55–60 cm (22–24 in)

What is urial and its sub species found in Pakistan:

An upland wild sheep (Ovis vignei) of southern and central Asia which is reddish brown and the
males of which have a beard from the neck to the chest.
Sub- species: Three subspecies of urial are found in Pakistan, namely 1= Afghan urial (O.
orientalis (vignei) cycloceros including O. v. blandordi 2= Punjab urial (O. orientalis (vignei)
punjabiensis), 3= Ladakh urial (O. orientalis vignei or O. vignei vignei)

Native habitat of indian pangolin:

Indian Pangolin is widely distributed in India, except the arid region, high Himalayas and the
North-East. It can be found at elevation up to 2500 m. The species also occurs in Bangladesh,
Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
Habitat: grasslands and secondary forests.

Ramsar sites on the basis of the fish:

A Ramsar Site is a wetland site designated to be of international importance. These wetlands are
protected under strict guidelines of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
Five major wetland types are generally recognized. 1= Marine 2= Estuarine 3= Lacustrine 4=
Riverine 5= Palustrine.

Threats to jungle cat:

The biggest threat to Jungle Cat is habitat loss particularly industrialisation and urbanisation of
low intensity agricultural areas. Habitat destruction for agricultural purposes and infrastructure
development are also major issues. Some farmers consider the Jungle Cat a pest which takes
poultry.

Threats to Houbara Bustard:

The habitat destruction and illegal hunting are the main reasons of rapid decrease in their
number. If no conservation programs are started then this bird will be a danger of extinction.

Write feeding habits of common peafowl:

Feeding habit Omnivorous: 1= Grain and green crops to insects 2= Small reptiles 3= Mammals
4= Berries 5= Termite 6= Grasshopper 7= Ants and beetles. 8= Roots in high fairly open trees in
large number.

Write a note on indus dolphin:

The Indus river dolphin is one of the world's rarest mammals and the second most endangered
freshwater river dolphin. It is one of the flagship species, which is only found in Pakistan and is
an indicator of the biological health of the aquatic and terrestrial environment adjoining the Indus
River. However, the population of this species has gradually declined because of various factors,
including water pollution, poaching, fragmentation of habitat due to barrages, and dolphin
strandings in the irrigation canals. Now approximately 2,000 specimens of this species exist in a
small fraction of their former range, the lower reaches of the Indus River in Pakistan.

Administrations of large zoo:

At least one full time curator having the sole responsibility of looking after the upkeep of
animals and maintenance of the animal enclosures. At least two full-time veterinarians.

Power of Sale or Exchange:

1= Power to make Rules, 2= Power to add to or exclude from Schedules, 3= he Government
may, for scientific management, allow sale or exchange of wild animal, from any wildlife
breeding farm, wildlife park, safari park, zoological garden or zoo.

Write a note on Capra hircus:

The goat or domestic goat (Capra hircus) is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically
kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (C. aegagrus) of Southwest Asia and
Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the animal family Bovidae and the tribe Caprini,
meaning it is closely related to the sheep.
Sate of general guideline maintenance of a zoo:
1= No zoo shall acquire any animal in violation of Wildlife Act. 2= No zoo shall exhibit any
animal that is seriously sick or injured. 3= No zoo shall use any animal, other than the elephant
in plains and yak in hilly areas for riding purposes. 4= Each zoo shall be closed to visitors at least
once a week. 5= Each zoo shall have a wall at least two meters high from the ground level.

Write a note on Rhesus monkeys:

IUCN Red list Threat Status: Least concern
Rhesus monkeys are highly vivacious and active animals. They live in groups of 20 to 200
animals and live on the ground or in trees depending on the habitat. They spend most of the day
with foraging and eating. Rhesus monkeys run on the ground on all fours and are good climbers
and jumpers. They like to bath and are therefore good swimmers. The size of their home ranges
is highly variable and could encompass the size of a few hundred meters to several kilometers.
Although rhesus monkeys live in group association, they are not very territorial.
Diet: Rhesus monkeys are omnivores. Their diet consists mainly of plant material. Their meat
diet derives mostly in the form of insects, spiders, crustaceans and bird's eggs.

Categories of Endangered Species

“Species of organism which are in danger of extinction” The endangered species are classified
into three categories 1= Critically Endangered(CR) 2= Endangered(EN) 3= Vulnerable (VU)

Name Native indian pangolin countries:

Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.

Why khunjerab national park was established:

It was set up to protect rare and unique species of the Pamir and Tibetan Plateau. The elevation
within the park ranges from 3,200 to 7,700 masl.
According to WWF officials there is plan to turn “Khunjreb National Park” into “International
Peace Park”. To conserve area on both sides of the boarder.

Threats to Egyptian Fruit Bat:

Primarily hunted for food in some cave systems in Africa. The species is considered as a pest by
fruit farmers. Consequently cave roosts have been fumigated and destroyed, resulting in
incidental killing of many insectivorous bats.

Name endangered species in Pakistan

1= Markhor 2= Mountain Weasel 3= European Otter 4= Vole 5= Indus river Dolphin 6=
Branded eagle ray 7= Marco Polo Sheet

Habitat of Indian Spotted Eagle:

This species is a powerful predator that seizes its prey from the ground. It preys on Frogs, birds
and mostly mammalian. It is a tree-nesting species. It favors open habitats with Low intensity
agriculture, Wetlands, Open forest and forest clearings year-round. Its display flight includes
Switch-backing, wing-clapping and full loops. Courtship has been observed from January, with
laying in April.

Location of toshi game reserve:

In KPK: It is located at 30 minutes drive from Chitral town, on Garam Chashma road.

Threats to leopard cats:

Threats to leopard cats include habitat destruction, trapping, hunting, and live animal trade.
Leopard cat skins are commercially traded internationally for the fur trade, primarily coats.Skins
are also used as decorations in some parts of its range. They are occasionally kept as pets.
Sometimes taken from the wild. Sometimes from captive breeding. They have been interbred
with domestic cats, particularly in the West, to make the popular Bengal breed. Their bones are
used in some traditional Asian medicines.

Conservation action of Indus river dolphin:

The conservation efforts for Indus River dolphin started as early as 1992, when WWF launched
dolphin rescue programme, which has been in place since. The programme is in collaboration
with Sindh Wildlife Department, which allows safe rescue of stranded dolphins from canals back
into the main river channel.

Write a note on Hyaena hyaena:

Hyena’s are large sized dog like carnivores with big head, massive cheek teeth, carnassials well
developed, long developed fore legs and each foot has four toes with non-retractile claws. Body
fur with yellowish fawn ground and in distinct broad vertical black stripes with close set black
stripes on legs. The Striped Hyaena has a conspicuous crest of longer hair extending like a mane
from the crown of the head to the pelvis. The ears lack any bursa or pouch-like fold on their
outer margin and are sharply haired and black skinned. The legs are relatively long and slim. The
dorsal crest generally has black hair and these are erected when the animal is nervous or excited.
Voice is almost human like.

Threats to indian vulture?

Threats: These vultures were being found dead and dying in Pakistan and throughout India.The
anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac has been identified as the cause of mortality.Vultures are
exposed to diclofenac and other NSAIDs through scavenging on the carcasses of largely cattle
and buffalo that have been treated with the drugs prior to death and left for scavengers to
consume.Hence likely contributory factors are  Poisoning  Pesticide use  Conversion and
disturbance of forested habitats within its range.

Habitat of sand dune cat:

Sand cats live in three distinct regions of the world: Africa's Sahara desert, which stretches
through Algeria, Niger and Morocco; throughout the Arabian peninsula; and in parts of central
Asia including Turkmenistan, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Bushmeat (Wild meat):

Wild meat tends to have less fat than domestic meat and can be a good source of iron, Vitamin A
and Vitamin B.

Restrictions on Import and Export of Animals, Trophies or Meat:

No person shall: 1= Receive by gift, purchase or otherwise any animal of a kind specified in the
Second Schedule 2= Unless a valid certificate of lawful possession in respect thereof. 3=
Restrictions on Dealing in Animals, Trophies and Meat 4= Wildlife Sanctuary 5= National Park
6= Game Reserve

Importance of zoos in education and research:

Education is one of the main roles of zoos and aquaria today. Millions of people visit zoos and
aquaria worldwide each year this means that the zoo community can reach a very large group of
people and explain the importance of conservation. Zoos enable visitors to learn about our
natural world and thereby respect nature in all its forms. Every enclosure in zoo shall bear Sign
boards (displaying scientific information). Every zoo publish literature and make the same
available to the visitors, either free of cost or at a reasonable price Leaflets, Brochures,
Guidebooks. Every large and medium zoo shall make arrangements in the form of 1= Recording,
2= Writings, To study, Biological behavior, Population dynamics, Veterinary care of the
animals. Every large and medium zoo shall make a detailed database .The database shall be
exchanged with other zoos.

Biology and Behaviour of Saker Falcon:

This bird is physically adapted to hunting close to the ground in open terrain, combining rapid
acceleration with high manoeuvrability. Specialising on mid-sized diurnal terrestrial rodents
(especially ground squirrels.

Numbers of animals in mini and large zoo:

[1= Mini zoo= 200], [2= Large zoo= More than 750]

Hygiene & Feeding of zoo:

Maintenance of hygiene is important in every walk of life.
1= Every zoo shall have ensure timely supply of wholesome and unadulterated food. 2= The
food must be in sufficient quantity to each animal according to the requirement of the individual
animal, so that no animal remains undernourished. 3= Every zoo shall have provide for a proper
waste disposal system for treating both the solid and liquid wastes generated in the zoo.

Ramsar sites of Punjab:

1= Uchhali Complex 2= Taunsa Barrage 3= Chashma Barrage

Who was the Carl Hagenbeck:

German collector, Carl Hagenbeck, built the first wild animal park in 1848 • He allowed the
animals outdoor access, believing their enclosure should more closely resemble nature.

Conservation action for Marco polo sheep:

Argali are included on Appendix I&II of CITES. A number of trophy hunting areas have been
established in China with argali as the focal species. These areas have generally succeeded in
reducing poaching. Research and conservation plans for argali has been approved by the
Governments of its areas of native distribution.

What is Data Deficient (DD):

Data deficient means when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect,
assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status.

Responsibilities of veterinarians:
1. Examine animals to assess their health and diagnose problems.
2. Treat and dress wounds.
3. Perform surgery on animals.
4. Test for and vaccinate against diseases.
5. Operate medical equipment, such as x-ray machines.
6. Advise animal owners about general care, medical conditions, and treatments.
7. Prescribe medication.

Threats of Great Indian bustard:

1= High intensity Poaching 2= Widespread hunting for sport and food 3= Vehicular access to
remote areas 4= Egg-collecting was rampant in many states of India 5= Habitat loss and
degradation 6= Lack of community support.

Note on musk deer:

Musk deer, (Moschus moschiferus), also called Siberian musk deer, small compact deer, family
Moschidae (order Artiodactyla). A solitary shy animal, the musk deer lives in mountainous
regions from Siberia to the Himalayas. It has large ears, a very short tail, no antlers, and, unlike
all other deer, a gall bladder.