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lecture 5

This document outlines the prerequisites and expected outcomes for a unit on thin-walled pressure vessels and rotating cylinders. It details the types of stresses induced in thin-walled cylinders and spheres subjected to internal pressure, as well as the assumptions made in the analysis. Additionally, it provides the derivation of formulas for circumferential and longitudinal stresses in these structures.

Uploaded by

Kgotso Kgengwe
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1 views

lecture 5

This document outlines the prerequisites and expected outcomes for a unit on thin-walled pressure vessels and rotating cylinders. It details the types of stresses induced in thin-walled cylinders and spheres subjected to internal pressure, as well as the assumptions made in the analysis. Additionally, it provides the derivation of formulas for circumferential and longitudinal stresses in these structures.

Uploaded by

Kgotso Kgengwe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What you should know

Before you start with this unit, you should be able to do


the following:

• Determine simple stress.

• Determine tangential velocity.

• Draw a free-body diagram.

• Apply the conditions for static equilibrium.

• Apply the method of sections.


Expected Outcomes

Upon completion of this unit, you should be able to do


the following:

• Distinguish between circumferential (hoop), longitudinal


and radial stresses in a thin cylinder subjected to an
internal pressure.

• Derive the formulae and determine the circumferential


(hoop) and longitudinal stresses in a thin-walled cylinder
subjected to an internal pressure.

• Derive the formulae and determine the circumferential


(hoop) and longitudinal stresses in a thin-walled sphere
subjected to an internal pressure.
• Derive the formula and determine the circumferential
stress induced in a thin-walled cylinder subjected to
rotation about the longitudinal axis.
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS AND THIN
ROTATING CYLINDERS

When a thin-walled cylinder is subjected to an internal


pressure p, a circumferential (or hoop) c, longitudinal
stress L and radial stress, r will be induced in the
material.
The radial stress is equal to the internal pressure on the
inside of the cylinder and zero on the outside. This stress
is much smaller than the circumferential and longitudinal
stresses and is ignored.
3.2 Assumptions

1. p is the gauge pressure and the stresses are uniformly


distributed through the wall.

2. A cylinder will be considered to be thin walled if the ratio


of internal diameter d to the thickness of the cylinder wall t
is larger than 20.
3. These stresses near the ends of the cylinder will be
influenced by the end plates. These effects will not be
taken into consideration in the following discussion.
4. The formulae for the circumferential and longitudinal
stresses induced when the cylinder is subjected to an
internal pressure will also be applicable if the cylinder is
subjected to relatively small external pressures. Larger
external pressures may cause buckling of the material,
an effect that will not be considered when deriving the
above-mentioned formulae.
3.2.1 Circumferential stress
Consider the upper half of the cylinder, separated from the bottom half by a
horizontal plane passing through the axis of the cylinder. Let the length of
the cylinder be L, the internal diameter d and the wall thickness t.
Vertically upward force

Fv = Pressure Projected area

Fv = p d L

Force in material

Fm = Stress Area

Fm = c 2t L
for equilibrium:

Fm = Fv

c 2t L = p d L

pd
c
2t

pd
c
2t L
3.2.2 Longitudinal stress

Consider the right-hand of the cylinder, separated from the


left-hand half by a vertical plane perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the cylinder.
Force FL = Pressure area

2
d
FL p
4
Force in material

Fm = stress area

Fm L dt
for equilibrium:

Fm = FL

d2
L dt p
4
pd
L
4t

pd
L
4t c
3.3 Thin-walled sphere subjected to an internal pressure

Consider the upper half of the sphere subjected to an


internal pressure p. Let the internal diameter be d and the
wall thickness t.
Force Fs = Pressure area
d2
Fs p
4
Force in material Fm = stress area
Fm dt
for equilibrium:
Fm = Fs
2
d
dt p
4
pd
4t
pd
4t c
3.4 ROTATING THIN SILINDERS

Consider the free-body diagram of an element of a thin


cylinder that subtends an angle d radians. Let the cylinder
have a mean radius r, wall thickness t, density of the material
kg/m3 and cross-sectional area a. If the cylinder rotates at a
tangential velocity of V m/s
Centrifugal force

mv 2
Fs
r
v2
Fs a rd
r
Radial component

d
Fr 2 a sin
2
dθ dθ
Small angles is sin
2 2
for equilibrium:

Fs Fr

d v2
2 a a rd
2 r
2
v

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