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lecture 2(1)

This document outlines the foundational knowledge and expected outcomes for a unit on beams in structural engineering. It covers types of beams, loading conditions, shear force, bending moment, and the relationships between these concepts. Key definitions and principles, such as the point of contraflexure and static equilibrium, are also included.

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Kgotso Kgengwe
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6 views18 pages

lecture 2(1)

This document outlines the foundational knowledge and expected outcomes for a unit on beams in structural engineering. It covers types of beams, loading conditions, shear force, bending moment, and the relationships between these concepts. Key definitions and principles, such as the point of contraflexure and static equilibrium, are also included.

Uploaded by

Kgotso Kgengwe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What you should know

Before you start with this unit, you should be able to do the
following:
• Determine the moment of a force about any given point;
given appropriate data, plot to scale and obtain values from
a graph.
• Explain what a statically determinate beam is.
• Determine the roots of a quadratic equation.
• Draw a free-body diagram.

• Apply the conditions for static equilibrium.


Expected Outcomes

Upon completion of this unit, you should be able to do the


following:
• Distinguish between various types of beams and loading.

• Define shear force and bending moment and obtain these


values at any given point on a straight or curved beam.

• Explain the relationship between load, shear force and


bending moment.

• Plot the shear force and bending moment diagrams for


statically determinate beams.
• Determine the maximum shear force and bending moment
for statically determinate beams and built-in beams, where
the built-in beams are subjected to symmetrical loading.

• Define and obtain the point of contraflexure on a beam.


Beams

Beams or bars are members subjected to lateral forces or


moments having their vectors perpendicular to the axis of the
beam or bar.

Some of the beams that will be considered here are:


• Cantilever.

• Simply supported beam.

• Overhanging beam.
Cantilever beam

• A cantilever is a beam rigidly fixed at one end.

• This may be done by building the one end into a wall or by


welding one end to another member.
• If the cantilever is subjected to a force W a reaction and a
resisting (fixing) moment will be caused at the fixed end.
Simply supported beam

• A simply supported beam is supported at the ends by (at


least) one roller and a pin.

• The roller is to ensure that no longitudinal forces are


induced in the beam by the lateral forces.
• There are no resisting moments at the supports.
Overhanging beam

• The only difference between this type of beam and a


simply supported beam is that in this case one or both
ends of the beam extend beyond the supports.

• The beams considered above are all statically determinate.


Types of load

(point or concentrated load)

• This is a load applied over a very small distance of the


beam.

• P is a point load on the beam.


Uniformly distributed load (UDL)

• This is a load uniformly distributed over a considerable


length of the beam.

• This can be expressed as q/unit length or w/unit length.


Uniformly varying load

• This is similar to the UDL but the magnitude of q or w varies


over the length of the beam.
CHAPTER 6
SHEAR FORCE AND BENDINGMOMENT

Shear Force ------ Force in Newtons

Bending Moment----- Force Distance

Definition: Shearing force

The shear force at any section of a beam is numerically equal to the


algebraic sum of the lateral components of the forces to one side of the
section.
Definition: Bending moment

The bending moment at any section of a beam


is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments
of the forces to one side of the section.
Sign conventions

Positive Negative
Bending moment

Shear force
Point of contraflexure.

The point on a beam where the bending


moment changes sign is termed the point of
contraflexure or the inflexion point.
A
- - - - - - -

+ + + + +

A = point of contraflexure

Bm = 0
The relationship between load, shear force and
bending moment.

• Consider the beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load,


w per unit length. Let the small section AB have a length dx,
M and V be the bending moment and shear force at point A
respectively, and M + dM and V + dV the bending moment
and shear force at point B.
A B

M M+dM

V dX V+dV
• From the first condition for static equilibrium applied to
section AB

wdx + (V + dV) - V = 0

dV
W
dX

Applying the second condition for static equilibrium, taking


moments about section A

M + (V + dV)dx + wdx.dx/2 - (M + dM) = 0 and ignoring the squares


of small quantities
M + Vdx - M - dM = 0
dM
V
dX

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