Pathogenic bacteria

Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease.[1] This article focuses on the bacteria that are
pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and many are beneficial but others can cause Pathogenic bacteria
infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a
hundred.[2] By contrast, several thousand species are part of the gut flora present in the digestive tract.

The body is continually exposed to many species of bacteria, including beneficial commensals, which grow
on the skin and mucous membranes, and saprophytes, which grow mainly in the soil and in decaying matter.
The blood and tissue fluids contain nutrients sufficient to sustain the growth of many bacteria. The body has
defence mechanisms that enable it to resist microbial invasion of its tissues and give it a natural immunity or
innate resistance against many microorganisms. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (small red dots) in pus
from a man with a urethral discharge (Gram
Pathogenic bacteria are specially adapted and endowed with mechanisms for overcoming the normal body
stain)
defences, and can invade parts of the body, such as the blood, where bacteria are not normally found. Some
pathogens invade only the surface epithelium, skin or mucous membrane, but many travel more deeply,
spreading through the tissues and disseminating by the lymphatic and blood streams. In some rare cases a pathogenic microbe can infect an entirely healthy
person, but infection usually occurs only if the body's defence mechanisms are damaged by some local trauma or an underlying debilitating disease, such as
wounding, intoxication, chilling, fatigue, and malnutrition. In many cases, it is important to differentiate infection and colonization, which is when the bacteria
are causing little or no harm.

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, one of the diseases with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis,
which killed 1.4 million people in 2019, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa.[4] Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally
important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and
Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter, and
Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy.

Pathogenic bacteria are also the cause of high infant mortality rates in developing countries.[5] A GBD study estimated
Global number of deaths (A) and
the global death rates from (33) bacterial pathogens, finding such infections contributed to one in 8 deaths (or ~7.7 YLLs (B), by pathogen and GBD
million deaths), which could make it the second largest cause of death globally in 2019.[6][3] super-region, 2019[3]

Most pathogenic bacteria can be grown in cultures and identified by Gram stain and other methods. Bacteria grown in
this way are often tested to find which antibiotics will be an effective treatment for the infection. For hitherto unknown pathogens, Koch's postulates are the
standard to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

Diseases
Each species has specific effect and causes symptoms in people who are infected. Some people who are infected with a
pathogenic bacteria do not have symptoms. Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to pathogenic
bacteria.[7]

Pathogenic susceptibility
Some pathogenic bacteria cause disease under certain conditions, such as entry through the skin via a cut, through sexual
activity or through compromised immune function.

Some species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are part of the normal skin microbiota and typically reside on healthy
skin or in the nasopharyngeal region. Yet these species can potentially initiate skin infections. Streptococcal infections
Commensals vs pathogenic bacteria
include sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis.[8] These infections can become serious creating a systemic inflammatory in COPD
response resulting in massive vasodilation, shock, and death.[9]

Other bacteria are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people with immunosuppression or cystic
fibrosis. Examples of these opportunistic pathogens include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and
Mycobacterium avium.[10][11]

Intracellular
Obligate intracellular parasites (e.g. Chlamydophila, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia) are only able to grow and replicate inside
other cells. Infections due to obligate intracellular bacteria may be asymptomatic, requiring an incubation period. An abscess caused by opportunistic
Examples of obligate intracellular bacteria include Rickettsia prowazekii (typhus) and Rickettsia rickettsii, (Rocky S. aureus bacteria.
Mountain spotted fever).

Chlamydia are intracellular parasites. These pathogens can cause pneumonia or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease.[12]
Other groups of intracellular bacterial pathogens include Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, and
Yersinia pestis. These can exist intracellularly, but can exist outside host cells.

Infections in specific tissue

Bacterial pathogens often cause infection in specific areas of the body. Others are generalists.

Bacterial vaginosis is a condition of the vaginal microbiota in which an excessive growth of Gardnerella vaginalis and other mostly anaerobic
bacteria displace the beneficial Lactobacilli species that maintain healthy vaginal microbial populations.[13]
Bacterial meningitis is a bacterial inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Bacterial pneumonia is a bacterial infection of the lungs.
Urinary tract infection is predominantly caused by bacteria. Symptoms include the strong and frequent sensation or urge to urinate, pain
during urination, and urine that is cloudy.[14] The most frequent cause is Escherichia coli. Urine is typically sterile but contains a variety of
salts and waste products. Bacteria can ascend into the bladder or kidney and causing cystitis and nephritis.[15][16]
Bacterial gastroenteritis is caused by enteric, pathogenic bacteria. These pathogenic species are usually distinct from the usually harmless
bacteria of the normal gut flora. But a different strain of the same species may be pathogenic. The distinction is sometimes difficult as in the
case of Escherichia.
Bacterial skin infections include:
Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection commonly seen in children.[17] It is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and
Streptococcus pyogenes.[18]
Erysipelas is an acute streptococcus bacterial infection[19] of the deeper skin layers that spreads via with lymphatic system.
Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation[20] of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin.
Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by contagious contact, and usually occurs through open skin, cuts, blisters, cracks in the
skin, insect bites, animal bites, burns, surgical wounds, intravenous drug injection, or sites of intravenous catheter insertion. In most cases
it is the skin on the face or lower legs that is affected, though cellulitis can occur in other tissues.

Mechanisms of damage
The symptoms of disease appear as pathogenic bacteria damage host tissues or interfere with their function. The bacteria can damage host cells directly or
indirectly by provoking an immune response that inadvertently damages host cells,[21] or by releasing toxins.[22]

Direct
Once pathogens attach to host cells, they can cause direct damage as the pathogens use the host cell for nutrients and produce waste products.[23] For example,
Streptococcus mutans, a component of dental plaque, metabolizes dietary sugar and produces acid as a waste product. The acid decalcifies the tooth surface to
cause dental caries.[24]

Toxin production
Endotoxins are the lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-
negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released when the bacteria lyses, which is why after antibiotic treatment, symptoms
can worsen at first as the bacteria are killed and they release their endotoxins. Exotoxins are secreted into the
surrounding medium or released when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart.[25]

Indirect
An excessive or inappropriate immune response triggered by an infection may damage host cells.[1]

Survival in host

Nutrients Protein structure of botulinum toxin.

Iron is required for humans, as well as the growth of most bacteria. To obtain free iron, some pathogens secrete proteins
called siderophores, which take the iron away from iron-transport proteins by binding to the iron even more tightly. Once the iron-siderophore complex is
formed, it is taken up by siderophore receptors on the bacterial surface and then that iron is brought into the bacterium.[25]

Bacterial pathogens also require access to carbon and energy sources for growth. To avoid competition with host cells for glucose which is the main energy
source used by human cells, many pathogens including the respiratory pathogen Haemophilus influenzae specialise in using other carbon sources such as lactate
that are abundant in the human body [26]

Identification
Typically identification is done by growing the organism in a wide range of cultures which can take up to 48 hours. The growth is then visually or genomically
identified. The cultured organism is then subjected to various assays to observe reactions to help further identify species and strain.[27]

Treatment
Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria or
bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process
that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. For example, the antibiotics chloramphenicol and tetracyclin
inhibit the bacterial ribosome but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome, so they exhibit selective toxicity.[28]
Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth. Both uses may
be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations.[29] Phage therapy, using
bacteriophages can also be used to treat certain bacterial infections.[30]

Example of a workup algorithm of

Prevention possible bacterial infection in cases
with no specifically requested
Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria
syringe and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent infection etc.), with most common situations
by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and agents seen in a New England
and further reduce the risk of infection. Bacteria in food are killed by cooking to temperatures above 73 °C (163 °F). setting.

List of genera and microscopy features

Many genera contain pathogenic bacterial species. They often possess characteristics that help to classify and organize them into groups. The following is a
partial listing.
 Genus Species Gram staining Shape Oxygen requirement Intra/Extracellular

Bacillus[31] Bacillus anthracis Positive Rods Facultative anaerobic Extracellular

Bacillus cereus

Bartonella[31] Bartonella henselae Negative Rods Aerobic Facultative intracellular

Bartonella quintana

Bordetella[31] Bordetella pertussis[32][33] Negative Small coccobacilli Aerobic Extracellular

Borrelia burgdorferi
Borrelia garinii Negative,
Borrelia[31] Spirochete Anaerobic Extracellular
stains poorly
Borrelia afzelii
Borrelia recurrentis

Brucella abortus
Brucella[31] Brucella canis Negative Coccobacilli Aerobic Intracellular
Brucella melitensis
Brucella suis

Spiral rods[34]
Campylobacter[31] Campylobacter jejuni Negative Microaerophilic[34] Extracellular
coccoid in older cultures[34]

Chlamydia and Chlamydia pneumoniae

(not Gram-
Chlamydia trachomatis Small, round, ovoid Facultative or strictly aerobic Obligate intracellular
Chlamydophila[31] stained)
Chlamydophila psittaci

Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium[31] Clostridioides difficile Positive Large, blunt-ended rods Obligate anaerobic Extracellular
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani

Corynebacterium Positive
Corynebacterium[31] Rods Mostly facultative anaerobic Extracellular
diphtheriae[33][35][36] (unevenly)

Enterococcus[33][37] Enterococcus faecalis Positive Cocci Facultative Anaerobic Extracellular

Enterococcus faecium

Extracellular or
Escherichia[5][33][38] Escherichia coli Negative Rods Facultative anaerobic
Intracellular

Francisella[31] Francisella tularensis Negative Coccobacillus Strictly aerobic Facultative intracellular

Haemophilus Coccobacilli to long and

Haemophilus Negative Facultative anaerobic 5 - 10% CO2 Extracellular
influenzae[33][39] slender filaments

Helicobacter Helicobacter pylori[40] Negative Spiral rod Microaerophile Extracellular

Negative,
Legionella[31] Legionella pneumophila Cocobacilli Aerobic Facultative intracellular
stains poorly

Leptospira interrogans
Leptospira santarosai Negative,
Leptospira[33][41] Spirochete Strictly aerobic Extracellular
stains poorly
Leptospira weilii
Leptospira noguchii

Listeria[31] Listeria monocytogenes Positive, darkly Slender, short rods Facultative Anaerobic Facultative intracellular

Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium[31] Mycobacterium (none) Long, slender rods Aerobic Intracellular
tuberculosis
Mycobacterium ulcerans

Indistinct 'fried egg' Mostly facultative anaerobic; M.

Mycoplasma[31] Mycoplasma pneumoniae (none) Extracellular
appearance, no cell wall pneumoniae strictly aerobic

Gonococcus: facultative
Neisseria gonorrhoeae intracellular
Neisseria[33][42] Negative Kidney bean-shaped Aerobic
N. meningitidis:
Neisseria meningitidis
extracellular

Pseudomonas[33][43] Pseudomonas aeruginosa Negative Rods Obligate aerobic Extracellular

Negative, Small, rod-like

Rickettsia[31] Rickettsia rickettsii Aerobic Obligate intracellular
stains poorly coccobacillary

Salmonella[31] Salmonella typhi Negative Rods Facultative anaerobic Facultative intracellular

Salmonella typhimurium

Shigella[33][44] Shigella sonnei Negative Rods Facultative anaerobic Extracellular

Staphylococcus[5] Positive, darkly Round cocci Facultative anaerobic Extracellular, facultative

Staphylococcus aureus intracellular
 Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Staphylococcus
saprophyticus

Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus[31] Streptococcus pneumoniae Positive Ovoid to spherical Facultative anaerobic Extracellular
Streptococcus pyogenes

Negative,
Treponema[31] Treponema pallidum stains poorly
Spirochete Aerobic Extracellular

Stains Indistinct, 'fried egg'

Ureaplasma[5] Ureaplasma urealyticum Anaerobic Extracellular
poorly[45] appearance, no cell wall

Spiral with single polar

Vibrio[33][46] Vibrio cholerae Negative Facultative anaerobic Extracellular
flagellum

Yersinia pestis
Yersinia enterocolitica Negative,
Yersinia[33][47] Small rods Facultative anaerobe Intracellular
bipolarly
Yersinia
pseudotuberculosis

List of species and clinical characteristics

Overall age-standardised mortality rate per 100 000 Global number of Global number of deaths,
population for 33 pathogens investigated, 2019[3] deaths (A) and YLLs by pathogen, age, and sex
(B), by pathogen groups, 2019[3]
and infectious
syndrome, 2019[3]

This is description of the more common genera and species presented with their clinical characteristics and treatments.
 Species of human pathogenic bacteria

Species Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention

[48]
Actinomycosis:
painful abscesses and
[48] Prolonged penicillin G and
Actinomyces israelii Oral flora cysts MRSA in the
drainage[48]
mouth, lungs,[49][50] or
gastrointestinal tract.[35]

Contact with cattle, In early infection:[52]

sheep, goats and Anthrax: pulmonary,
Penicillin Anthrax vaccine[33]
horses[51] gastrointestinal and/or
Bacillus anthracis Doxycycline Autoclaving of
Spores enter through cutaneous
Ciprofloxacin equipment[33]
inhalation or through symptoms.[48]
Raxibacumab[53]
abrasions[33]

Abscesses in Wound care[54]

gastrointestinal tract, Aspiration
Bacteroides fragilis Gut flora[48] pelvic cavity and metronidazole[48]
prevention[54]
lungs[48]

Whooping Pertussis
Contact with respiratory Macrolides[33] such as
cough[33][48] vaccine,[33][48] such
Bordetella pertussis droplets expelled by erythromycin,[33][48]
Secondary bacterial before paroxysmal as in DPT
infected human hosts.[33]
pneumonia[33] stage[48] vaccine[33][48]

Lyme disease[56][57]
Wearing clothing that
Early localized: Doxycycline for adults,
B. burgdorferi[33][48] Ixodes hard ticks erythema migrans limits skin exposure to
amoxicillin for children,
Reservoir in mice, other ticks.[33]
B. garinii[33] Early disseminated: ceftriaxone for
small mammals, and neuroborreliosis, Insect repellent.[33]
B. afzelii[33] Lyme carditis neurological
birds[55] Avoid areas where
Late: Lyme arthritis, involvement[56]
ticks are found.[33]
Achrodermatitis
Borrelia chronica (B. afzelii
only)

Avoid areas where ticks

are found[58]
B. recurrentis[58] Pediculus humanus corporis Better access to
body louse (B. recurrentis Penicillin, tetracycline,
and others[note 1] Relapsing fever washing facilities[58]
only) and Ornithodoros soft doxycycline[59]
ticks[58] Reduce crowding[58]
Pesticides[58]

B. abortus Direct contact with

B. canis infected animal[33] Brucellosis: mainly doxycycline[33]
Brucella Oral, by ingestion of fever, muscular pain streptomycin
B. melitensis
B. suis
unpasteurized milk or and night sweats or gentamicin[33]
milk products[33]

Good hygiene[33]
Fecal–oral from animals Avoiding
Treat symptoms[33]
(mammals and contaminated
Enteritis,[33] bloody Fluoroquinolone[48]
fowl)[33][48] diarrhea[48] water[33]
Campylobacter jejuni such as
Uncooked meat Guillain–Barré Pasteurizing milk and
ciprofloxacin[33] in
(especially poultry)[33][48] syndrome[48] (muscle milk products[33]
weakness) severe cases[33]
Contaminated water[33] Cooking meat
(especially poultry)[33]

Chlamydia
Respiratory Doxycycline[33][48]
C. pneumoniae droplets[33][48] Atypical pneumonia[48] Erythromycin[33][48] None[33]
 Trachoma[33][48]
Neonatal
conjunctivitis[33][48]
Neonatal
vaginal sex[33]
pneumonia[33][48]
oral sex[33]
Nongonococcal Erythromycin[33][48] Erythromycin or silver
anal sex[33] Vertical from
urethritis (NGU)[33][48] (adults)[48] nitrate in newborn's
mother to
C. trachomatis Urethritis[33][48] Doxycycline[33][48] eyes[33]
newborn(ICN)[33]
Pelvic inflammatory (infants and pregnant Safe sex[33]
Direct or contaminated
disease[33][48] women)[48] Abstinence[33]
surfaces and flies
Epididymitis[33][48]
(trachoma)[33]
Prostatitis[33][48]
Lymphogranuloma
venereum
(LGV)[33][48]

Tetracycline[33]
Inhalation of dust with
Chlamydophila psittaci secretions or feces from
Psittacosis, mainly Doxycycline[33] -
atypical pneumonia
birds (e.g. parrots) Erythromycin[33]

Antitoxin[33][48]
Botulism: Mainly Penicillin[48] Proper food
Spores from soil,[33][48]
C. botulinum persevere in canned food, muscle weakness and Hyperbaric oxygen[48] preservation
smoked fish and honey[48] paralysis[48] Mechanical techniques
ventilation[48]

Discontinuing
responsible
Gut flora,[33][48]
Pseudomembranous antibiotic[33][48]
C. difficile overgrowing when other Fecal bacteriotherapy
colitis[33][48] Vancomycin or
flora is depleted[33]
metronidazole if
severe[33][48]

Gas gangrene:
Debridement or
amputation[33][48]
Hyperbaric
Clostridium Anaerobic
medicine[33][48]
Spores in soil[33][48] cellulitis[33][48] High doses of
Vaginal flora and gut Gas gangrene[33][48] Appropriate food
C. perfringens doxycycline[33] or handling[33]
flora[33] Acute food
penicillin G[33][48] and
poisoning[33][48]
clindamycin[48]
Food poisoning:
Supportive care is
sufficient[33]

Tetanus immune
globulin[33][48]
Sedatives[33]
Spores in soil, skin Tetanus vaccine (such
Tetanus: muscle Muscle relaxants[33]
C. tetani penetration through as in the DPT
spasms[60] Mechanical
wounds[33][48] vaccine)[33]
ventilation[33][48]
Penicillin or
metronidazole[48]

Diphtheria: Fever,
Horse serum antitoxin
respiratory droplets sore throat and neck
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Erythromycin DPT vaccine
part of human flora swelling, potentially
Penicillin
narrowing airways.[61]

E. canis[48] Ehrlichiosis:[48]
Dog tick[48] doxycycline[48]
Ehrlichia E. chaffeensis[48] headache, muscle
aches, and fatigue rifampin[48]
 Bacterial
Part of gut flora,[48] Ampicillin (combined No vaccine Hand
E. faecalis endocarditis,[48] biliary
opportunistic or entering with aminoglycoside in washing and other
Enterococcus tract infections,[48]
E. faecium through GI tract or urinary endocarditis)[48] nosocomial
urinary tract
system wounds[33] Vancomycin[33] prevention
infections[48]

Diarrhea[33][48]
Urinary tract
Gut flora,[33][48] and in infections (UTI)[33][48]
urinary tract[48]
Meningitis in UTI:[33]
E. coli (generally) Spreading infants[33][48]
extraintestinally or (resistance-tests are
proliferating in the GI Hospital-acquired required first)
tract[33] pneumonia[48]
Hospital-acquired Co-trimoxazole
sepsis[48]
Fluoroquinolone, e.g.
ciprofloxacin (no vaccine or
[48] preventive drug)[33]
Fecal–oral through Meningitis:[33]
Enterotoxigenic E. coli food and water[33] Traveller's Cooking ground beef
Escherichia (ETEC) Direct physical diarrhea[33][48] and pasteurizing milk
Cephalosporin (e.g.
contact[33] cefotaxime) and against O157:H7[33]
gentamicin Hand washing and
combination disinfection[33]
Enteropathogenic E. coli Vertical, in utero or at
Diarrhea in infants[33]
birth[33] Diarrhea:[33]

Enteroinvasive E.coli bloody diarrhea and Antibiotics above

(EIEC) Fecal–oral[62] shorten duration
fever[48]
Electrolyte and fluid
replacement
Enterohemorrhagic bloody
(EHEC), including E. coli [33] diarrhea[33][48]
Reservoir in cattle
O157:H7 Hemolytic-uremic
syndrome[33][48]

Tularemia: Fever, Avoiding insect

vector-borne by ulceration at entry site vectors[33]
arthropods[33] and/or
Francisella tularensis Streptomycin[33] Precautions when
Infected wild or domestic lymphadenopathy.[63]
animals, birds or house Can cause severe Gentamicin[33] handling wild animals
or animal
pets[33] pneumonia.[63] products[33]

Meningitis:[33]
(resistance-tests are
Bacterial
meningitis[33][48] required first)
Upper respiratory Hib vaccine to
Droplet contact[33] Third generation
Haemophilus influenzae tract infections[33][48] infants[33][48]
Human flora of e.g. cephalosporin, e.g.
Pneumonia,[33][48] cefotaxime or Rifampin
upper respiratory tract[33]
bronchitis[33] ceftriaxone[33] prophylactically[33]
Septic arthritis in Ampicillin and
infants[48] sulbactam
combination[33]

Peptic ulcer[33][48]
Colonizing stomach[33] Chronic gastritis[48] Tetracycline,
metronidazole and (No vaccine or
Helicobacter pylori Risk factor for gastric
Unclear person-to- bismuth salt preventive drug)[33]
person transmission[33] carcinoma and
gastric B-cell combination[33]
lymphoma[33]

Klebsiella
pneumonia, with
Mouth, skin, and gut significant lung
3rd generation
Klebsiella pneumoniae flora.[64] necrosis and
cephalosporin[48]
hemoptysis[48] hand hygiene.[65]
Pneumonia upon
aspiration Hospital-acquired ciprofloxacin[48]
urinary tract infection
and sepsis[48]

Droplet contact, from e.g.

Macrolides, such as (no vaccine or
cooling towers,[33][48] Legionnaire's erythromycin[33][48] preventive drug)[33]
Legionella pneumophila humidifiers,[33] air Disease[33][48]
conditioners[33][48] and Fluoroquinolones[33] Heating water[33]
water distribution Pontiac fever[33][48]
Rifampin[48]
systems[33]

Leptospira species Vaccine not widely

Food and water Leptospirosis: Doxycycline for mild used[33]
contaminated by urine Headaches, muscle cases[68]
from infected wild or pains, and fevers; Doxycycline[33]
 domestic animals. possible jaundice, Intravenous penicillin Prevention of
Leptospira survives for kidney failure, for severe cases[68]
weeks in fresh water and pulmonary
exposure[33]
moist soil.[33] hemorrhage, and
meningitis.[66][67] Rodent control[33]

Raw milk or Listeriosis:[33] (no vaccine)[33]

cheese,[33][48] ground
Listeria monocytogenes Ampicillin[33][48] Proper food
meats,[33] poultry[33] Meningitis[48]
Co-trimoxazole[33][48] preparation and
Vertically to newborn or Sepsis [48]
handling[33]
fetus[33][48]

Tuberculoid form:
Leprosy (Hansen's
Prolonged human- Dapsone and
disease):[33]
human contact, e.g.
granulomas of the rifampin[33] BCG vaccine shows
M. leprae through exudates from
skin lesions to abrasion nerves, respiratory Lepromatous form: some effects[33]
tract, skin, and
of other person[33]
eyes.[69]
Clofazimine[33]

(difficult, see
Tuberculosis treatment
for more details)[33]

Standard "short"
Mycobacterium
course:[33]

Tuberculosis: chronic First 2 months,

cough with blood- combination: BCG vaccine
M. tuberculosis Droplet contact[33] containing sputum,
fever, night sweats, Isoniazid Isoniazid
and weight loss[70] Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Further 4 months,
combination:
Isoniazid
Rifampicin

Human flora[33][48]
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma Doxycycline and
Respiratory pneumonia[33] erythromycin[33][48]
droplets[33][48]

Uncomplicated
gonorrhea:[33]

Gonorrhea[33][48] Ceftriaxone[48]
Tetracycline, e.g.
Urethritis doxycycline if also
chlamydia is (No vaccine)[33]
(men)[48]
suspected[48]
Sexually Pelvic Safe sex[33]
inflammatory Spectinomycin for
N. gonorrhoeae transmitted[33][48]
disease resistance[33][48] or Erythromycin into
vertical in birth[33] (women)[48] patient allergy to eyes of newborn at
cephalosporin[33] risk[33][48]
Ophthalmia Ophthalmia
Neisseria
neonatorum[33][48]
neonatorum:
[33][48]
Septic arthritis
Erythromycin[33][48] +
ceftriaxone[48]

Meningococcal
disease including
meningitis[33][48] NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-
Penicillin G[33][48]
N. meningitidis Droplet transmission[33] Sepsis, including 135 vaccine[33][48]
[33][48]
Ceftriaxone
Waterhouse- Rifampin[33][48]
Friderichsen
syndrome[33][48]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Opportunistic;[48] Infects Pseudomonas (no vaccine)[33]

damaged tissues or people infection:[33] Anti-pseudomonal
with immunodeficiency.[33] penicillins[33] such as Topical silver
Pneumonia[33][48] ticarcillin[48] sulfadiazine for burn
Urinary tract Aminoglycoside[33] wounds[33]
infection[33][48]
Corneal
infection[33][48]
Endocarditis[33][48]
Osteomyelitis[33][48]
Burn wound
infection[48]
 Sepsis[33][48]
Malignant external
otitis[48]

Nocardiosis:[48]
Pneumonia,
endocarditis, keratitis,
Nocardia asteroides In soil[48] TMP/SMX[48]
neurological or
lymphocutaneous
infection
(no preventive drug or
approved vaccine)[33]

Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky mountain Doxycycline[33][48] Vector control, such

Wood or dog tick[33][48] as clothing[33]
spotted fever[33][48] Chloramphenicol[33][48]
Prompt removal of
attached ticks[33]

Typhoid fever type

salmonellosis[33]
(fever, abdominal Ty21a and ViCPS
Ceftriaxone[33][48]
S typhi Fecal–oral route, through pain, vaccines[33]
food or water[33][48] hepatosplenomegaly, Fluoroquinolones, e.g.
Hygiene and food
rose spots)[48] ciprofloxacin[33][48]
preparation[33]
Chronic carrier
state[48]

Fluid and electrolyte

replacement for
Salmonella
diarrhea[33][48]
Salmonellosis[33] (No vaccine or
Antibiotics (in preventive drug)[33]
Other Salmonella with
neonates[48] and
species Fecal–oral[33] gastroenteritis[33][48]
immuno- Proper sewage
Food contaminated by Paratyphoid fever[48] compromised[33][48]): disposal[33]
e.g. S. typhimurium[33] fowl[33] (e.g. uncooked Osteomyelitis in Food preparation[33]
eggs)[48] or turtles[48] people with sickle Ciprofloxacin[48]
cells[48] Good personal
Ceftriaxone[48] hygiene[33]
Sepsis[48]
TMP/SMX[48]
Azithromycin[48]

Fluid and electrolyte

S. sonnei[33]
replacement[48] Protection of water
Shigella Shigellosis (bacillary Fluoroquinolone[48] and food supplies[33]
Fecal–oral[33][48]
S. dysenteriae[48] dysentery) such as Vaccines are in trial
ciprofloxacin[33] if stage[71]
severe[48]

Coagulase-positive
staphylococcal
infections:
Skin infections,
including
impetigo[33][48]
Acute infective
endocarditis[33][48] Incision and drainage
Septis[33] of localized lesions[33] (no vaccine or
Necrotizing preventive drug)
Human flora on mucosae Nafcillin,[33][48]
aureus in e.g. anterior nares, pneumonia[33] oxacillin,[33] Barrier precautions,
skin and vagina,[33][48] Meningitis[48] methicillin[48] washing hands and
entering through wound fomite disinfection in
Osteomyelitis[48] Vancomycin for
Methicillin-resistant hospitals
Toxinoses
(MRSA)[33]
Staphylococcus Scalded skin
syndrome[33][48]
Toxic shock
syndrome[33][48]
Staphylococcal
food
poisoning[33][48]

Infections of
Human flora in skin,[33][48] implanted prostheses
epidermidis anterior nares[33] and (e.g. heart valves[33] Vancomycin[33][48] None[33]
mucous membranes[48] and joints[48]) and
catheters[33][48]

Part of normal vaginal Cystitis in TMP/SMX or

saprophyticus None[33]
flora[33] women[33][48] norfloxacin[72]
 Neonatal
meningitis[33][48]
Human flora in vagina,[33][48] Neonatal
urethral mucous sepsis[33][48]
membranes,[33] rectum[33] Neonatal Penicillin G[33][48]
agalactiae pneumonia[48] Aminoglycoside in None[33]
Vertically during Endometritis in case of lethal
childbirth[33] postpartum infection[33]
Sexually[33] women[33]
Opportunistic
infections with sepsis
and pneumonia[33]

Acute bacterial
pneumonia & 23-serotype vaccine
Respiratory droplets meningitis in for adults
Human flora in adults[33][48] (PPV)[33][48]
pneumoniae Penicillin G[33][48]
nasopharynx[48] Otitis media and Heptavalent
(spreading in sinusitis in conjugated vaccine
immunocompromised)[33] children[33][48] for children (PCV)[33]
Sepsis[48]
Streptococcus

Streptococcal
pharyngitis[33][48]
Sepsis[48] Penicillin G[33][48] or
Scarlet fever[33][48] V[48]
No vaccine[33]
Rheumatic Macrolide, e.g.
Respiratory droplets[33] fever[33][48] clarithromycin[33] or Rapid antibiotic
pyogenes Direct physical contact Impetigo and erythromycin[48] in treatment helps
with impetigo lesions[33] erysipelas[33][48] penicillin allergy prevent rheumatic
fever[33]
Puerperal fever[33] Drainage and
Necrotizing debridement for
fasciitis[33] necrotizing fasciitis[33]
Poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis[48]

Subacute bacterial
endocarditis[48]
Oral flora,[48] penetration
viridans Dental cavities[48] Penicillin G[48]
through abrasions
Abscesses of brain
and liver[48]

Syphilis:[33][48] First a Penicillin offered to

chancre, (a painless recent sexual
skin ulceration), then partners[75]
diffuse rash.[73] Antibiotics to
Sexual[33][48] Penicillin G[33][48] pregnant women if
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum Later: gummas (soft
Vertical (from mother to growths), Doxycycline if risk of transmitting to
fetus)[33] neurological, or heart penicillin allergy[33][48] child[33]
symptoms.[74] No vaccine
Congenital available[33]
syphilis[33][48] Safe sex[33]

Fluid[48] and
Fecal–oral route[48] electrolyte
Proper sanitation[33]
Vibrio cholerae Cholera: Severe "rice
Contaminated water and water" diarrhea[48] replacement[33] Adequate food
raw seafood[33] preparation[33]
Doxycycline[33][48]

Streptomycin
Fleas from animals[33][76] Plague:
primarily[33][77][78] Plague vaccine[80]
Yersinia pestis Ingestion of animal Bubonic plague Tetracyclin[33][79] Minimize exposure to
tissues[33]
Pneumonic plague Supportive therapy for rodents and fleas[33]
Respiratory droplets[33]
shock[33]

Genetic transformation
Of the 59 species listed in the table with their clinical characteristics, 11 species (or 19%) are known to be capable of natural genetic transformation.[81] Natural
transformation is a bacterial adaptation for transferring DNA from one cell to another. This process includes the uptake of exogenous DNA from a donor cell by
a recipient cell and its incorporation into the recipient cell's genome by recombination. Transformation appears to be an adaptation for repairing damage in the
recipient cell's DNA. Among pathogenic bacteria, transformation capability likely serves as an adaptation that facilitates survival and infectivity.[81] The
pathogenic bacteria able to carry out natural genetic transformation (of those listed in the table) are Campylobacter jejuni, Enterococcus faecalis, Haemophilus
influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae.

See also
Human microbiome project
List of antibiotics
Pathogenic viruses

Notes
1. Relapsing fever can also be caused by the following Borrelia species: B. crocidurae, B. duttonii, B. hermsii, B. hispanica, B. miyamotoi, B.
persica, B. turicatae and B. venezuelensis.
- Barbour, Alan G. (2017). "Relapsing Fever". In Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S. (eds.). Harrison's Infectious Diseases (3rd ed.). New
York: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 678–687. ISBN 978-1-259-83597-1.

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External links
Bacterial Pathogen Pronunciation (http://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/studio.htm) by Neal R. Chamberlain, Ph.D. at A.T. Still
University
Pathogenic bacteria (http://patricbrc.org) genomes and related information at PATRIC (http://patricbrc.org/), a Bioinformatics Resource Center
funded by NIAID (https://www.niaid.nih.gov/)

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