Physics

Physi Video Notes

cs Video Notes

Centre
Of Mass

Class 11ᵗʰ
 Centre of Mass Didn’t understand? Watch
the video (Click Here)

The centre of mass is defined as the point at which the mass of an object or
system can be considered to be concentrated for the purpose of analyzing its
motion.
It is the average position of all the mass in the system, weighted by the mass of
each individual part.

Mass Distribution in system of particles

Discrete Continuous Mass

Particles Distribution

Discrete Particles:

In a discrete particle system, the mass is concentrated at distinct, separate points

(particles), each with a specific mass and position.
The centre of mass is found by taking the weighted average of the positions of all
the particles in the system.
→
For a system of n discrete particles, the centre of mass R is calculated using the
formula:

Where:
mᵢ​ is the mass of the iᵗʰ particle,
rᵢ is the position vector of the iᵗʰ particle,
∑mᵢ​ is the total mass of the system.

Example: A system of three particles with masses

→ → →
m₁ , m₂ , m₃​located at positions r₁​​, r₂ ​, r₃ ​respectively.

The centre of mass is given by :

Center of Mass of System of Two Point Masses Didn’t understand? Watch

In a two-particle system, the position of the centre of mass the video (Click Here)
depends on the masses and the positions of the two particles.

Consider a system with two particles:

→
Particle 1 has mass m₁ and is located at position r₁,
 →
Particle 2 has mass m₂​and is located at position r₂​.
The centre of mass (COM) of this two-particle system can be calculated using the
formula:

If both masses are equal (m1=m2​), the centre of mass will lie exactly in the
middle of the two particles and If one mass is much larger than the other, the
centre of mass will be closer to the larger mass.
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Continuous Mass Distribution the video (Click Here)

In a continuous mass distribution, the mass is spread out continuously over some
region of space, such as a solid object, fluid, or any body with a continuous mass
distribution.
The centre of mass is found by integrating the position of mass elements over the
continuous distribution.
→
For a continuous body, the centre of mass R is calculated using the formula:

Where:
→
r is the position vector of the mass element,
dm is an infinitesimal mass element,
The denominator is the total mass of the body.

Example: For a uniform rod with mass M and length L, the centre of mass is
given by:

The total mass M of the rod is:

The total moment of mass is:

Finally, the center of mass is:

 Didn’t understand? Watch
Mass Density the video (Click Here)

Linear Mass Density (λ)

Surface Mass Density (σ)

Volume Mass Density (ρ)

Linear Mass Density (λ): Mass per unit length.

Surface Mass Density (σ): Mass per unit area.

Volume Mass Density (ρ): Mass per unit volume.

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COM of a uniform semicircular ring the video (Click Here)

The centre of mass of a uniform semicircular ring is derived by considering its

symmetrical mass distribution.
The radius of the ring: R
Mass of the ring: M
The ring lies in the xy-plane, with its center at the origin, and the flat side along
the x-axis.
Since the ring is symmetric about the y-axis, the centre of mass will lie along the
y-axis. Therefore, the x-coordinate of the centre of mass is xCOM​=0.

The y-coordinate of the centre of mass is given by:

For a small element of the ring at an angle θfrom the x-axis:

The length of the element is Rdθ,
The mass of the element is dm = λ R dθ.

For the semicircular ring, the y-coordinate of the mass element is:

The total mass of the ring is M, so the formula becomes:

Substitute dm = λ Rdθ and

Simplify:

After Evaluating the Integral. we get,

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Centre of Mass of Different Symmetrical Objects the video (Click Here)

Equilateral Triangle Semi-Circular Disc

Semi-Circular Ring Hemispherical Shell

Solid Hemisphere Solid Cone

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Uniform Lamina the video (Click Here)
A uniform lamina is a flat, thin object with a uniform surface density,
meaning its mass is evenly distributed across its entire area. Examples include
thin metal plates or sheets of paper of consistent thickness and density.

Characteristics of a Uniform Lamina:

Mass Distribution: The mass per unit area (σ is constant throughout the lamina.
Center of Mass: For simple shapes (circle, rectangle, square), the centre of mass
coincides with the geometric centre of the lamina.
Moment of Inertia: The moment of inertia of a uniform lamina depends on its
shape, mass, and the axis about which it rotates.

Centre of Mass for a Lamina with a Cut-Out: If a smaller portion of the lamina
is removed (cut out), the problem can be solved by treating the removed part as
having a negative mass. The new centre of mass is calculated by finding the
weighted average of the positions of the remaining part and the negative mass
(representing the cut-out).
If a lamina of total mass M has a smaller lamina (cut-out) of mass m1​removed
from it, with the cut-out's centre at a distance d from the centre of the original
lamina, the center of mass xCOM of the remaining lamina is given by:

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Dynamic of Centre of Mass the video (Click Here)

The dynamics of the centre of mass refers to the motion of the centre of mass of
a system of particles or a rigid body under the influence of external forces.
→
For a system of N particles, the position of the centre of mass (Rcom​) is given by:

Where:
mᵢ = Mass of the iᵗʰ particle
rᵢ = Position vector of the iᵗʰ particle
R com​= Position vector of the centre of mass

The velocity of the Centre of Mass:

Acceleration of the Centre of Mass:

 Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum Didn’t understand? Watch
The principle of conservation of momentum is closely related the video (Click Here)

to the motion of the centre of mass of a system. It states that The total linear
momentum of a system remains constant if no external force acts on it.

Total Linear Momentum of a System: The total linear momentum Pₜₒₜₐₗ​of a

system of N particles is the vector sum of the momenta of all the particles:

The momentum of the Center of Mass: The velocity of the centre of mass v com​is
given by:

where M is the total mass of the system.

Conservation of Momentum: If no external force acts on the system, Newton’s

second law for the system gives:

This implies that the velocity of the centre of mass remains constant:

Since is constant, the total linear momentum ​is also constant,

meaning the total momentum of the system is conserved.

Gun Bullet Concept:

When a bullet is fired from a gun, the total momentum of the system (gun +
bullet) before firing is zero, as both are initially at rest. After the bullet is fired,
the gun recoils in the opposite direction, ensuring that the total momentum
remains zero,
Before firing: The total momentum is zero since both the gun and bullet are at
rest:
Pᵢₙᵢₜᵢₐₗ = 0
After firing: The total momentum is:

Where,
mb​= mass of the bullet
vb​= velocity of the bullet after firing
mg = mass of the gun
vg​= velocity of the gun (recoil velocity)
According to the principle of conservation of momentum:

Rearranging:

The gun recoils in the opposite direction to the bullet with a velocity vg​.

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Bomb Explosion Case: the video (Click Here)

When a bomb at rest explodes into multiple fragments, the total momentum of
the system before and after the explosion remains zero, provided no external
forces act on it.
Before Explosion: The bomb is initially at rest, so the total
momentum is zero:
Pᵢₙᵢₜᵢₐₗ = 0

After Explosion: Let the bomb explode into n fragments.

If mᵢ​ and vᵢ are the mass and velocity of the i-th
fragment, the total momentum after the explosion is:

According to the principle of conservation of momentum:

Path of Centre of Mass in an Exploding Projectile

When a projectile explodes mid-air into different fragments, the path of the
centre of mass (COM) remains unaffected.
This happens because no external forces, apart from gravity, act on the
system during the explosion.
Even though individual fragments may follow different trajectories after the
explosion, the centre of mass continues to follow the original parabolic path
determined by the initial velocity and angle of projection.
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Impulse the video (Click Here)
Impulse is a physical quantity that describes the effect of a force acting
over a short period of time. It is the product of the force applied and the
time duration for which the force acts.
The force from Newton’s Second Law:

For a small time interval Δt impulse is given by:

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Collision the video (Click Here)

A collision is an isolated event where two or more bodies exert significant forces
on each other over a brief period. Notably, actual physical contact is not always
required for a collision to occur.

Key Characteristics of Collisions:

Impulsive forces dominate: During a collision, impulsive forces act between the
colliding bodies, causing sudden changes in their linear momentum.
Negligible effect of non-impulsive forces: Forces like gravity are typically ignored
during the collision because the time duration is very short. Thus, the total linear
momentum of the system remains conserved.
Small time interval: Collisions occur over a very short duration, during which
impulsive forces act intensely, leading to significant momentum changes.
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Coefficient of Restitution (e): the video (Click Here)
The Coefficient of Restitution (e) is a measure of the elasticity of
a collision between two objects. It is defined as the ratio of relative
speed after the collision to the relative speed before the collision
along the line of normal contact.
The Coefficient of Restitution can be expressed as follows:

For two objects A and B involved in the collision, the relative velocities before and
after the collision are:
Before the collision:
After the collision:
The coefficient of restitution in terms of impulse is
 Didn’t understand? Watch
Classification of Collision the video (Click Here)

Based on Orientation of Collision

Collisions can also be classified based on the orientation or direction in which the
objects collide.
This classification mainly distinguishes between central collisions and oblique
collisions.

Head-on Collision: A head-on collision refers to a type of collision where two

objects collide with each other along a straight line, typically moving directly
toward one another.

The velocity of particles is along the same

direction or opposite direction before & after
the collision.

Oblique Collision: An oblique collision occurs when the objects collide at an angle
that is not along the line joining their centres of mass. In this case, the objects
move in different directions before and after the collision.

The velocity of particles creates different lines

before & after the collision.

Based on KE Conversion

The classifications are as follows:

Elastic Collision: In an elastic collision, both kinetic energy and momentum are
conserved. The objects rebound off each other without any loss of kinetic energy.
This type of collision typically occurs in idealized systems like gas molecules or
perfectly hard objects.
KE initial = KE final​

Inelastic Collision: In an inelastic collision, kinetic energy is not conserved due to

conversion into other forms of energy (e.g., heat, sound, deformation). However,
the total momentum of the system remains conserved.
KE initial > KE final​

Perfectly Inelastic Collision: In a perfectly inelastic collision, the two objects stick
together after the collision and move with a common velocity. This represents the
maximum loss of kinetic energy while still conserving momentum.
ΔKₗₒₛₛ = max
 Didn’t understand? Watch
Head on Collision the video (Click Here)

Conservation of Linear Momentum:

Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂

Coefficient of Restitution (e):

Case 1: m₁ = m₂ and e = 1
COM: The COM remains at rest.
Velocity after collision: v₁ = u₂
v₂ = u₁

Case 2: m₁ << m₂ and e = 1

COM: The COM remains at rest.
Velocity after collision: v₁ = -u₁
v₂ = 0

Case 3: m₁ >> m₂ and e = 1

COM: The COM moves with the same velocity
as the heavier object after the collision.
Velocity after collision:v₁ = u₁
v₂ = 2u₁

In both cases, it is assumed that the second object is initially at rest (u₂ = 0).

Case 4: Perfectly Inelastic Collision (e = 0)

COM: The COM moves with a velocity determined by the conservation of
momentum.
Velocity after collision: v₁ = v₂ = V (Objects stick together and move with a
common velocity)
V = (m₁u₁ + m₂u₂) / (m₁ + m₂)
 Didn’t understand? Watch
Oblique Colliision the video (Click Here)

In an oblique collision, the motion of the colliding objects is not purely along the
line of impact but also has a component parallel to the surfaces of contact.

When two bodies collide obliquely:

The collision can be broken into two components:
Normal component: Along the line of impact.
Tangential component: Along the contact surface
(perpendicular to the line of impact).

The impulsive force acts only along the normal component because it arises from
the deformation and restoration of the objects at the point of impact.
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Important Formulae the video (Click Here)

Formulas for Head-on Collision and Centre of Mass

Conservation of Linear Momentum (PCLM):

P = m₁u₁ + m₂u₂

The Velocity of object 1 after the collision:

v₁ = P + m₂(u₂ - u₁) / (m₁ + m₂)

The velocity of object 2 after the collision:

v₂ = P + m₁(u₁ - u₂) / (m₁ + m₂)

Change in kinetic energy (ΔK):

ΔK = 1/2 * (m₁m₂ / (m₁ + m₂)) * (u₁ - u₂)² * (1 - e²)

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Variable Mass System the video (Click Here)

Newton's Second Law for Variable Mass Systems: For a system with changing
mass, the general form of the force equation is:

Momentum Conservation for Variable Mass Systems:

m (dv/dt) = m * a (when mass is constant)

m (dv/dt) + v (dm/dt) = m * a (when mass is variable)