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Image Moment

This document discusses different types of image moments that can be used to describe objects in images. Raw moments provide basic properties like area and centroid location. Central moments are translation invariant. Scale invariant moments are also invariant to changes in scale. Rotation invariant moments like Hu's set can describe objects independent of translation, scale, and rotation changes. Later work showed Hu's set is incomplete and dependent moments can be improved upon.

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142 views

Image Moment

This document discusses different types of image moments that can be used to describe objects in images. Raw moments provide basic properties like area and centroid location. Central moments are translation invariant. Scale invariant moments are also invariant to changes in scale. Rotation invariant moments like Hu's set can describe objects independent of translation, scale, and rotation changes. Later work showed Hu's set is incomplete and dependent moments can be improved upon.

Uploaded by

rsksivaphd
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image moment-A Review

1. Introduction
In image processing, computer vision and related fields, an image moment is a certain particular weighted average (moment) of the image pixels' intensities, or a function of such moments, usually chosen to have some attractive property or interpretation. Image moments are useful to describe objects after segmentation. Simple properties of the image which are found via image moments include area (or total intensity), its centroid, and information about its orientation.

2. Raw moments
For a 2-D continuous function f(x,y) the moment (sometimes called "raw moment") of order (p + q) is defined as

for p,q = 0,1,2,... Adapting this to scalar (greyscale) image with pixel intensities I(x,y), raw image moments Mij are calculated by

In some cases, this may be calculated by considering the image as a probability density function, i.e., by dividing the above by

A uniqueness theorem (Papoulis [1991]) states that if f(x,y) is piecewise continuous and has nonzero values only in a finite part of the xy plane, moments of all orders exist, and the moment sequence (Mpq) is uniquely determined by f(x,y). Conversely, (Mpq) uniquely determines f(x,y). In practice, the image is summarized with functions of a few lower order moments.

Central moments

3. Central moments are defined as

where

and

are the components of the centroid.

If (x, y) is a digital image, then the previous equation becomes

The central moments of order up to 3 are:

It can be shown that:

Central moments are translational invariant.

4. Scale invariant moments


Moments i j where i + j 2 can be constructed to be invariant to both translation and changes in scale by dividing the corresponding central moment by the properly scaled (00)th moment, using the following formula.

5.

Rotation invariant moments

It is possible to calculate moments which are invariant under translation, changes in scale, and also rotation. Most frequently used are the Hu set of invariant moments [1]:

The first one, I1, is analogous to the moment of inertia around the image's centroid, where the pixels' intensities are analogous to physical density. The last one, I7, is skew invariant, which enables it to distinguish mirror images of otherwise identical images. A general theory on deriving complete and independent sets of rotation invariant moments was proposed by J. Flusser[2] and T. Suk.[3] They showed that the traditional Hu's invariant set is not independent nor complete. I2 and I3 are not very useful for pattern recognition, as they are dependent. On the original Hu's set there is a missing third order independent moment invariant:

References
1. ^ M. K. Hu, "Visual Pattern Recognition by Moment Invariants", IRE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. IT-8, pp.179187, 1962 2. ^ J. Flusser: "On the Independence of Rotation Moment Invariants", Pattern Recognition, vol. 33, pp. 14051410, 2000. 3. ^ J. Flusser and T. Suk, "Rotation Moment Invariants for Recognition of Symmetric Objects", IEEE Trans. Image Proc., vol. 15, pp. 37843790, 2006.

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