RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE

A seminar report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY

NAME: ANUBHAB SEN

REGD. NO.- 2321320003

Under the supervision of

Sambit Kumar Pradhan
Assistant professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ARYAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ARYABIHAR, BHUBANESWAR
PIN - 752050
 CERTIFICATE

This to certify that the seminar on “RECYCLED AGGREGATE

CONCRETE” is a Bonafede work carried out by ANUBHAB
SEN
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering
from the Aryan Institute of Engineering and Technology
Arya Vihar, Bhubaneswar during the academic year 2025-
26. It is certified that the seminar report satisfies the academic
requirement in respect of seminar work described for the
Bachelor of Engineering degree.

Seminar guide Seminar co-ordinator Head of civil

department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere thanks to Prof. BIPIN BIHARI MOHANTY

Head of Department Civil Engineering for his whole
hearted support in complementation of the seminar.

I am highly indebted to my seminar co-ordinator and

my seminar guide SAMBIT KUMAR PRADHAN for
guiding and giving timely advices and suggestion in the
successful completion of the seminar.

Last but not least, I would like to thanks The Teaching

& Non-Teaching Staff of Civil Engineering Department, I
would like thank one and all who have helped me during
the course of this seminar.

NAME- ANUBHAB SEN

REGD. NO.- 2321320003
 CONTENT

 INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONCRETE
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF RECYCLED AGGRGATE
CONCRETE
 PROCESS OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
 HOW TO PRODUCE RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
 USE OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
 APPLICATIONS OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
 BENEFITS OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
 DISADVANTAGES OF RECYCLED AGGRGATE
CONCRETE
 EVALUATION OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONCRETE
 PERFORMANCE OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONCRETE
 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

Recycled aggregate refers to the incorporation of crushed,

reclaimed materials from construction and demolition waste into
concrete production. This sustainable practice aims to reduce the
consumption of natural resources and mitigate environmental
impacts associated with traditional concrete production. By using
recycled aggregates, such as crushed concrete, bricks, and tiles,
in place of traditional natural aggregates, recycled aggregate
concrete offers a greener alternative for construction projects.
This introduction of recycled aggregate contributes to waste
reduction, energy conservation, and the promotion of circular
economy principles in the construction industry.
WHAT IS RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONCRETE?

Recycled aggregate concrete is a type of concrete that incorporates recycled

materials, such as crushed concrete, brick, or glass, as aggregates in place
of traditional natural aggregates like gravel or crushed stone. This
sustainable approach helps reduce the demand for virgin materials and
decreases the amount of waste sent to landfills.
CHARATERISTICS OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE

Recycled aggregate concrete shares many characteristics with traditional

concrete, but there are some key differences:

1. Strength: Generally, recycled aggregate concrete may have slightly

lower compressive and flexural strengths compared to conventional concrete
due to variations in the properties of recycled aggregates.

2. Durability: The durability of recycled aggregate concrete can vary

depending on factors such as the quality of the recycled materials, the
processing methods used, and the level of contaminants present in the
aggregates. Proper quality control measures are essential to ensure long-
term durability.

3. Workability: Recycled aggregate concrete may exhibit different

workability characteristics compared to conventional concrete, which can
affect its placement and finishing. Adjustments to mix design and water-
cement ratio may be needed to achieve desired workability.

4. Density and Absorption: Recycled aggregates tend to have higher

porosity and absorption rates compared to natural aggregates, which can
affect the density and permeability of the concrete. Properly managing these
factors is important to maintain the desired performance of the concrete.

5. Environmental Benefits: One of the main advantages of recycled

aggregate concrete is its environmental sustainability. By using recycled
materials, the demand for natural resources is reduced, and the amount of
construction waste sent to landfills is minimized, leading to a smaller carbon
footprint.
CLASSIFICATION OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE

Recycled aggregate concrete can be classified based on various criteria,

including the source of the recycled materials, the percentage of recycled
content, and the processing methods used. Here are some common
classifications:

1. Source of Recycled Materials:

Construction and Demolition Waste (C&D): Recycled aggregate concrete

made from crushed concrete, bricks, tiles, and other materials generated
from construction and demolition activities.

- Industrial By-Products: Recycled aggregate concrete incorporating

industrial by-products such as slag, fly ash, or silica fume as partial
replacements for traditional aggregates.

2. Percentage of Recycled Content:

- Partial Replacement: Recycled aggregate concrete where only a portion of

the natural aggregates is replaced with recycled materials.

- Full Replacement: Recycled aggregate concrete where all of the natural

aggregates are replaced with recycled materials.

3. Processing Methods:

- Mechanical Recycling: Recycled aggregate obtained through crushing,

screening, and processing construction and demolition waste.

- Thermal Recycling: Recycled aggregate obtained by heating and treating

materials like waste glass to produce recycled aggregates.

- Chemical Recycling: Recycled aggregate produced through chemical

processes to extract usable materials from waste streams.

4. Quality and Grade:

 - Standard Grade: Recycled aggregate concrete meeting general
construction standards and specifications.

- High-Performance Grade: Recycled aggregate concrete engineered for

specialized applications requiring enhanced durability, strength, or other
performance characteristics.

These classifications help in understanding the composition, properties, and

suitability of recycled aggregate concrete for different construction projects
and applications.
PROCESS OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONCRETE

The process of producing recycled aggregate concrete involves several

steps:

1. Collection and Sorting: Construction and demolition waste, such as

concrete, bricks, and tiles, are collected from demolition sites or construction
projects. The materials are then sorted to separate recyclable materials from
non-recyclable ones.

2. Crushing and Screening: The recyclable materials, typically concrete,

are crushed into smaller pieces using crushing equipment such as jaw
crushers or impact crushers. The crushed material is then screened to
remove any contaminants and ensure uniform particle size distribution.

3. Separation of Aggregates: After crushing and screening, the recycled

concrete aggregates are separated from other materials such as metal,
wood, or plastic through processes like magnetic separation or manual
sorting.

4. Quality Control: Quality control measures are implemented to ensure

that the recycled aggregates meet the required specifications for use in
concrete production. This may involve testing for particle size distribution,
moisture content, and the presence of contaminants.

5. Mix Design: Engineers and concrete producers determine the

appropriate mix design for the recycled aggregate concrete based on factors
such as desired strength, durability, and workability. Adjustments to the mix
design may be made to account for variations in the properties of recycled
aggregates.
6. Batching and Mixing: The recycled aggregates, along with cement,
water, and other admixtures, are batched and mixed in concrete batching
plants or mixing trucks to produce recycled aggregate concrete.

7. Placement and Curing: The recycled aggregate concrete is transported

to the construction site and placed into forms or molds. Proper curing
methods, such as moist curing or membrane curing, are employed to ensure
adequate hydration and strength development.

8. Quality Assurance: Quality assurance procedures are implemented

throughout the construction process to monitor the performance of the
recycled aggregate concrete and verify compliance with project
specifications.

By following these steps, recycled aggregate concrete can be produced

efficiently and effectively, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional
concrete while reducing the environmental impact of construction activities.
HOW TO PRODUCE RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE

Producing recycled aggregate concrete involves the following steps:

1. Collection and Sorting: Collect construction and demolition waste

materials, such as concrete, bricks, and tiles, from demolition sites or
construction projects. Sort and separate the recyclable materials from non-
recyclable ones.

2. Crushing and Screening: Use crushing equipment like jaw crushers or

impact crushers to crush the recyclable materials into smaller pieces. Screen
the crushed material to remove contaminants and ensure uniform particle
size distribution.

3. Separation of Aggregates: Separate the recycled concrete aggregates

from other materials such as metal, wood, or plastic using processes like
magnetic separation or manual sorting.

4. Quality Control: Implement quality control measures to ensure that the

recycled aggregates meet required specifications. Test for particle size
distribution, moisture content, and the presence of contaminants.

5. Mix Design: Determine the appropriate mix design for the recycled
aggregate concrete based on factors like desired strength, durability, and
workability. Adjust the mix design to account for variations in the properties
of recycled aggregates.
6. Batching and Mixing: Batch and mix the recycled aggregates, cement,
water, and other admixtures in concrete batching plants or mixing trucks to
produce recycled aggregate concrete.

7. Placement and Curing: Transport the recycled aggregate concrete to

the construction site and place it into forms or molds. Use proper curing
methods like moist curing or membrane curing to ensure adequate hydration
and strength development.

8. Quality Assurance: Implement quality assurance procedures throughout

the construction process to monitor the performance of the recycled
aggregate concrete and verify compliance with project specifications.

By following these steps, recycled aggregate concrete can be produced

effectively, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional concrete while
reducing the environmental impact of construction activities.
USE OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONCRETE

Recycled aggregate concrete has various applications in construction,

including:

1. Roads and Pavements: Recycled aggregate concrete can be used in the

construction of roads, highways, and pavements as a base or sub-base
material. It provides a sustainable alternative to traditional aggregates,
reducing the demand for natural resources.

2. Structural Elements: Recycled aggregate concrete can be used in the

construction of structural elements such as beams, columns, and slabs in
buildings and bridges. Proper quality control measures ensure that the
recycled concrete meets the required strength and durability standards.

3. Mass Concrete Structures: Recycled aggregate concrete can be used in

mass concrete structures such as dams, retaining walls, and foundations. Its
lower heat generation during hydration makes it suitable for large volume
placements.

4. Landscaping and Decorative Uses: Recycled aggregate concrete can

be used for landscaping purposes, such as pathways, patios, and retaining
walls. It can also be used for decorative elements like exposed aggregate
finishes.
5. Noise Barriers: Recycled aggregate concrete can be used to construct
noise barriers along highways and railways to mitigate noise pollution. Its
acoustic properties make it an effective sound barrier material.

6. Piping and Drainage Systems: Recycled aggregate concrete pipes and

drainage systems can be used in infrastructure projects for stormwater
management, sewage systems, and culverts.

7. Green Building Certification: The use of recycled aggregate concrete

can contribute to earning green building certifications such as LEED
(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) by promoting sustainability
and resource conservation.

Overall, recycled aggregate concrete offers a sustainable solution for various

construction applications, reducing environmental impact and conserving
natural resources while meeting performance requirements. However, proper
quality control and testing are essential to ensure its suitability for specific
project requirements.
APPLICATION OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE

Recycled aggregate concrete finds numerous applications across various

sectors of construction, including:

1. Roads and Pavements: Used as a base or sub-base material for roads,

highways, and pavements, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional
aggregates.

2. Structural Elements: Utilized in the construction of structural elements

such as beams, columns, and slabs in buildings and bridges, contributing to
sustainable construction practices.

3. Mass Concrete Structures: Employed in the construction of mass

concrete structures like dams, retaining walls, and foundations, offering
lower heat generation during hydration and reducing environmental impact.

4. Landscaping and Hardscaping: Applied in landscaping projects for

pathways, patios, and retaining walls, providing a sustainable solution for
decorative and functional elements.

5. Noise Barriers: Utilized in the construction of noise barriers along

highways and railways to mitigate noise pollution, benefiting from its
acoustic properties.
6. Piping and Drainage Systems: Used in infrastructure projects for
stormwater management, sewage systems, and culverts, contributing to
sustainable urban development.

7. Green Building Certification: Supports earning green building

certifications such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
by promoting sustainability and resource conservation in construction
projects.

8. Erosion Control: Applied in erosion control measures such as riprap and

gabion walls, providing stability while minimizing environmental impact.

9. Precast Concrete Products: Used in the manufacturing of precast

concrete products such as blocks, pavers, and panels, offering sustainable
alternatives for various construction needs.

10. Industrial Flooring: Employed in industrial flooring applications where

durability and sustainability are critical factors, providing an environmentally
friendly solution.

These applications highlight the versatility and sustainability of recycled

aggregate concrete in modern construction practices, contributing to
resource conservation and environmental protection.
BENEFITS OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CONCRETE

The benefits of using recycled aggregate concrete include:

1. Environmental Sustainability: Recycling construction and demolition

waste materials reduces the need for virgin aggregates, conserving natural
resources and minimizing the environmental impact of quarrying and
extraction.

2. Waste Reduction: By diverting construction waste from landfills,

recycled aggregate concrete helps reduce the burden on waste management
systems and mitigates the environmental hazards associated with landfilling.

3. Energy Savings: The production of recycled aggregate concrete typically

requires less energy compared to producing conventional concrete from
virgin materials, leading to reduced greenhouse gas emissions and energy
consumption.

4. Cost Savings: Using recycled aggregates in concrete production can lead

to cost savings for construction projects, as recycled materials are often less
expensive than virgin aggregates, contributing to overall project affordability.

5. Conservation of Natural Resources: By using recycled materials, the

demand for natural resources such as gravel and sand is reduced, helping to
preserve finite resources for future generations.
6. Improved Waste Management Practices: Incorporating recycled
aggregate concrete promotes sustainable waste management practices by
encouraging the reuse and recycling of construction and demolition waste
materials.

7. Regulatory Compliance: Many regions have regulations and standards

promoting the use of recycled materials in construction projects to meet
sustainability goals and reduce environmental impact, making recycled
aggregate concrete a compliant choice for builders and developers.

8. Versatility and Performance: Recycled aggregate concrete can

perform comparably to conventional concrete in terms of strength, durability,
and other engineering properties when properly processed and used, making
it suitable for a wide range of construction applications.

9. LEED and Green Building Certification: The use of recycled aggregate

concrete can contribute towards earning green building certifications such as
LEED, showcasing a commitment to sustainable construction practices and
environmental stewardship.

Overall, recycled aggregate concrete offers a sustainable and

environmentally friendly alternative to conventional concrete, providing
numerous benefits for construction projects and the environment alike.
DISADVANTAGES OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE

Recycled aggregate concrete has several disadvantages compared to

traditional concrete made with natural aggregates:

1. Lower Strength and Durability: Recycled aggregates often have lower

strength and durability compared to natural aggregates. This can lead to
reduced structural integrity and durability of the concrete over time.

2. Variable Quality: The quality of recycled aggregates can vary

significantly depending on the source and processing methods. This
variability can affect the overall performance and consistency of the
concrete.

3. Increased Porosity: Recycled aggregates may have higher porosity,

which can lead to increased water absorption and reduced resistance to
freeze-thaw cycles, chemical attacks, and other environmental factors.

4. Potential Contamination: Recycled aggregates may contain

contaminants such as residual mortar, paints, or other materials from the
demolition process. These contaminants can affect the properties of the
concrete and its long-term performance.

5. Higher Cost of Processing: The process of recycling aggregates and

preparing them for use in concrete can be more expensive than using natural
aggregates. This can impact the overall cost-effectiveness of using recycled
aggregate concrete.

6. Limited Availability: Depending on the location and availability of

suitable sources for recycled aggregates, there may be limitations on the
quantity and quality of recycled aggregate concrete that can be produced.
Despite these disadvantages, advancements in technology and better-quality
control measures are continuously improving the performance and viability
of recycled aggregate concrete as a sustainable construction material

EVALUATION OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE

Recycled aggregate can be generated from demolished construction

structure which comprises of broken members or components likes the slab,
beam, brick wall and others. Since the quality data of these broken materials
are often unknown, such as water cement ratio, kind of admixtures,
aggregate origins and gradations, as well as the differentiation of its
properties during the performance time, thus it should refer to historical data
of the components, physical characteristics, mechanical characteristics and
environmental characteristics (Oikonomou, N. D., 2005). The study of the
properties of recycled aggregates and the basic properties of recycled
concrete has been on going over the last few decades, leading a number of
countries recommendations their use. The properties of RA are evaluated
according to BS 812:1990, which require performing several tests that
include (i) flakiness and elongation, (ii) water absorption and specific gravity,
(iii) aggregate crushing value and aggregate impact value.

2.1 The Properties The recycled aggregates are generated from demolished
construction by crushing using steel hammer. It is then put into jaw crusher
where it is broken down into required sizes. The crushed materials are sieved
using a vibrator sieve in order to obtain aggregate with the sizes of 10mm,
14mm and 20mm. The aggregate properties are analysed according to BS
882:1992.

2.1.1 Flakiness Index and Elongation Flakiness Index is defined as the mass
of flaky particles expressed as a percentage of the mass of the sample.
Elongation index is defined as the percentages by weight of particles present
in it with largest dimension (length). The flakiness and elongation tests are
useful for general assessment of aggregates but they do not adequately
describe the particle shape. To determine the indexes of the aggregate, it is
sieved using vibrator sieve. The particles that retained are weighted and the
index is determined by means of simple gauges described in BS 812: Section
105.2:1990(Neville, A. M., 2002). Flakiness index thin and flat particles can
reduce strength when load is applied to the flat side of the aggregate or
across its shortest dimension and are also prone to segregation and
breakdown during compaction, creating additional fines. If the aggregate has
higher flakiness index and used for making concrete, the developed fresh
concrete will have lower workability. Meanwhile, the elongated particles also
adversely affect the strength of concrete especially the durability and
flexural strength because the bond between the aggregate and cement
paste depends on it (Gambhir, M. L., 2004). The flakiness and elongation
indexes tests on recycled and natural aggregates were conducted according
to BS 812: Section 105.2:1990. The results are as shown in Table 5. The
values of flakiness and elongation indexes of recycled aggregate are
relatively lower than that of natural aggregate. Thus, the RA is flakier than
NA and this will reduce the workability of concrete that use the RA. The
overall results of RA flakiness index are lower than 40% limit (BS 882:1992),
which means the RA is suitable to be used as coarse aggregate. RA is less
elongated than NA and exceed 10% limit (threshold value) for desirable
application as coarse aggregate (Neville, A. M., 2002).

2.1.2 Water Absorption and Specific Gravity Water absorption is defined as

the absorption rates of water by aggregate. It is determined by measuring
the increase in mass of an oven dried sample when immersed in water for 24
hours. The ratio of the increase in mass to the sample, expressed as a
percentage, is termed of absorption (Neville, A. M., 2002). The standard
procedure is prescribed in BS 812: Part 105.2:1990. The absorption rate not
only affects the bond between the aggregate and cement paste but also the
specific gravity of the aggregate. When the water absorption of the
aggregate is higher, it will decrease the workability of fresh concretes. Past
researchers had proved that the absorption rates of recycled aggregate are
higher compared to natural aggregate (Odorizing, F.T., 1999) (Diah And
Majid, 1998) (Poon, C. S., Shui, Z. H., Lam, L., Kou, S. C., 2004) (Vivian, W. Y.
T., Tam, C. M., 2006). The absorption rate gives the effect to the mix
proportions in control water content and to maintain water-cement ratio
constant. That means, in concrete design, the higher absorption gives the
problems for workability and water demand. The result from this study as in
table 5 shows the water absorption of RA increased according to Modern
Applied Science October, 2009 49 the size of RA. It seen clearly, that RA with
10 mm size absorbed less water compared to other sizes of RA. The overall
water absorption percentage for the three sizes of RA is below 5%, this
shows that RA can be used in any construction application. This is complying
with BS 882:1992, which states a 10% maximum value of water absorption
for coarse aggregate. Aggregate with water absorption this value can use for
the application in structural element, non-structural element and insulation
barrier. The specific gravity of an aggregate is defined as the ratio of the
mass of solid in a given volume of sample to the mass an equal volume of
water at the same temperature. The specific gravity is cluster under three
different conditions namely bulk, apparent and saturated specific gravity. The
bulk specific gravity is where the specific gravity of the aggregate is
determined under the natural environment. The apparent specific gravity is
determined after the aggregate is oven dried for 24 hours. The saturated
specific gravity is determined when the aggregate is under the saturated
condition. The specific gravity of an aggregate gives valuable information on
its quality and properties and it is seen that the higher the specific gravity of
an aggregate, the harder and strong it will be (Gambhir, M. L., 2004). The
results of RA analysis on the specific gravity are as in table 5. The results
show that the specific gravity values of RA are almost equal of the NA. This
indicates that the qualities of RA are almost the same of the NA and can be
used in any concrete mix.

2.1.3 Aggregate Crushing Value and Aggregate Impact Value (ACV and AIV)
According to BS 812: PART 112:1990 standard, the aggregate impact value is
related to the crushing value. The tests to determine the values are
prescribed in the standard. In aggregate crushing value test, the aggregate
is subjected to 400 KN compression load in a cylindrical Mold. The crushing
value is defined by the percentage loss in mass on 2.36 mm size of test.
Bigger percentage of aggregate crushing value means the aggregate is
inferior in quality. According to BS 882:1992, aggregate with crushing value
less than 25% can be used in heavy duty floor, crushing value for more than
30%, aggregate to be used in concrete for wearing surfaces and for more
than 45% it can be used other concrete purposes. The experimental result
shows the crushing values of natural aggregate is 16.33 % and recycled
aggregate is 28.57 % this means that natural aggregate is better than
recycled aggregate as expected but the difference is not very significant.
Since the value for recycled aggregate is slightly higher than 25%, this shows
it can be used for wearing surfaces concrete such as concrete slab and apron
in construction. For aggregate impact value test, the sample of the
aggregate is placed in a cylindrical container where a standard hammer
falling 15 times under its own weight. The impact value is determined as a
percentage passing on 2.36mm size sieve. The high value percentage
denotes a low performance of aggregate in concrete or the strength of
concretes in the field. In this study, as in table 5, shows that the impact
values of recycled aggregate are similar compared to natural aggregate. This
means that recycled aggregate can perform in the field quite similar strength
in concrete when compared to natural aggregate.

PERFORMANCE OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE

In this study, the recycled aggregate was used in making Recycled

Aggregate Concrete (RAC). The concrete was moulded into cubes of the size
100mm x 100mm x 100mm. The mixing of the concrete was done according
to the DOE method for the targeted compressive strength of 25 MPa at 28
days. Table 2- 4 gives the detailed of mix proportions. Three mixes were cast
using the RA and NA with different sizes of 10 mm, 14 mm and 20 mm. The
100 % of recycled aggregate was used in the mix as a coarse aggregate for
the recycled aggregate concrete. Based on mix design by DOE method, the
target slump in this studied is between 60-180 mm.

3.1 Workability of RAC and NAC Workability of concrete defined as physical

properties of concrete alone without referring to the circumstances of a
particular type of construction. Workability is a property of fresh concrete
and this is measured by slump test and describes as a measure consistency
(Neville, A. M., 2002). In figure 5, is clearly seen the slump obtained by RAC
between 120-150 mm and for NAC, it shows the slump values is higher than
RAC between 150-170 mm. The main factors affecting the workability of RAC
are the higher rate of water absorption. This condition will affect the
workability of the concrete mix that the RA is applied to. RA exhibits water
absorption higher than 15% is not acceptable in many countries (Vivian, W. Y.
T., Tam, C. M., 2006). However, according to BS882, 1992, a maximum of
10% water absorption is accepted for many construction applications such as
structural element, minor structural element and non-structural element. The
preliminary result shows in table 5, the values of water absorption increase
by the size of RA, meanwhile the NA proves to perform better in this aspect.
The increasing replacement of RA in concrete, the workability of the concrete
will decrease proportionally and lower workability of RAC is due to the mortar
coating of RA, which led to higher water absorption (Topco, I. B., 1997).
Meanwhile, the internal pores and absorption in the aggregate particles was
mentioned in Vol. 3, No. 10 Modern Applied Science 50 connection with the
specific gravity of aggregate and indeed the characteristics of these pores
are very important in the study of its properties (Neville, A. M., 2002). Beside
water, the texture and angular shape of RA are also recognized as a factor
for lower workability of RAC (Ridzual et. Al., 2001). The identified that
irregularity of RA surface contributed to lower workability of RAC (Bat
Ayaneh, M., Marie, I., Asi, I, 2006). But in this study, the preliminary results
show the rates of water absorption by RA are acceptable and not over than
standard based on BS 882:1992.

3.2 compressive strength Compressive strength for hardened concrete was

determined by using compression machine. Strength of concrete is
commonly considered its most valuable property in the mechanical
properties because the strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality
of concrete that is directly related to the structure of the hydrated cement
paste. It can be seen the RAC is lower workability and compressive strength
compared to NAC. The RAC crushed at 3 days produced the similar strength
by the all size of RA. At the age of 14 days, the RAC was quite similar value
when compared to NAC in size 10 mm and 14 mm, but in 20mm size of RAC,
this effect was different; the RAC was 10% weaker than NAC. At the age of 28
days, the results of RAC which is well within the same range of compressive
strength value for NAC except in 20 mm sizes. The several past researchers
have conducted study for determining compressive strength of RAC
compared to NAC. The factors such as smoother texture, rounder shape of
RA, and higher percentage of fine particles were the reasons RA had lower
compressive strength than NA (Olorusongo, F.T., 1999). Meanwhile, the more
angular shape of RA and its rougher surface texture are what contribute to a
higher compressive strength in recycled aggregate concrete (Ridzual et. al.,
2001). An angular shape and rough texture in RA leads to better bonds and a
higher strength value of concrete. RAC can also have a higher compressive
strength when RA is oven dried, due to the interfacial bond between cement
paste and aggregate particles (Poon, C. S., Shui, Z. H., Lam, L., Kou, S. C.,
2004). Overall, the mixes were achieved the 25 MPa target of compressive
strength at 28-day ages. The recycled aggregate concrete is rapidly gaining
strength with their age.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, recycled aggregate concrete offers a sustainable and

environmentally responsible alternative to conventional concrete. By
incorporating recycled materials from construction and demolition waste, it
helps reduce the demand for virgin aggregates, conserves natural resources,
and minimizes the environmental impact of construction activities. The use
of recycled aggregate concrete promotes waste reduction, energy savings,
cost-effectiveness, and compliance with regulatory standards for sustainable
construction practices. Furthermore, recycled aggregate concrete maintains
comparable performance to conventional concrete in terms of strength,
durability, and versatility, making it suitable for a wide range of construction
applications. Overall, embracing recycled aggregate concrete represents a
significant step towards achieving sustainable development goals and
fostering a more eco-friendly approach to construction.
THANK YOU