CHIN MOR REVIEWER

CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Text: - written on the same line as and one space
-Should be aligned and should answer your SOP or after the label.
Objectives. - lowercased (but capitalize proper nouns)
- not italic or bold *each keyword separated
ABSTRACT by a comma space.
- no ending punctuation after the final
-Needs to provide a brief but comprehensive
keyword
summary of the contents of your paper. It provides
- listed in any order (not necessarily
an overview of the paper and helps readers decide
alphabetical
whether to read the full text. Limit your abstract to
- if the keywords run onto second line,
250 words.
double-space the two lines and do not
ABSTRACT CONTENT indent the second line.
Key aspects of the literature review.
REFERENCES
Problem under investigation or research
question/s. -American Psychological Association (2020) or APA
Clearly stated hypothesis or hypotheses. -Publication manual of the American Psychological
Methods used (including brief descriptions of Association (7th ed.).
the study design, sample, and sample size.
Study results THE GLOBAL GOALS (FOR
Implications ( why is this study is important, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT)
applications, of the results or findings. 1. No Poverty
ABSTRACT FORMAT 2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health
Recommended fonts: 11-point Calibri, 11-point 4. Quality Education
Arial, 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, 12-point 5. Gender Equality
Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or 10-point 6. Clean Water and Sanitation
Computer Modern. 7. Affordable and Clean Energy
1-in. margins on all sides 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
placement: second page of the paper 9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
section label: “Abstract” 10. Reduced Inequalities
centered and in bold 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
written on the first line on the page 12. Responsible Consumption and Production
Text: one line below the section label not 13. Climate Action
indented and written as a single paragraph 14. Life Below Water
double-space. 15. Life On Land
KEYWORDS 16. Place and Justice Strong Institutions
-Need to be descriptive and capture the most 17. Partnerships for the Goals
important aspects of your paper. They are used for
indexing in databases and as search terms for CHAPTER 1
readers. Include three to five words, phrases, or THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
acronyms as keywords. 1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Framework
KEYWORDS CONTENT 3. Statement of the Problem/Objectives
-Keywords address essential paper elements, such as 4. Significant of the Study
the following: 5. Scope and Delimitation
Research Topic 6. Definition of Terms
Population 7. Acronyms
Method
Application of results or findings
KEYWORDS FORMAT
Recommended fonts: 11-point Calibri, 11-point
Arial, 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, 12-point
Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or 10-point
Computer Modern. (see footnote 2)
placement: second page of the paper
written one line below the abstract- label:
“Keywords.’’
- indented (like a regular paragraph)
- italic (but not bold)
CHIN MOR REVIEWER

CHAPTER 2 Difference Between Results and Discussion:

FOR SURVEY Results: Focuses on what the data shows.
1. Research Design Discussion: Interprets what the results mean in
2. Respondents the context of the research, compares findings
3. Locale with previous studies, and addresses implications
4. Sampling Technique or potential limitations. The results section is
5. Instrument critical because it is where the actual findings of
6. Statistical Treatment the study are documented, offering the factual
7. Data Gathering Procedure basis for conclusions and further discussion.
8. Ethical Consideration
9. Data Analysis DISCUSSION
10. Product Development In research, the Discussion section interprets and
11. Work Plan explains the meaning of the results, connecting them
to the research questions or hypotheses posed earlier
FOR SERIES OF TESTING in the study. It is where the researcher analyzes the
1. Research Design findings, explores their implications, and compares
2. Methods them to prior research or theoretical frameworks.
3. Different Phases Key Functions of the Discussion Section:
4. Ethical Considerations Interpretation of Results: The researcher explains
5. Bill of Materials what the findings mean, offering insights into their
6. Work Plan significance. This includes discussing whether the
7. Illustration results support or contradict the original
hypotheses or research questions.
RESULT Comparison with Existing Research: The results
In Research, the Results section represents the key are compared with previous studies or theoretical
findings of the study , showing the data or outcomes frameworks. The researcher discusses how their
that were obtained through the research process. It findings align with or differ from existing literature
is a factual account of what was discovered without in the field.
any interpretation or analysis, which is usually Implications: This section also explores the
reserved for the Discussion section broader implications of the research. What do the
findings mean for the field? How could they be
KEY FEATURES OF THE RESULTS
applied in real-world settings or further research?
SECTION
Addressing Limitations: The researcher
Presentation of Data: This can include numerical acknowledges any limitations or weaknesses in
data, statistical analyses, charts, graphs, tables, and the study, such as potential biases, sample size
any other forms of data visualization that help to issues, or methodological constraints, and how
convey the findings clearly. they may have impacted the results.
Factual Reporting: The results should be presented Suggestions for Future Research: The discussion
in an objective manner, free from interpretation or often concludes with recommendations for
bias. It's about stating what the research uncovered, further studies, based on the gaps or questions
not why it happened (which comes later in the that emerged during the research.
discussion). Structure of the Discussion:
Organization: Results are often organized based on 1. Summary of Key Findings: A brief recap of the
the research questions or hypotheses. They may be most important results.
presented in sections that correspond to different 2. Interpretation and Implications: Analyzing what
aspects of the research. the results mean in the context of the research.
3. Comparisons with Other Studies: Discussing how
Summary of Findings: For qualitative research, the
the results fit into the existing body of knowledge.
results may be summarized in the form of themes,
4. Limitations: Acknowledging any factors that may
patterns, or categories based on the data collected,
have influenced the study's validity or reliability.
while quantitative research will likely focus on
5. Future Directions: Offering suggestions for how
statistical outputs (such as p-values, averages,
future research can build on the current study's
correlations).
findings.
Elements that Can Appear in the Results Section:
Statistical Data: In studies involving data
analysis, this section includes the results of
statistical tests, such as t-tests, ANOVAs,
regression analysis, or any other relevant
statistical method.
Visual Representations: Charts, graphs, and
tables help to simplify and summarize complex
data for readers.
Textual Explanation: Even though visuals are
important, the results section should also provide
a written summary explaining the key findings.
CHIN MOR REVIEWER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Purpose of Acknowledgements:
Show Gratitude: It serves as a formal way to thank Key Components of an Abstract:
those who contributed to the success of the Introduction or Background: Briefly introduces
research. the topic and explains the research problem or
Highlight Contributions: It recognizes specific question.
contributions that were important to the research, Purpose or Objective: States the main goal or aim
even if those individuals did not co-author the of the research.
paper. Methodology: Summarizes the methods or
Transparency: It adds transparency by revealing approach used to conduct the research, including
potential sources of support or assistance that any experimental design, tools, or data collection
might have influenced the research outcomes. techniques.
While acknowledgements are usually not very Results or Findings: Highlights the main
long, they are an important part of academic and outcomes or discoveries from the research.
professional writing. Conclusion: Provides a brief interpretation of the
In research, an Acknowledgement section is results, noting their implications or significance.
where the author expresses gratitude and
recognition to individuals, institutions, or Types of Abstracts:
organizations that contributed to the Descriptive Abstract: Focuses on explaining what
development of the research or project but are not the research is about without delving into the
listed as authors. results or conclusions. It is often shorter and more
Common Acknowledgements: general.
Supervisors/Advisors: The researcher's academic Informative Abstract: Offers a complete
or project supervisors who provided guidance and summary, including the research question,
feedback. methods, results, and conclusions. It is more
Collaborators and Colleagues: Individuals who detailed and gives a fuller picture of the research.
offered insights, expertise, or collaborative efforts
that were essential to the work. Length: Abstracts are typically between 150 to 300
Funding Sources: Organizations, foundations, or words, depending on the guidelines provided by
agencies that provided financial support for the journals or institutions. In short, the abstract provides
research. readers with a quick, clear understanding of the
Participants: If applicable, the people who research's scope and significance.
participated in the study, particularly in fields like
psychology or social sciences.
Family and Friends: In some cases, researchers
acknowledge the emotional support provided by
loved ones.
ABSTRACT
In research, an abstract is a concise summary of a
larger work, such as a research paper, thesis,
dissertation, or scholarly article. It typically
provides a quick overview of the essential points of
the research, helping readers understand the
content and determine whether they want to read
the full document.