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networking

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gyanmajura2
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Essentials Of Computer

Networking (CST04106)

Lecture 2: Computer Networking


Concepts.

12/2/2024 1
Recap Computer Networks

What is A Network
A Network is a group of two
or more computer systems
linked together.
Objectives of Network
Data Sharing - Allows groups of users
to:
Exchange Information
Route data from user to user
Use E-mail to communicate
Device Sharing
Sharing peripheral devices
• Printers
• Scanners
• Fax
Networks and Standalone
Computers
Network

–A group of computers and other devices


connected by some type of transmission media
–Networks enable users to share devices and
data, collectively called a network’s resources
Standalone Computer

–Uses programs and data only from its local


disks and is not connected to a network.
Sneakernet
• Method of sharing data by copying it to a disk and
carrying it from computer to computer

FIGURE 1 - Data sharing before the advent of


networks
Local and Remote
Computers
• Local Computer
– Computer on which a user is working.
• Remote Computer
– Computer which a user controls or
works on via a network connection.
Computer Networks
• Local-Area Networks (LAN's):
The computers are geographically close to each other
(in the same building).
 Metropolitan-Area Networks (MAN's):
Network connecting clients and servers in multiple
buildings within limited geographic area
 Wide-Area Networks (WAN's):
The computers are farther apart and are connected by
telephone lines or radio waves.
Local Area Network (LAN)
 Typically connects computer in a single
building or campus (Network of computer
and other devices are confined to reliability
small space) .
 High speed networks (0.2 to 100 Mb/sec).
 Usually cover a very small area

 Office

 Floor

 Building

 Campus
Classification of LAN
• LANs can be classified into 2 basic
types:
–Client / Server Network
–Peer – to – Peer Network
Client /Server Networks
– In this arrangement every device has a distinct
role. Either a Client or a Server
– The client is usually a workstation
• This is what you use
– The server is usually a dedicated device
designed to share resources
• Printing
• File services
• Internet Access
Client /Server Networks
• Servers are normally high-end computers
running a special operation system called a
NOS
– NOS – Network Operating System
• Windows Server OS
– The NOS provides security, Backup
features and performance features.
Client/Server Model

Client software sends requests Server


from the user to the server

Client Server software responds to


client requests by providing
data
Client /Server Networks
• The Client normally runs some version of DOS or
Windows
• In a client server network, client can not share
information with other clients
– Client can only communicate with the server
Peer – to – Peer
• The second type of network is a peer – to –
peer network:
– This type of network allows workstations to
communicate with other workstations.
– Each computer is responsible for
managing its own resources and protecting
them as well.
– Difficult network to administer.
– Example Tethering (Hot spot) Network.
LAN Hardware

• LAN require special cables and devices to provide


a means of communication.
• Cables
– Cabling of some sort is need to connect each
of the computer together regardless of the type
of network
– Commonly called the Transmission Media
Other Hardware
• NIC – Network Interface Card
– This card can be plugged into the ISA (Industry
Standard Architecture) or PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect)
slot in the workstation or server.
– The NIC gives a place for you to plug the transmission
media into
• HUB
– This provides a central point to connect the other end
of the cables.
Network Card
LAN Software
 As mentioned earlier, special software
in needed to run a client server network.
 However, Window, Linux, Mac Operating
Systems they contain the software
needed to configure either a Client-
Server network or a peer to peer
network.
METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORKS (MAN)
• Generally covers towns and cities (50 kms)

Medium : optical fibers cables


Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Network connecting
two or more
geographically
distinct LANs
– The Internet is an
intricate and
extensive WAN
spanning the
globe

FIGURE 1-5 A simple WAN


WAN
• Generally covers large distances (states,
countries, continents
• WANs are often made up of LANs
• Internet is example of WAN
The End

Thank You

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