Topic – How do Organisms Reproduce

Grade – 10
Keywords
1. Asexual reproduction 13. Sperms
2. Sexual reproduction 14. Ovum
3. Variation 15. Fertilisation
4. Modes of reproduction 16. Whorls
5. Fission 17. Pollination
6. Budding 18. Germination
7. Regeneration 19. Sexually transmitted diseases
8. Fragmentation 20. Sex determination
9. Vegetative propagation
10. Spore formation
11. Gametes
12. Zygote

Mind Map
Modes of Reproduction

Types of
Reproduction

Asexual Sexual
Reproduction Reproduction

Fragmentation Vegetative
Budding Spore Formation Regeneration
Fission (Spirogyra, Sea Propagation
(Hydra) (Fungi) (Hydra, Planaria)
anemone)

Layering
Multiple Fission Binary Fission Tissue Culture Grafting Cutting
(Lemon, Guava,
(Plasmodium) (Amoeba) (Orchida, Dahlia) (Mango) (Rose, Jasmine)
Strawberry)
 Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction - Definition
The production of new organisms from the existing organisms of the same
species is known as reproduction.
Importance of Reproduction (Why do organisms Reproduce?)
• Essential for the survival of a species.
• To maintain the particular variety of species.
• To ensure continuity of life on earth.
• Gives rise to more organisms with the same basic characteristics as their
parents.
• To get noticed on the earth which is important for survival.
Why do organisms reproduce?
• If there were to be only one, non reproducing member of a particular kind,
it is doubtful that we would not have noticed its existence. It is the large
numbers of organisms belonging to a single species that bring them to our
notice.
• How do we know that two different individual organisms belong to the
same species?
• Organisms with the same physical appearance and other characteristic
features belong to the same group.
 How do organisms reproduce?
• Reproducing organisms create new individuals that look very much like
themselves.
• Reproduction in the basic level involves making copies of the blue prints of
the body design.
• The DNA which carries source of information for making proteins get
copied.
• It is accompanied by the creation of an additional cellular apparatus.
• Then the DNA copies get separated and each one gets its own cellular
apparatus.
Importance of Variation
 Variation is significant because it leads to evolution and is the basis of
heredity.
 It is advantageous to a population as it enables few individuals to adapt to
the environment changes thus, enabling the survival of the population.
Asexual Reproduction
The production of new organism from a single parent without the
involvement of sex cells (gametes) is called asexual reproduction.
The offspring arises from a single parent.
No fertilization of gametes take place.
Reproduction occurs in a very short time.
The organisms multiply and grow rapidly.
The offspring is genetically similar.
Modes of Asexual Reproduction
Fission
A unicellular organism divides to form two or more new organisms.
Types of Fission
Binary Fission – The parent organism splits to form new organisms. Ex:
Amoeba
 Binary Fission in Paramecium

Multiple Fission
(Plasmodium) – Protozoa, Malarial parasite, carried by female Anopheles
mosquito.
• The parent organism splits to form many organisms at the same time.
• A cyst or protective wall is formed around a cell of a unicellular organisms.
Budding

Budding ( Hydra, yeast)

A small part of the body of the parent organism grows out as a ‘bud’ which then
detaches and becomes a new organism.
 Budding in Yeast
• A unicellular, non –green plant
• Reproduces by budding.
• A bud appears on the outside of the cell wall.
• Nucleus divides into two parts.

• One of the nuclei moves into the bud.

• Bud gets detached from the parent yeast cell.

Spore Formation
Asexual method of reproduction.

Takes place in plants.

Parent plant produces spores.
Spores get released into the air from sporangium when it matures.Ex: Rhizopus, Mucor,
Mosses
Regeneration
• The process of getting back a full organism from its body parts is called regeneration.
• Small cut parts of the body grows (regenerate) to form the whole new organism.
• Ex: Hydra, Planaria

Regeneration in Hydra
Fragmentation
• Simple multicellular organisms can break up their body easily into small
fragments on maturing.
• These fragments grow and form new organisms.
• Ex: Spirogyra, sea anemone.
Fragmentation in Spirogyra

Vegetative Propagation
A type of asexual reproduction occurs only in plants.
New plants are obtained from the vegetative parts of the plant (root, stem
and leaves).
Involves the formation of buds in the older parts of the plant.
Types of Vegetative Propagation
• Vegetative propagation by roots
Carrot, beetroot, radish, turnip, tapioca, sweet potato etc.
• Vegetative propagation by stem
Potato, ginger, onion, garlic etc.
• Vegetative propagation by leaves
Bryophyllum, begonia
 Artificial Propagation in plants
Cutting
Layering
Grafting
Tissue Culture
Cutting
Cutting
• A small part of the plant is removed from the stem, root or leaf of the plant
with a sharp knife.
• Ex: Rose, sugarcane, banana etc.
Layering
• A branch of the plant is pulled towards the ground and a part of it covered
with moist soil leaving the tip of the branch exposed above the ground.
• New roots develop from the part of the branch buried in the soil.
• The branch is then cut off from the ground.
• Ex: Jasmine, strawberry, Guava
Grafting
• Method in which cut stems of two different plants (one with roots and one
without roots)are joined together where two stems join and grow as a
single plant.
• The cut stem of a plant having roots fixed in the soil is the stock.
• The cut stem of another plant without roots is the scion.
• Ex: Apple, pear, mango etc.
Advantages of Grafting
Enables us to combine the most desirable characteristics of the 2 plants in
its flowers and fruits.
 A very young scion can be made to a flower and produce fruits faster when
grafted to the stock.
Enables us to obtain flowers and fruits of different desirable characters.
Can be used to produce varieties of seedless fruits.
The new plants will be a replica of their parents.
Any desirable feature will be replicated in the new plants.
Tissue Culture
The production of new plants from a small piece of plant tissue removed from
the growing tips of a plant in a suitable medium (culture solution) is called
tissue culture.
Culture Solution (Growth medium)
• Used for growing plant tissues.
• Contains various plant nutrients in the form of
jelly (Agar) and plant hormones necessary for
plant growth.
Process of Tissue Culture
A small piece of plant tissue is taken from the growing part of the plant and
placed in a sterile jelly which contains the nutrients.
The cells grow into a shapeless lump of mass called ‘callus’.
Callus is transferred into a another containing plant hormones.
The callus with developed roots is then put in another jelly with different
hormones to stimulate the growth of shoots.
The callus then separates into tiny plantlets.
The plantlets are then transferred into pots or soil for further growth.
Thousands of plantlets can be produced in a few weeks time from a small
amount of plant tissue.
 The plants produced by this method are disease free.
Can grow plants round the year, irrespective of the weather or season.
Very less space is needed for developing new plants by tissue culture.
Advantages of Tissue Culture
Thousands of plantlets can be produced in a few weeks time from a small
amount of plant tissue.
The plants produced by this method are disease free.
Can grow plants round the year, irrespective of the weather or season.
Very less space is needed for developing new plants by tissue culture.
Advantages of Artificial Vegetative Propagation
The fruit trees grown by this method start producing fruits much earlier.
These plants need less attention than the plants in their early years than
the plants grown from seeds.
Many plants can be grown from a single parent plant.
Seedless plants can be produced.